grass endophytes for insect management and improved ... · grass endophytes for insect management...
TRANSCRIPT
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Grass endophytes for insect management
and improved pasture productivity
John Caradus
On behalf of a very big team of people
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Content
1. What are fungal endophytes?
2. What is the biocontrol issue?
3. What has been achieved?
4. How was this achieved?
5. What is next – other uses of endophytes?
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1. What are fungal endophytes?
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Fungal endophyte + Grass Plant
Endo = within - Phyte = plant
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Each green dot is a hypha of an endophyte expressing
a green florescent protein
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Endophyte lifecycle
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Diversity in endophytes
• Neotyphodium fungal endophytes are not all the same, there is considerable diversity in their biochemical profiles
• Europe has a wide diversity of grass endophytes
• AgResearch has the largest collection of grass
endophytes in the world
• New Zealand is the recognised world leader in
grass endophyte technology and its
commercialisation
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What fungal endophytes do ?
• Protect host plants against biotic and abiotic stresses
• Biotic stress protection
– Insects
– Nematodes
– Plant pathogens
• Abiotic stress protection
– Drought
• Protection increases plant production and persistence
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Endophyte chemistry
• Endophytes are all about chemistry
• They produce a range of bioactive
secondary metabolites (alkaloids)
• The type of alkaloids produced depends
on the strain of fungus present
• The host plant has a major effect on the
quantity of alkaloids
• The chemistry of endophytes is diverse
and complex
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Endophyte alkaloids
• Four main groups identified
– Peramine
– Ergovaline
– Indole diterpenoids
• Lolitrems
• Epoxy janthitrems
– Lolines
• All are active against insects
– Toxic
– Deterrent
• Unknowns
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Basic science
• Understanding the life cycle of Neotyphodium
endophytes
• Isolation from grasses and growth ex plant
• Inoculations challenges – into the plant
• Transmission challenges – into the seed
• Understanding the chemistry – discovering
unknown alkaloids
• Understanding the genes controlling alkaloid
expression
• Endophyte viability in seed
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2. What is the biocontrol issue?
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Pests of endophyte-free ryegrass
• Porina
• African black beetle
• Argentine stem weevil
• Pasture mealy bug
• Grass grub
• Root aphid
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Ryegrass + Endophyte Ryegrass – Endophyte
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Meadow fescue + Endo Meadow fescue – Endo
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Tall fescue + with Endophyte Tall fescue – minus Endophyte
Tall fescue at Bega, NSW, Australia
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But….
• While endophytes alkaloids do have powerful
insecticidal properties some can also have
serious affects on ruminants
Ergovaline - a vaso-constrictor that causes heat stress,
and reduces live weight gains and serum prolactin
Lolitrem B - a tremorgen that causes the neuro-muscular
disorder ryegrass staggers
Epoxy janthitrems - a tremorgen
• It is a case of balancing the upside of insect
resistance with the downside of animal health
and welfare
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Ryegrass staggers!
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3. What has been achieved?
Tall FescueEndophytes
Ryegrass Endophytes
ENDO 5
1
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Timeline for
ryegrass endophyte
understanding and
development
Endophyte linked with
- insect resistance
- ryegrass staggers, then production
1980
1992 First novel endophyte released –partially withdrawn
AR1 novel endophyte2000
2007 AR37 novel endophyte
2010 >80% seed sales of proprietary cultivars have novel endophytes
1980 - 90 Development of High Endophyte lines (containing a wild-type endophyte)
2003 NEA2 novel endophyte
2011- 2020 Novel endophytes with better insect resistance and drought tolerance
2006 Endo5 novel endophyte
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Ryegrass endophyte
1
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AR1 endophyte
• Ryegrass endophyte that does not cause
ryegrass staggers but provides Argentine stem
weevil resistance
• Non-exclusive release
• Initially targeted for Australasia
• Uptake rate has been high
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AR1 - Pastoral industry benefits
AR1 a technological breakthrough
Prevents ryegrass staggers
Does not cause heat stress
Reduces fly strike
Increases live weight gain >10%
Increases milk solids 9%
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Lamb responses to grazing Nui ryegrass with AR1
endophyte in summer and autumn. Means of 3 years
Values within a column with a letter subscript in common are not significantly different
* LWG = Live weight gain, Resp = respiration, PRL = prolactin, RGS = ryegrass staggers
Ryegrass
cultivar +
endophyte:
LWG *
g/hd/day
Rectal
tempO C
Resp
rate
/min
PRL
Ng/ml
RGS
0-5
scale
Dags
0-5
scale
Nui wild-type 23 a 40.5 a 97 a 96 a 3.2 a 0.6 a
Nui nil 120 b 40.0 b 73 b 185 b 0 b 0.2 b
Nui AR1 131 b 40.1 b 79 b 203 b 0 b 0.3 b
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Ryegrass endophyte
37
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AR37
Aorangi (Manawatu) April 1999
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AR37(left) versus existing pasture
Photo taken at AgResearch Farm at Tokonui - 29 February 2008
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Comparisons
AR37AR1
StandardEndophyte-free
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Argentine stem weevil
Manawatu Kerikeri Waikato
Nil 20 36 63
AR1 8 6 17
AR37 4 4 18
Standard 7 5 28
P<0.05 P<0.05 P<0.05
National Evaluation Field Trials 1997 & 1998
Percent tillers with larval damage
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Black Beetle - Larval Numbers
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
No
. la
rvae/m
2
Nil Std AR37AR1 Nil Std AR37AR1
Year 1 Year 2
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Porina – Plant Damage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2 4 6
Week
Cu
mu
lati
ve d
am
ag
e
Nil Standard AR37
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5
Week
Nil Standard AR37
Trial 1 Trial 2
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Pasture Mealy bug – Field Trial
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18N
o.
