grd catalog section 1

www.titus-hvac.com | www.titus-energysolutions.com

Section 1: Grilles & Diffusersclever. creative. comfort.

Buildingownerstrustinoccupantcomfort;Architectstrustinfunctional,creativedesignsolutionsforairdistribution;ConsultingengineerstrustinstateoftheartairdistributionrespondingwithsolutionsthatmeetandexceedcomplexGreenBuildingrequirements;and,

Contractorstrustinproductsthatfunctionasspecified,implementingthebestsolutionsforthebuildingowner.

Our catalog series helps all parties involved in the development of a commercial building reach their goals. Whether you are browsing the catalogs for new designs in air distribution or engineering a new LEED Plati-num building, Titus can help. Our innovative, experienced team combined with state of the air test facilities in Plano, TX help advance the science of air distribution. We believe that advancing the science of air distribu-tion and being a resource for our customers provides the best value for the owner, building occupants and the environment.

It can be summarized in our Titus Tagline:

Clever. Creative. Comfort.

Keith GlaschVice President

USGBC and related logo is a trademark owned by the U.S. Green Building Council and is used by permission.

Trust Titus

Titus Product Catalog, November 2011 printed in USA. Copyright 2011 by Air System Components, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this catalog may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from Air System Components, Inc.

Product improvement is a continuing endeavor at Titus. Therefore, product descriptions are subject to change without notice. Contact your Titus representative to verify details.

CORPORATE VALUES INNOVATIONS CASE STUDIES

contentsTitus Product Catalog - Section 1: Grilles & Diffusers

PLENUM SLOT DIFFUSERS D1

DIFFUSERS F1

FLOWBAR C1

FIRE RATED DIFFUSERS E1

ENGINEERING GUIDELINES B1

300/350 GRILLES H1

GRD ACCESSORIES K1

CHILLED BEAM U1

AEROBLADE GRILLES G1

SPECIALIZED GRILLES I1

VAV DIFFUSERS L1

CRITICAL ENVIRONMENT DIFFUSERS R1

INDEX Y1

SECURITY PRODUCTS J1

DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION T1

contentsTitus Product Catalog - Section 1: Grilles & Diffusers

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CORPORATE VALUES

Since 1946, we at Titus have had the distinct privilege of building on the legacy of our founder, Don Titus solid foundation of innovation, quality products, quality service and quality employees. Our goal is very clear - to help the people who depend upon us by continuing to innovate and advance the science of air distribution.

We are guided in this work by our commitment to significantly improve the health, efficiency, comfort and aesthetics of the environments in which our products are used. The primary guiding principle we follow is the belief that the ethical way is the only way to conduct our business. Actions speak louder than words. Our focus on every phase of our business contributes to our ability to better serve our customers and provide the best products and solutions.

A SPIRIT OF SERVICETo lead is to serve. By listening to our customers and

those they serve, we gain a better focus on the needs which we can best satisfy. Our business purpose is to serve our customers and the industry as a whole. We serve them with products that are innovative and more effective than those offered by our competitors. Our quality is evident in the ever-increasing product lines and service to our customers.

The Titus of tomorrow will be larger and more robust than it is today, as has been the case since 1946. As Winston Churchill said To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often. Titus will continue to change, but always with a focus on a spirit of service and surpassing the needs of the commercial HVAC industry world wide.

STABILITYWe are fully dedicated to serving the HVAC industry through the finest Representative firms. Our long term partnership with our representatives and our mutual

Vision

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commitment with them is ultimately the key to our success. This results in stability in the market place unmatched by any other manufacturer.

Why has Titus continued to lead the industry for over 60 years? Our employees are viewed as having unique individual value with dignity and worth independent of the work they do. Each employee has a real sense of unity and commitment to the other, each contributing their invaluable work, so that their collective efforts result in Titus continuing to set the standard for excellence in the industry.

