1. 1. Monday 22nd June National Graphene Institute #GrapheneWeek
2. 2. #GrapheneWeek
3. 3. 09:30 Intro and welcome to the graphene activity at the University of Manchester, James Baker, Business Director, NGI Richard Jeffery, Director, Business Growth Hub 09:45 Graphene introduction and overview, Ivan Buckley, Project Manager, NGI 10:15 Electronics, Dr Antonios Oikonomou, Research Associate, University of Manchester 10:45 Break 11:00 Composite and coatings, Bennie Li, Research Associate, University of Manchester 11:30 Membranes and energy, Dr Paul Wiper, Research Associate, NGI 12:00 Biomedical, Dr Ania Servant, Knowledge Exchange Fellow (Graphene) 12:30 Networking lunch 13:30 Event close #GrapheneWeek
4. 4. #GrapheneWeek
5. 5. Welcome James Baker Business Director NGI #GrapheneWeek
6. 6. #GrapheneWeek
7. 7. Richard Jeffery Director Business Growth Hub #GrapheneWeek
8. 8. #GrapheneWeek
9. 9. Contact us to find out more: Phone: 0161 359 3050 Email: info@businessgrowthhub.com www.businessgrowthhub.com @bizgrowthhub Business Growth Hub +Businessgrowthhub #GrapheneWeek
10. 10. #GrapheneWeek
11. 11. Graphene introduction and overview Ivan Buckley Project Manager NGI #GrapheneWeek
12. 12. http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk Unexpected Science from a Pencil Trace Ivan Buckley Project Manager National Graphene Institute (NGI) at the University of Manchester Ivan.buckley@manchester.ac.uk
13. 13. http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk
14. 14. Made in Manchester
15. 15. Limitless Potential?? V
16. 16. Graphene Superlatives 17 thinnest imaginable material strongest material ever measured (theoretical limit) stiffest known material (stiffer than diamond) most stretchable crystal (up to 20% elastically) record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond) highest current density at room T (million times of those in copper) highest intrinsic mobility (100 times more than in Si) conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons lightest charge carriers (zero rest mass) longest mean free path at room T (micron range) most impermeable (even He atoms cannot squeeze through) ?
17. 17. Graphene Properties 18 Morphological Surface area 1gr = 2630 m2 Aspect ratio varies typically 2 for solvent exfoliation. Transparent to light (97.7 %) and electrons Mechanical Stiffness = 1 TPa Strength = 130 GPa Chemical Easily functionalised Processable
18. 18. What is GRAPHENE? Graphene is defined as: -2 dimensional - an allotrope of carbon - one-atom-thick planar sheets of sp2-bonded carbon atoms that are densely packed in a honeycomb crystal lattice. but accepted as - less than 10 layers thick - less than 30 nm. Buckyballs Carbon Nanotubes Graphite
19. 19. How to make GRAPHENE? Micromechanical cleavage of Graphite (a)Attach a piece of graphite to sticky-tape (Cellotape) (b)Use the sticky tape to thin out the graphite (c) Place the thin graphite on a Silicon wafer, with a surface layer of Silicon Dioxide (d)Remove most layers of graphite leaving behind graphene.
20. 20. How to make GRAPHENE? Micromechanical cleavage of Graphite Images courtesy P. Blake
21. 21. Strongly layered material Can We Cheat Nature? Slice down to one atomic plane
22. 22. Production by removing elements from a large starting material. Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements. How to make graphene
23. 23. Graphene & its derivatives A D B C E CVD Graphene (Gr) Graphite (Gt) Reduced Graphene Oxide (ReGO) Graphene oxide (GO) Graphite oxide (GtO) Graphene
24. 24. Mass Production Price Quality Mechanical Exfoliation research prototyping Liquid Phase Exfoliation coating, composites, energy, bio CVD electronics photonics coating bio Molecular Assembly nanoelectronics SiC electronics RF transistors
25. 25. Early Graphene Applications Composites (Light weight, multifunctional and highly damage tolerant structures) Graphene electronics: specialist devices (e.g. high frequency transistors, spintronics) or in combination with other electronics technologies (e.g. printed electronics). Flexible Electronics (e.g. as replacement for indium tin oxide in a range of applications such as touch screens, solar cells etc.) Paints and coatings (e.g. barrier, modification of optical/electrical properties of chemical derivatives of graphene). Graphene Photonics (e.g. photomodulators, photodetectors, plasmonics, ultra-fast lasers, metamaterials). Graphene sensors (e.g. chemical, strain sensors). Energy storage (e.g. graphene-based batteries, super-capacitors) ..??
