graphene-based polymer composites and their applications polymer-plastics technology and...
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Graphene-Based Polymer Composites and Their
Applications
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 52: 319–331, 2013
Zachary Palmer, Kendall Wright, Charlie Chirino, Daniel Irvin
What is Graphene?• Hexagonal pattern of carbon
atoms• One-atom thick sheet• Graphite is made up of flakes of
graphene
– Graphite
Figure http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite
-Graphene
Figure http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
Special Properties of Graphene
• the quantum Hall effect (QHE)
• high carrier mobility at room temperature (10,000 cm2)
• large theoretical specific surface area (2630 m2)
• good optical transparency (97.7%)
• high Young’s modulus (1 Tpa)• excellent conductivity
(3000–5000 Wm-1 K-1) Figurehttps://www.google.com/search?q=young's+modulus
More Properties
• Thermal Conductivity– Greater than that of
Diamond and Carbon nanotubes
• Mechanical Properties– High Young’s Modulus =
Very Strong– Very lightweight
• 1 square meter weighs .77mg
https://www.google.com/search?thermoconductivity
Graphene Production• First produced using masking
tape– press adhesive tape onto a chunk of
graphite and pull: this peels off a thin flake of grey-black carbon
– Then repeatedly stick the carbon-covered tape against itself and peel away: the carbon flake breaks up further into thin, faint fragments, each hundreds of micrometers across.
• Exfoliating • Growing• Producing large quantities of
Graphene is currently one issue faced by scientist
Figure: http://www.nature.com.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/nature/journal/v483/n7389_supp/full/483S32a.html
Figurehttp://www.nature.com.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/nature/journal/v483/n7389_supp/full/483S32a.html
Figure: Polymer-http://www.nature.com.lib-ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/nature/journal/v483/n7389_supp/full/483S32a.html
Preparing the Composites
• In Situ Intercalative Polymerization• Solution Intercalation• Melt Intercalation
Figure: Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 52: 319–331, 2013
Continued: Effects of Adding Graphene to Common Polymers
• Epoxy/Graphene-Composite strengthens
the thermal conductivity of the common adhesive Epoxy.
Bolsters abilities to be used as thermal interface
• Poly Styrene/GrapheneIntroduction of Graphene
improves electrical conductivity and expands uses.
Figure: Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 52: 319–331, 2013
Continued: Effects of Adding Graphene to Common Polymers
• Poly Urethane/Graphene
Addition of Graphene into pure polyurethane increases
conductivity by 10^5
• Polycarbonate (PC)/Graphene
Increases tinsel strength and expands its uses in physically demanding applications
Increases electrial conductivity
Figure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
Continued: Effects of Adding Graphene to Common Polymers
Nafion/Graphene Nanocomposite
• Nafion is usually used in the production of electrodes. When combined with Graphene the sensitivity and
stablity increases.
Figure:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956566311000571
Electronic Device Applications • Graphene based polymers have been used in
liquid crystal devices, light emitting diodes and electrodes for dye sensitized solar cells
Liquid Crystal Devicehttps://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LED,_5mm.org
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LED,_5mm.org
Electronic Device Applications Cont.
• Graphene/polymer composites have applications in transparent conducting films
• These are in Solar cells, Touch screens and flat panel display
Figure: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg/220px-LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg.png
Application in Energy Storage
• Green Cells • by combining graphene
with two promising polymer cathode materials, poly-(anthraquinonyl sulfide) and polyimide researchers have improved the efficiency of lithium batteries
Figure: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg/220px-LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg.png
Application in Energy Storage• Supercapacitor or
Ultracapacitor• Graphene derivatives and
conducting polymers are combined and used as the hybrid type of super capacitor
• The added graphene gives astounding energy density to these ultracapacitors.
Graphene coated silicon diskFigure: CNX.org/1feinbke/34mnbkd
Into to Applications as sensors
Basic Bio Sensor
Figure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene_nanoribbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene_nanoribbons
Application in Sensors• Graphene can be used
in multiple kinds of sensors– pH– Pressure– Temperature
Studies show exceptional sensitivity when graphene is employed
Figure: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
Biomedical Applications
• Graphene was first used in medical applications in 2008.
• Graphene based nanomaterials have been used in drug delivery and cancer therapy just to name a few
Figure http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene
Use in Cancer Therapy
• Toxicity of nanomaterials deployed for cancer treatment is a major dilemma facing advancement.
• PEG-Funtionalization graphene nanomaterials have negligible in vitro toxicity which deployed.
Figure: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg/220px-LED,_5mm,_green_(en).svg.png
Conclusion
• Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites represent one of the most technologically promising developments to emerge from the interface of graphene-based materials.
• There are many engineering challenges that still remain, but with proper research we can utilize graphene materials to their full potential.