Titus dedicates itself to be a company which looks forward to anticipate the needs of HVAC professionals and the people they serve. This dedication is based on our mission - to help HVAC professionals deliver better products and services, and to make life better for those who use our products.

INNOVATIONIntelligent Innovation has been and will continue to be our hallmark. Many products inevitably face the cycle of growth, maturity, and decline due to changing market needs. Titus has made an unwavering commitment to improve existing products and develop or acquire new and unique products and technologies.

At Titus, we dont take our success for granted. Our employees know that success only comes through hard work, a commitment to excellence and a desire to make a difference in all that we do. We are proud of our achievements and will continue to work hard to deliver on our commitments.

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For over 65 years, the name Titus has been synonymous with innovation in commercial air distribution. Many of the solutions we have developed over the years are still tried and true core products in our industry today. Intelligent Innovations speaks to our ability to solve problems and look at air distribution in new ways. Our true passion, however, lies in our ability to find clever and creative ways to enhance occupant comfort. Clever. Creative. Comfort.

Several examples can be found within the pages of this catalog, and one of the stand-out products is the EOS; the industries first solar-powered, energy-harvesting auto-changeover diffuser. Not only does the EOS provide THE solution for perimeter heating and cooling challenges, but it decreases the time it takes for an occupied zone to reach the setpoint, over the traditional split compromise diffuser, to improve occupant comfort. Additionally, the technology at work in the EOS provides us with a scalable energy

harvesting platform to use as a jumping off point to address thermal comfort in revolutionary ways.

Another cleaver and creative example innovation from Titus is the Plexicon. Displacement ventilation, while a great solution for cooling a space, usually requires a separate or supplementary system for heating; which affects the design, installation and overall cost of a project. The Plexicon addresses this challenge by incorporating displacement cooling and mixed-airflow heating into a single diffuser assembly with auto-changeover action. Providing both cooling and heating from the same diffuser eliminates the need for a secondary heating system, reduces overall project costs, and delivers a high level of thermal comfort to the building occupants.

At Titus, we are continually working on developing new ways to advance the science of air distribution.

Innovation

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Titus has long been recognized as a provider of world class training for the air distribution industry. Our various seminars, most notably our Consulting Engineer classes, provide students with valuable instruction in such areas as the Basics of Air Distribution, Energy Solutions, ASHRAE Standards and achieving LEED accreditation.

Titus training provides practical information that can be applied to current projects or applications. Our training is highly interactive with hands on product demonstrations and technology-driven displays. We offer the opportunity to see products in action to help engineers understand the best applications for each product type or system.

Titus industry experts utilize our state-of-the-art lab and R&D facility as a backdrop for many of the sessions, and our participants consistently walk away from our classes with a broader understanding of air

distribution and the solutions we offer.

At Titus, we highly value our time with customers, particularly the engineers specifying our products, because they allow us to forge lasting relationships that give us valuable insight into the day-to-day challenges they face.

Whether you are experienced or new at designing with HVAC, Titus training allows you to expand your HVAC knowledge.

GREEN SEMINAR x LEED

x UnderFloor Air Distribution

x Displacement Ventilation

x Chilled Beam

Training

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CORPORATE VALUES

CONSULTING ENGINEER SEMINARS x Displacement Ventilation and Chilled Beam Products

x Air Distribution Product Selection & Application

x Terminal Unit Product Selection & Application

x Personal Comfort with Access Floor and VAV Diffusers

x Terminal Unit Controls and Applications

x Critical Environment Diffuser Applications

x Applied Acoustics (Lw, Lp, NC & RC)

x Air Distribution Patterns/Principles of Overhead Heating & A.D.P.I.

x Characteristics of Throw and Selection for Optimum Comfort

x Selecting and Applying HVAC products for LEED

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Green Building design and energy conservation concepts are not new, yet in recent years the focus throughout the world has been to build structures with these principles in mind. We have seen the positive impact that designing and creating green buildings with these concepts have on our community and more importantly the world in which we live. As such, 100% of our focus for the past couple years and going forward has been on developing and delivering Green Solutions, and not just any Green Solution, but relevant Green Solutions. This is exactly the purpose of the Titus Energy Solutions website.