mealy
bu
g/c
ore
Nil Std AR37 AR1
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Root Aphids – Pot Trial
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Mean
No
./P
lan
t
April Sept Jan May
Nil Standard AR37
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Issues with AR37
• Grass staggers can be experienced with AR37 –
these are short lived and not normally as severe
as those experienced on wild type endophyte.
Recommendation:
• If AR1 persists on your farm then sow AR1
• If AR1 does not persist then sow AR37 – not
high endophyte wild type.
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Tall fescue Endophyte
Case study – into the USA
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Fescue toxicosis in cows - caused by
toxic endophytePregnancy rate reduced up to 37%
Abortion during early pregnancy
Calf deaths up to 20% after birth
Calving reduced from 78-95% to 49-74%
Intolerant to heat
Grazing time reduced 20 - 90%
Forage intake reduced 40%
Milk production reduced 37 - 60%
Weaning weights of calves reduced 14%
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Endophyte-infected tall fescue can
cause serious problems with cattle
The alkaloid ergovaline results in damaging
elevated body temperatures
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MaxQ endophyte
• Tall fescue non-toxic endophyte identified
for USA
• Patent protection of IP
• Exclusive license for defined period
• Marketing as an added value products
• Improved plant persistence without
causing any adverse animal effects
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No
endophyteMaxP MaxP
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The benefits of MaxQ
• Compared to Kentucky 31 (contains toxic endophyte) tall
fescue pastures in USA, the benefits of MaxQ pastures for
pasture-finished beef are:
Removes toxic alkaloids from meat and fat
Increases calf numbers (+ 20 to 50 %)
Increases milk production
Increases weaning weights (+ 15 %)
Reduced number of days for steers to reach target weights (- 60%)
Heavier live weight of feeder cattle per acre (+ 140%)
Heavier carcass weights (+ 10%)
Increased value of beef produced (+ 9%)
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Wild, toxic endophyte in
Jesup TALL FESCUEAR542 endophyte in
Jesup TALL FESCUE
Lamb Safety Study at Eatonton, Georgia, USA
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4. How was all of this achieved?
+
Understanding the process
Grass
Fungus
Chemistry
Insects
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Successful ingredients
• A great R&D team – multi-disciplined approach
and very good science
• Strong international links
• Strong links to NZ industry – supported
financially by seed companies and Beef and
Lamb (when it was Meat and Wool)
• Strong commercialisation drive through
Grasslanz Technology Ltd and commercial
partners
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The Grass Endophyte R&D Team
• Garry Latch
• Mike Christensen
• Syd Easton
• David Hume
• Alison Popay
• Brain Tapper
• Lester Fletcher
• Sarah Finch
• Wade Mace
• Chris Pennell
• Geoff Lane
• Lynn Briggs
• Wayne Simpson
• Stuart Card
• Phil Rolston
• Lee Sutherland
• Bruce Cooper
• Jason Trethewey
• Heike Schwendel
• Marty Faville
• Jana Schmidt
• Anouck de Bonth
• Joanne Jensen
• And others
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Mycologists
Animal scientists
Seed scientists
Agronomists
Chemists
Plant scientists
Entomologists
Endophyte
Knowledge
Multidisciplinary
approach
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5. What is next – other uses of
endophytes?
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Current opportunities
• Wildlife deterrence
• Endophyte in cereals
• Pesticidal extract
Cafeteria Seed Feeding
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NIL ENDO NOVEL A NOVEL B
Treatments
Gra
ms
Co
ns
um
ed
“Learned geese”
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Aphids on roses
Natural pesticide treated Control
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Fungal endophytes
• A very successful method of biocontrol that is
seed transmitted
• Based on excellent science
• Commercially successful and is being widely
used
With endophyte Without endophyte