graphene nano-optoelectronics - ph · graphene nano-optoelectronics frank koppens icfo, the...
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graphene nano-optoelectronicsFrank Koppens
ICFO, The institute of photonic sciences, Barcelona
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Graphene research at ICFO
Valerio Pruneri: Optoelectronics•Ultra-thin metal films•Substrate-graphene interactions (doping, switching etc.)
Frank Koppens: group Nano-optoelectronics (~100% graphene)•Nano-optics and plasmonics in graphene•Graphene photodetectons•Graphene phototransistors•Novel hybrid devices
Gerasimos Konstantatos: Solution-processed nanophotonic devicesGraphene phototransistors
Darrick Chang: Theory•Quantum hybrid systems•Graphene quantum nano-photonics
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Graphene optical properties
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Graphene nano-optics
Graphene optical properties
Graphene opto-electronics and photodetection
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Graphene optical propertiesUndoped graphene: Broadband absorption of 2.3%
Nair et al, Science (2008)
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Optical conductivity
Graphene optical properties
Undoped graphene
Doped graphene
Bonaccorso et al., Nature Photonics (2010)Li et al., Nature Physics (2008)
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Graphene variable transparency
Li et al., Nature Physics (2008)
Reflection
Transmission
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nano-optics
Graphene• Gate-tunable optical properties• Ultra-fast (high mobility)• Durable• Flexible • Ultra-thin• Large-scale processing• Patterning with nanometer resolution• ....
opto-electronics
photodetection
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Ultra-fast Broadband optical modulator
Liu et al., Nature (2011)
Gate-variable transmission
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Graphene as a transparent conductorBroadband transmission Low resistance
Bonaccorso et al., Nature Photonics (2010)
Bae et al., Nature Nanotechnology (2010)
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LED and solar cellsSolar cells (inorganic, organic, dye-sensitized)
Light emitting diode
Bonaccorso et al., Nature Photonics (2010)
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Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser
Sun et al., ACS Nano (2010)
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Graphene photodetection
Optical communication
CCD
Night viewersSurveillance
On-chip intereconnects
Groups: Novoselov, Geim, Ferrari, Mueller, Lemme, Marcus, Koppens, ....
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Two types of photodetectors
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Ultra-fastBroadband
Ultra-sensitive
Two types of photodetectors
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Two types of photodetectors
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Graphene photodetection: broadband and Fast
Mueller et al. Nature Photonics (2010)
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Graphene photodetection: broadband and Fast
Dawlaty et al. APL 2008
Absorption Broadband
Mueller et al. Nature Photonics (2010)
Fast (high mobility)
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Gate-activated photoresponse: pn-junction
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Gate-activated photoresponse: pn-junction
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Lemme, Koppens et al., Nano Letters (2012)Topgate voltage (V)
Photocurrent (nA)
Local on-off control of photosensitivity
➡ Pixelized imaging (infrared camera)
Groups: Marcus (Kopenhagen), Koppens (ICFO), Lemme (KTH)
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Efficiency
Responsivity = Iout/Pin1mA/W - 6 mA/W
➡ Absorption 2.3%➡ Intrinsic efficiency ~50% (!!)