The Energy Solutions micro-site is a first of its kind for any HVAC manufacturer in the industry. Our tagline, The Leader in Air Management is not just words. Titus is fully committed to provide the latest innovations to the HVAC market and this new website is just another piece to an ever-growing puzzle. By being singularly focused on Green products and Green Building

concepts, this website provides a portal into the latest developments in training, design, energy conservation, and news that directly affect us. We made every effort to incorporate all the tools needed to find the perfect Green Solution.

Within the site you will find relevant product information, marketing collateral, LEED tools and other energy conservation related resources. We offer a wide array of Green products that can be used in a variety of applications. Whether you have a ceiling application or an underfloor installation, Titus has the Green Solution for you! Many of our products are GreenSpec Listed and we have a knowledgeable and experienced staff of industry professionals ready to provide assistance when needed.

The marketing collateral we have made available on the Energy Solutions site is directly related to our Green products as well. The Energy Solutions

Energy Solutions

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Brochure and the Retrofit Energy Solutions Guide are two brochures created to focus on Green products. The Energy Solutions Brochure is a 4-page guide that not only shows the types of products we offer, but highlights what LEED Credits they assist in achieving. The Retrofit Energy Solutions Guide provides a more thorough look into how an older building can be retrofitted and the energy savings available if new system or components were to be installed.

We have also completely revamped our case studies to provide a more in-depth perspective into some of our Green projects. They illustrate the overall design process from concept to completion. Our case studies also display which Titus products were selected and highlights how they solved the projects air distribution needs. We also have flyers, green presentations, installation manuals, and application guides available on the site.

The HVAC system plays a vital role in achieving healthy buildings to work in, but the LEED Credits associated with them tend to be missed. The sections of LEED that directly relate to Titus air distribution products primarily fall under Energy & Atmosphere (EA) and Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) sections of LEED. The U.S. Green Building Councils Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design standard (LEED) has quickly become the basis for determining a buildings Green status.

Our goal in creating the Energy Solutions website is to provide you with a very informative and green-focused interactive resource for todays demanding building needs. Sustainable design and energy conservation concepts are here to stay and this new tool will assist you in meeting those demands.

FlexRightStart saving energy today - quickly and economically.... change every flex wrong to FlexRight

To address the problem of creating proper inlet conditions, a simple and easy solution called FlexRight is available from Titus. FlexRight is a plastic 90 degree elbow that connects the flex duct to the diffuser inlet with a gentle 90 degree transition. This eliminates the problem of kinking or improper positioning of the flex duct that is so often found in the field when connected to supply diffusers.

FlexRight is made of 100% recycled materials, is UL listed and saves energy by reducing pressure loss through the duct work. The universal design accommodates all flexible duct sizes and diffuser inlets from 4 to 16. It provides a less expensive alternative to hard duct transitions and is easy to transport and install. With its simple and universal design, FlexRight is a great choice for both new construction and retrofit applications.

Titus - The Leader in Air Management | www.titus-hvac.com | www.titus-energysolutions.com

FlexRightsavesenergybyeliminatingkinksandrestrictionscommontoflexibleductinstallations.

StrapFlexRightoveranyexisting(retrofit)ornewflexibleducttoimproveairflowandreducepressureloss.

Workswithanybrandofcommercialorresidentialflexibleduct-insulatedornon-insulated.

Universaldesignfitsallflexibleducts4-16.

The RadiaTec diffuser is designed to meet the challenge of diluting airborne contaminants by supplying high-volume, low-velocity airflow to displace these impurities. The airflow pattern is designed to produce a uniform pattern to prevent dead spots where contaminants can linger and to limit the air pattern penetration into the habitable zone.