26. 26. Graphene Applications
27. 27. Graphene Applications Introducing the new GR Graphene stick range for 2014/15 The New Graphene Enhanced Technology will offer greater energy transfer and performance, whilst the Graphene composite construction gives greater power when hitting and improved response when controlling the ball, as well as shock absorbing properties for added feel and response.
28. 28. Graphene Applications
29. 29. Graphene Technology Roadmap
30. 30. Graphene Applications are already here
31. 31. Barriers/challenges to exploitation 32 Hype Bubble Manufacturability - Good and reproducible quality graphene materials, t for purpose Development of eective and reliable processing techniques (e.g. to disperse, align, deposit, functionalise, integrate etc.) Scalability, aordability and security of supply Clear demonstration of competitive advantage supported by cost benet data. Confusing nomenclature No standards No Killer App Health and Safety uncertainties
32. 32. 33
33. 33. Graphene@Manchester NGI Centre for Doctoral Training for Graphene Graphene Engineering Innovation centre Commercialisation Graphene Research at Manchester The City of Manchester
34. 34. Research Excellence the largest single graphene research group (Over 200 researchers, PDRAs and Post Grads) Total Income of c170m over the last 4 years Interdisciplinary Physics, Materials Science, EEE, Bio and Life Sciences, Chemistry, Chem Eng, etc., 30 groups Unique Graphene Integrated Research Approach Production, Characterisation, Materials Modelling, through to Application
35. 35. Funding/Investment Gap in the Manufacturing-Innovation Process Valley of Death
36. 36. Beyond Graphene Novoselov et al PNAS (2005) 1 m 2D Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox in SEM 2D crystals from other layered materials High Quality Different From 3D Precursor 2D MoS2 in TEM 5 m 1m 0 8 232D NbSe2 in AFM 10 m 2D boron nitride in optics
37. 37. Composite materials and Heterostructures Few materials determine our world Electronics: silicon Construction: steel Aerospace: aluminium Few materials narrow opportunities Composite materials & Heterostructures InGaN laser Plastics Fibres Carbon Fibres Still need wider range of properties AlInN HEMT
38. 38. Layer by Layer Material Engineering Building materials atom by atom Wide range of compositions - wide range of functionalities sensor solar cell transistor interconnect reinforcement Composite materials & Heterostructures InGaN laser Plastics Fibres Carbon Fibres Still need wider range of properties AlInN HEMT
39. 39. http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk Contact: ivan.buckley@manchester.ac.uk
40. 40. National Graphene Institute (NGI) Contact: ivan.buckley@manchester.ac.uk http://www.graphene.manchester.ac.uk/
41. 41. #GrapheneWeek
42. 42. Electronics Dr Antonios Oikonomou Research Associate NGI #GrapheneWeek
43. 43. National Graphene Institute Introduction to Graphene and Other 2D Materials and their possible applications Graphene Electronics 22nd June 2015 Antonios Oikonomou, Ph.D., M.Phil., Dipl.-Eng. Research Associate Antonios.oikonomou@manchester.ac.uk
44. 44. Talk outline Alignment -> Expectations Fundamental Issues -> New approaches Innovation -> Disruption
45. 45. Graphene electronics
46. 46. Electronics
47. 47. ITRS Si first prepared/characterized 1823 First transistor, Bell Labs 1954 First commercial processor, TMS 1000 TI - 1971 John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, 1948.