➡ Total efficiency 1.1%Mueller et al. Nature Photonics (2010)
Lemme, Koppens et al., Nano Letters (2011)Note: 100% corresponds to ~0.5A/W)
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Enhance absorption: metal plasmonics
23Echtermeyer et al, Nature Communications (2012)
• Wavelength selective
• Responsivity enhanced by factor 20 (up to 10mA/W)
Groups: Novoselov, Geim, Ferrari
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Ultra-fast Ultra-sensitive
Two types of photodetectors
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Hybrid graphene/quantum-dot phototransistor
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Quantum dots:➡Strong absorbers
Graphene:➡High mobility➡Tuneable
Best of both worlds:
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
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Mechanism: photo-transistor effect
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
quantum dotgraphene
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Mechanism: photo-transistor effect
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
quantum dotgraphene
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Advantage 1: Responsive over large area
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
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Advantage 2: Wavelength selective
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
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Advantage 3: ultra-sensitive and ultra-high gain➡Responsivity of up to 108 A/W
★Gain of 108
➡ sensitive to optical power of ~fW (3000photons/s)
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
Backgate voltage (V) Backgate voltage (V)
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Advantage 3: ultra-sensitive and ultra-high gain➡Responsivity of up to 108 A/W
★Gain of 108
➡1 fW of power can be detected (3000photons/s)
Konstantatos,Koppens, under review
Backgate voltage (V) Backgate voltage (V)
Gate tunable
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Graphene photodetection
Ultra-sensitive
➡ R > 108 A/W
➡sensitive to ~ 10 fWNEP ~ fW /sqrt(Hz)
Ultra-fast + broadband
➡ R ~ 20 mA/W
➡ f > 20 GHz
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Graphene photodetection
Graphene as a platform forstrong light-matter interactions
Nano
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Confining light to the nanoscale
Confining light to metals: Circumvent the diffraction limit,
Dielectric
Metal
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Sensing
Miniaturization Photonic CircuitsNanoscale opto-electronic circuits
Solar cellsQuantum information processing
Metal Plasmonics
Metamaterials
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600 nm
5 nmE=E0*100
E0
Confining light to the nanoscale
Confining light to metals: Circumvent the diffraction limit,
Dielectric
Metal
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600 nm
5 nmE=E0*100
E0
Confining light to the nanoscale
Confining light to metals: Circumvent the diffraction limit,
Dielectric
Metal
Graphene: thinnest metal in the world
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Graphene Plasmonics
➡Light confinement > factor 150 !!!!➡Gate-tunable plasmon wavelength➡ Gate-tunable nanoscale light switch
Excitation wavelength 5000 nm
Koppens, Chang, Garcia de Abajo (NanoLetters 2011)Nikitin, Guinea, Garcia-Vidal, Martin-Moreno (Arxiv) Gomez-Santos, Stauber, Arxiv (2012)
Vakil et al., Science (2011) Jablan et al, PRB (’09) etc.See e.g. Wunsch (’06), Das Sarma (’07),
Plasmon wavelength = 20-50nm30 nm
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Total infrared light absorption!!
Thongrattanasiri, Koppens, Garcia de Abajo (Arxiv 1106.4460)
Resonant plasmon excitation
---> 100% light absorption
Periodic pattern of discs(~ 100 nm diameter)
Recent report in THz regime:Ju et al. Nature Materials (2011)
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Sensing
Miniaturization Photonic Circuits
Nanoscale opto-electronic circuits
Solar cells
Quantum information processing
Graphene Plasmonics opto-electronics
Metamaterials
Interconnects
Photodetection
Lasers
LED
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Collaborations People
Theory:Javier Garcia de Abajo (CSIC Madrid)
Darrick Chang (CalTech, ICFO)Martin-Moreno (Zaragoza)
Garcia-Vidal (Madrid)Guinea (Madrid)
Leonid Levitov (MIT)
Experiment:Rainer Hillenbrand (NanoGune)
Adrian Bachtold (ICN)Stephan Roche (ICN)
Gerasimos Konstantos (ICFO)Valerio Pruneri (ICFO)
Pablo Jarillo-Herrero (MIT)Charles Marcus (Harvard)
Max Lemme (KTH)Ronald Hanson (Delft)
Lieven Vandersypen (Delft)Cees Dekker (Delft)
Leo Kouwenhoven (Delft)
ExperimentGraphenea (San Sebastian)
Godidnon (CNM)
PI:Frank Koppens
Louis GaudreauMichela Badioli
Fabio GattiGuenevere Prawiroatmodjo
Klaas-Jan TielrooijMarko SpasenovicMark Lundeberg
Group nano-optoelectronics