48. 48. Transistor Count
49. 49. Digital electronics
50. 50. Analog electronics
51. 51. Analog electronics
52. 52. Graphene and Dirac Cones
53. 53. The Band Gap problem
54. 54. Lego blocks
55. 55. 2D crystals family Possibilities are limited by imagination
56. 56. Innovation tools Fig. 68 BN/SLG/BN/SLG/BN devices.106 (A) Optical image. (B) Electron micrograph. Two 10-terminal graphene Hall bars are shown in green and orange. The scale is given by the 2 m Hall bar width.
57. 57. Innovation tools Generation I Manual flake transfer system
58. 58. New design principles 2D materials based Vertical FET
59. 59. Large On/Off ratios and strong light-matter interactions Flexible transistors
60. 60. Light emitting diodes Quantum efficiency comparable with modern OLEDs
61. 61. Resonant tunneling Alignment with a high degree of precision (within 2o)
62. 62. Innovation tools Generation II Automated flake transfer system in controlled atmosphere
63. 63. Air-sensitive crystals Demonstration of devices using black phosphorus (BP) and niobium diselenide (NbSe2)
64. 64. Take home message Realism Innovation Disruption
65. 65. References [1] L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, F. Schedin, A. Mishchenko, T. Georgiou, M. I. Katsnelson, L. Eaves, S. V. Morozov, N. M. R. Peres, J. Leist, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and L. A. Ponomarenko, Field-effect tunneling transistor based on vertical graphene heterostructures., Science , vol. 335, no. 6071, pp. 947950, 2012. [2] A. Mishchenko, J. S. Tu, Y. Cao, R. V. Gorbachev, J. R. Wallbank, M. T. Greenaway, V. E. Morozov, S. V. Morozov, M. J. Zhu, S. L. Wong, F. Withers, C. R. Woods, Y.-J. Kim, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, E. E. Vdovin, O. Makarovsky, T. M. Fromhold, V. I. Falko, A. K. Geim, L. Eaves, and K. S. Novoselov, Twist-controlled resonant tunnelling in graphene/boron nitride/graphene heterostructures., Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 808813, 2014. [3] F. Schwierz, Graphene transistors., Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 5, no. 7, pp. 487496, 2010. [4] T. Georgiou, R. Jalil, B. D. Belle, L. Britnell, R. V. Gorbachev, S. V. Morozov, Y.-J. Kim, A. Gholinia, S. J. Haigh, O. Makarovsky, L. Eaves, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov, and A. Mishchenko, Vertical field-effect transistor based on graphene-WS2 heterostructures for flexible and transparent electronics., Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 100103, 2013. [5] L. G. Rizzi, M. Bianchi, A. Behnam, E. Carrion, E. Guerriero, L. Polloni, E. Pop, and R. Sordan, Cascading wafer-scale integrated graphene complementary inverters under ambient conditions., Nano Lett., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 39483953, 2012. [6] S.-J. Han, A. V. Garcia, S. Oida, K. A. Jenkins, and W. Haensch, Graphene radio frequency receiver integrated circuit., Nat. Commun., vol. 5, 2014. [7] X. Du, I. Skachko, A. Barker, and E. Y. Andrei, Approaching ballistic transport in suspended graphene, Nat. Nanotechnol., vol. 3, no. 8, pp. 491495, 2008. [8] F. Bonaccorso, L. Colombo, G. Yu, M. Stoller, V. Tozzini, A. C. Ferrari, R. S. Ruoff, and V. Pellegrini, Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage, Science, vol. 347, no. 6217. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015. [9] F. Withers, O. Del Pozo-Zamudio, A. Mishchenko, A. P. Rooney, A. Gholinia, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, S. J. Haigh, A. K. Geim, A. I. Tartakovskii, and K. S. Novoselov, Light-emitting diodes by band-structure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures., Nat. Mater., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 301306, 2015.
66. 66. Q&A Thank you for your attention
67. 67. #GrapheneWeek
68. 68. Break #GrapheneWeek
69. 69. #GrapheneWeek
70. 70. Composite and coatings Bennie Li Research Associate University of Manchester #GrapheneWeek
71. 71. Graphene Nanocomposites School of Materials The University of Manchester zheling.li@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk Zheling (Bennie) Li
72. 72. Buckyballs Carbon Nanotubes Graphite Overview Geim. et al. Nature, 2007.
73. 73. 2 Components Separate Synergetical Overview Wikipedia
74. 74. Only High-end ? Overview Composites, 50% Al/Al-Li, 20% Titanium, 15% Steel, 10% Others, 5%
75. 75. Overview Sensor Boland et al, ACS Nano, 2014 Flexible Display Bae et al, Nat Nano, 2010 Semipermeable Membrane Joshi et al, Science, 2014 Sporting Goods
76. 76. Energy Storage 19% Coating & Packaging & Paints 12% Plastics & Composites 17% Aerospace & Defence 15%Automotive 3% Sensors 2% Healthcare 3% Telecommu 2% Electronics 27% SalesOverview Source: Future Markets
77. 77. Raw Materials Applications Overview
78. 78. Production by removing elements from a large starting material. Assembly of a nanostructure from smaller elements. Price Quality Mechanical Exfoliation research prototyping Liquid Phase Exfoliation coating, composites, energy, bio CVD electronics photonics coating bio Molecular Assembly nanoelectronics SiC electronics RF transistors Raw Materials Novoselov et al, Nature, 2012. Tung V. C. et al. Nat. Nano. 2009. http://powerlisting.wikia.com/wiki/Graphite_Manipulation
79. 79. Composites Processing
80. 80. Composites Processing Putz K.W. et al. Adv. Func. Mater. 2010. Solution Blending Valls C. et al. Comp. Sci. Tech. 2013. Melt Blending Zhao X. et al. Nat. Sci. Rep. 2013. In-situ Polymerization
81. 81. Applications
82. 82. Graphene Nanocomposites Mechanical Thermal Electrical Barrier /Coating Sensor Application Map
83. 83. How to reinforce? GrapheneSurface Area Rigidity Outperforming Diamond Most Stretchable Crystal Activated Carbon X 5 Mechanical Reinforcement 3 g
84. 84. ~ +50% IFSS Raw Mechanical Reinforcement Vlassiouk. et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015.Valls C. et al. Comp. Sci. Tech. 2013. Leading Supporting https://grabcad.com/library/spring-steel-1 Ceramic Spring Coated Zhang. et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2012.
85. 85. Song et al. Adv. Mater. 2013. Thermal Conductivity > Diamond Functional Applications Balandin, UCLA Heat Sink Thermal Stability Wicklein et al. Nat Nano, 2015. Fire-Retardant
86. 86. > Copper Bae S. et al. Nat. Nano. 2010. Electrical Conductivity Functional Applications Flexibility Longer Battery Life Environment, Low Cost Secor et al, JPCL, 2013. Ink-Jet Printing Novoselov et al, Nature, 2012. Energy Storage
87. 87. Most Impermeable Helium atom cant squeeze He Impermeability H2O Permeability Barrier Functional Applications Novoselov et al, Nature, 2012. Nair R.R. et al. Science 2012; 335: 442
88. 88. Joshi et al, Science, 2014 Raman et al, Carbon, 2012 Su et al, Nat Comm, 2014 Functional Applications Barrier Coating Water-proof!
89. 89. Strain Sensor Functional Applications Boland et al, ACS Nano, 2014 FET Sensor Feng et al Adv. Mater. 2013 DNA Sequencing http://www.ks.uiuc. edu/Research/dbps/ Molecule/Ion http://www.gtp.or.kr/antp/new _tech/view_all.jsp?no=151945 Photo Detector Nokia
90. 90. 10 104 103 102 105 Price(/kg) Carbon Black Carbon Fibre Carbon Nanotube Graphene Nanoplatelets Graphene Oxide Graphite http://powerlisting.wikia.com/wiki/Graphite_Manipulation Cost/Performance
91. 91. Challenges Standardization Cost Environmental Heath & Safety
92. 92. Stiff competition: Uni have received a grant of around 60,000 to revolutionise the condom market (Manchester Evening News) Boron Nitride
93. 93. Conclusions Graphene Nanocomposites provide various applications. It covers mechanical, electrical, thermal, barrier, sensor applications and so on. Urgent demand is to decrease the cost, increase the materials quality and also regulate the market.
94. 94. Zheling (Bennie) Li School of Materials The University of Manchester zheling.li@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk Graphene Nanocomposites Thank You!
95. 95. #GrapheneWeek
96. 96. Membranes and energy Dr Paul Wiper Research Associate NGI #GrapheneWeek
97. 97. National Graphene Institute Graphene Membranes Graphene-Based Energy Storage Devices Paul Wiper, PhD, MSc. Research Associate paul.wiper@manchester.ac.uk
98. 98. Graphene-Based Membranes
99. 99. RO Process Low desalination capacity and high capital costs RO consumes 2 kWh m-3 for only 50 % recovery Polymeric membranes are prone to fouling, suffer low flux rates, rapid degradation, sensitive to pH and solvents
100. 100. Graphene oxide membranes GO d =10 Dr. Rahul Nair Nature Comm, 5:4843, 2014 Science, 27, 335, 2012 Barrier free water transport Impermeable to all solvents except water
101. 101. Adding water to hexane GO membrane Graphene oxide membranes Show promise as new water purification membranes
102. 102. Barrier protection Outperforms industrial standard
103. 103. Graphene-based energy storage and conversion devices
104. 104. Energy Storage Systems CO2 by 80% by 2050 CO2 Capture Towards Renewable Energy
105. 105. Energy Storage Systems Electrical Mechanical Thermal Chemical Superconducting magnetic energy storage Capacitors Supercapacitors Pumped hydroelectric Compressed air Flywheels Hot water cylinders Batteries Lithium-ion ESS http://www.energystorageexchange.org
106. 106. Li+ ion LiC6; GraphiteLiCoO2 Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 1163611682 Traditional Li-ion Cell: Electrochemical
107. 107. Supercapacitors + + + + + ++ - - - - - - Double-layer formed at the interface between the solid electrode material surface and the liquid electrolyte in the micropores of the electrodes V applied > opposite charges accumulate on the surfaces of each electrode Charges are kept separate by the dielectric, thus producing an electric field Capacitors store energy in its electric field
108. 108. Batteries vs. Supercapacitors
109. 109. Graphene-based Electrodes J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 1532
110. 110. Production of Graphene for Electrodes NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) Ultrasonicator Dispersed graphene flakes Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) Exfoliated graphene nanosheets Ultracentrifugation Surfactants Low-cost and mass scalable Produce high quality graphene Opt. Mater. Express. 2014, 4, 63-78 Science, 2013, 340, 1-18
111. 111. LIBs: Graphene-based Materials for Anodes Material Anode Specific capacity (mAh g-1) Graphite 372 Graphene nanosheets (GNS) 540 ACS Nano, 2011, 5 (7), pp 54635471
112. 112. LIBs: Graphene-Composite Materials for Anodes Charge/discharge curves of the composite electrode (0.5 mV/s over 0.01-2.5 V) Various reports using different forms of graphene 850
113. 113. Silicon is the most promising, owing to its high natural abundance, low discharge potential, and high theoretical charge capacity (3579 mAh g1) Large volume changes (up to 270% for the Li3.75Si phase) Loss of electrical contact during lithium insertion and extraction result in capacity fading Reducing the Si particle size to the nanoscale Dispersing the electroactive particles in a carbon matrix - It is believed that carbon-based materials buffer the volume changes and improve the electronic and ionic conductivities LIBs: Graphene-Silicon Composite for Anodes
114. 114. LIBs: Graphene-Silicon Composite for Anodes Journal of Power Sources 2015, 287, 177-183 Electrochemistry Communications 2010, 12, 303306 Si dendrites Graphene Charge/discharge curves of the composite electrode (0.5 mV/s over 0.01-2.5 V) Si/G electrode delivers a reversible initial capacity of 2280 mAh g1 and a capacity retention of 85% even after 100 cycles and a capacity as high as 1521 mAh g1
115. 115. Commercialisation of Graphene Anodes for LIBs Graphene-Li-S (UK) Graphene-Silicon Anodes (USA) Market now: Graphene-Silicon Anodes (USA) Graphene-Silicon Anodes (USA)
116. 116. LIBs: Graphene-based Materials for Cathodes LiCoO2 LiMn2O4 LiFePO4 Characteristics of commercial LIB cathode materials R.J. Brodd (ed.), Batteries for Sustainability: Selected Entries from the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology,Springer, Scienc-Business Media New York 2013
117. 117. Improving the Energy Density of Supercapacitors
118. 118. Graphene-Based Electrodes for SuperCaps Chem. Soc. Rev., 2015, 44, 3639-3665
119. 119. LaserScribe Graphene SuperCaps
120. 120. LaserScribe GO SuperCaps
121. 121. Overview Graphene membranes show great promise as alternative membranes in water purification technology Extensive research into graphene-based electrodes in LIBs and Supercapictors Commercially viable technologies Investment and big players to take technology forward
122. 122. Perspectives * * Nature Mat. 2012, 11, 19-29 http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/tesla/model-s/design Tesla S Model: >7000 LIBs (nickel cobalt aluminum) (NCA) Panasonic ~ 260 m > 400 km (85 kWh) 240 V output, 1 hour = 60 miles 4.3 hrs total charge Today 2012
123. 123. Alternatives to LIBs: Nature 2015, 520, 325-329 Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 1163611682 Energy density ~ 40 W h kg-1 Power density ~ 3,000 W h kg-1 Al-IBsNa-IBs
124. 124. #GrapheneWeek
125. 125. Biomedical Dr Ania Servant Knowledge Exchange Fellow (Graphene) #GrapheneWeek
126. 126. Unravelling Graphene for Drug Delivery Graphene Industry Workshop 22nd June 2015 National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester Ania Servant, PhD., MSc. Network Strategy Coordinator/ Project Manager Research Deanery/Nanomedicine Lab Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences National Graphene Institute ania.servant@manchester.ac.uk 130
127. 127. The Nanocarbon Family Graphite Diamond Nanodiamond Single walled carbon nanohorns Bucky balls Fullerene Carbon nanotube Graphene The family of carbon nanostructures is expanding Amorphous carbon
128. 128. Disruptive technology Graphene could pave the way for bionic devices in living tissues that could be connected directly to your neurons. So people with spinal injuries, for example, could re-learn how to use their limbs. Graphene @ Manchester
129. 129. Current Landscape Graphene as Biomedicine Number of publications with graphene in the title Number of publications with graphene for biomedicine and related fields About 710 publications (June 2015) About 151, 931 publications (June 2015)
130. 130. Current Landscape Graphene as Biomedicine Biosensing & Diagnostic Devices 64% Toxicity 12% Drug Delivery & Imaging carriers 8% Antibacterial Agents 4% Tissue engineering & Scaffolds 4% Photothermal Therapy 3% Gene Delivery 2% Biochemistry- General 2% Enzymatic Interations 1% Drug Delivery 13%
131. 131. Current Landscape Non-Covalent Modifications Graphene as Biomaterial Bitounis et al., Adv Mat, 2013
132. 132. Current Landscape Covalent Modifications Graphene as Biomaterial Bitounis et al., Adv Mat, 2013
133. 133. Current Landscape Most mature Bio-Applications Graphene as Biomaterial Bitounis et al., Adv Mat, 2013
134. 134. the Roadmap View. How is the interaction with cells ? What happens with graphene in the body ? Toxicity - Biodegradation - Biopersistence? Optical properties of graphene are largely unexplored for biomedical imaging Novoselov, K. and Kostarelos, K., Nature Nano, 2014 Graphene in Biomedicine
135. 135. STEP 1: Understand your material Graphene Materials Engineering
136. 136. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 Understand your material
137. 137. Ali-Boucetta et al., Adv Health Mat, 2012 Modified Hummers Method for Biologically- relevant GO Understand your material
138. 138. STEP 2: Prove efficacious function Graphene Therapeutics or Diagnostics
139. 139. Polymeric implants for pulsatile drug release Pre-programmed drug delivery systems Multi-layered polymeric matrix: layer loaded with drug and a spacer layer Release controlled by the degradation of the polymer matrix Smart materials: Glucose or enzyme responsive pH responsive Temperature sensitive Electro-sensitive Light sensitive 3D water swollen polymer network Formed by chemical or physical cross- linking Equilibrium swelling/shrinking behaviour High water content and resemblance with natural tissues Biocompatible HYDROGELS Graphene based drug delivery
140. 140. Electroresponsive Hydrogels for pulsatile drug delivery MAA, MBAM, PPS 70C, 20 hours Electrical stimulation I) II) III) 14C-sucrose loading into the gel matrix Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater., 2012 Servant et al., J. Mat. Chem., 2013 Graphene based drug delivery
141. 141. Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater., 2014 In situ polymerisation Graphene-based Electroresponsive Hydrogels for pulsatile drug delivery Graphene based drug delivery
142. 142. Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater., 2014 Graphene-based Electroresponsive Hydrogels Graphene gels outperform MWNT gel hybrid in vivo: higher amounts of 14C- sucrose are released Reproducibility between cycles implying less damage upon electrical stimulation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 50 100 150 %14C-sucrosereleased invitro Time (min) graphene hybrid (0.2 mg/ml) MWNT hybrid (0.2mg/ml) Blank gel 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 100 200 14C-sucroserelease inblood(%) Time (min) MWNT 0.2 mg/ml Blank gel graphene 0.2 mg/ml Graphene based drug delivery Release Drugs Better
143. 143. Servant et al., Adv. Health. Mater, 2014 Graphene-based Electroresponsive Hydrogels are Safer Gels were implanted subcutaneously and electrically stimulated for 5 mins Significant inflammation for MWNT hybrid gels due to gel heating during stimulation Blank gel Graphene gelMWNT gel Graphene based drug delivery
144. 144. STEP 3: Understand interactions with biological matter Graphene Cell Biology
145. 145. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 Graphene cell biology
146. 146. Graphene cell biology
147. 147. STEP 4: Understand interactions with living tissue Graphene Pharmacology
148. 148. IV Body Transport DOTA 111InCl3 Step 4: Graphene Pharmacology
149. 149. Tissue Distribution Blood Profile Metabolic Profile t=0hrt=4hrt=24hr0 2 4 6 8 10 Urine Feaces %IDdetectedafter24hrs 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 BloodConc(g/ml) TIme (min) GO-f-DOTA DOTA 111In 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 40 80 120 160 200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 %IDpergofTissues 1hr 4hrs 24hrs Body Transport Step 4: Graphene Pharmacology
150. 150. STEP 5: Understand your limitations Graphene Toxicology
151. 151. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 Step 5: Understand your limitations
152. 152. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 Nanotube Analogy? Graphene toxicology
153. 153. Diaphragm tissue Inflammatory response Evaluate Intraperitoneal injection (50 g/animal) n=8-10 24 hr & 7 days Ali-Boucetta et al., Adv Health Mat, 2012 Mesothelioma Model Graphene toxicology C57 BL/6 mice (6weeks old)
154. 154. STEP 6: Put everything into perspective Graphene For medicine
155. 155. Bussy et al., Acc Chem Res, 2012 SAFETY RULES 1. to use small, individual CNMs that macrophages in the body can efficiently internalize and remove from the site of deposition; 2. to use hydrophilic, stable, colloidal dispersions of CNMs to minimize aggregation in vivo; 3. to use excretable CNMs or chemically-modified CNMs that can be degraded effectively. Put everything into perspective
156. 156. Acknowledgments
157. 157. Networking lunch #GrapheneWeek
158. 158. Contact us to find out more: Phone: 0161 359 3050 Email: info@businessgrowthhub.com www.businessgrowthhub.com @bizgrowthhub Business Growth Hub +Businessgrowthhub #GrapheneWeek