The RadiaTec creates a full pattern along the face of the diffuser, and when mounted end-to-end, throw is not increased. The RadiaTecs high induction rate draws impurities into its airstream, allowing it to be diluted to less harmful levels prior to exhausting the air.

Applications include labs with exhaust fans, pharmaceutical manufacturing, biotechnology and other applications where high air volume with short flow are required. It is an excellent choice for Class 1,000 to 100,000 rooms.

RadialAirDiffusionTechnology

T H E L A B O R A T O R Y S O L U T I O N F R O M T I T U S


RadiaTec

CLEVER. CREATIVE. COMFORT.

CLEVER. CREATIVE. COMFORT.

The EOS is a revolutionary leap forward in air distribution technology. As the first solar-pow-ered energy-harvesting diffuser, it is designed to improve comfort and save energy by provid-ing a solution to challenging building perimeter applications.

The EOS utilizes a specially-designed logic system that monitors air temperature and adjusts the air discharge position using harvested power to complete the diffusers auto-changeover function; ensuring the proper discharge position for heating or cooling.

And, unlike other perimeter solutions, the EOS is powered completely by natural light! It also has added flexibility built into its logic system to allow for more narrow temperature bands.

The result is a truly smarter diffuser that combines intelligence with flexibility and adjustability.

EOS. Another first from The Leader in Air Distribution.


Improve Comfort & Save Energy with EOS, the Industrys First Solar-Powered, Energy-Harvesting Diffuser by Titus

EOS

A NEW DAWN APPROACHES...A NEW DAWN APPROACHES...


Uniquearchitecturalfacedesignwithcenterappliqu(ninestandardcolors) Customercolormatchesandcompanylogosavailable Appliqusoldseparatelyforfieldapplication&retrofit Hingedremovablefaceplateissoldseparatelyforretrofitofexisting

Titusperforateddiffuserswithoutremovalofbackpanorductwork ExcellentchoiceforVAVsystems.The4-wayairpatternremainstight

andhorizontalevenwhentheairvolumevariesoverawiderange 24x24modulesizewithsquareorroundinlets Heavygaugesteelconstruction

spectrum

Color,Performance,andAestheticsinoneDiffuser!!

The Spectrum offers a unique alternative when considering ceiling mounted air outlets for architectural building applications. The unique Spectrum design starts with a special arcuate (bow-shaped) faceplate that drives the aesthetic look of the diffuser. To enhance this special design, each Spectrum diffuser has a 4 x 4 color appliqu added to the center of the faceplate.

The appliqu is available in nine standard colors, as well as custom color matches or company logo. The combination of appliqu color schemes along with the various diffuser paint finish options provide the architect with a multitude of design options to compliment and enhance a buildings dcor. Appliques can also be ordered separately for field application or retrofit if a buildings dcor changes.

RUST(08)

OLIVE (07)

BLUE GRAY (06)

MEDIUM BEIGE (05)

LIGHT BEIGE (04)

MEDIUM GRAY (03)

LIGHT GRAY (02)

OFF-WHITE (01)

BRITISHWHITE (00)

Spectrum appliqu color chart

A16 TITUS GREEN CASE STUDY

U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL HEADQUARTERS

ABOUT THE PROJECT

The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC), creators of the LEED Green Building Rating System, recently opened their new Headquarters building in Washington, D.C. The new building, located at 2101 L Street N.W. in Washington D.C., is a LEED Platinum level certified building for Commercial Interiors that features an open work space theme with central common areas and multi-functional work spaces. The unique design underscores USGBCs commitment to Green Building innovations and designs by providing a highly functional, healthy, and enjoyable work environment.

The new 75,000 square foot office, which is divided between two floors, demonstrates how environmentally green materials and highly efficient systems can transform an ordinary work space into an exceptional work place. The green features begin at the reception area and continue throughout the work space. The elevator lobby, reception and conference areas are clad in 500 year old gumwood that was salvaged from the bottom of the Tennessee River.

CLIENT:USGBC

REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE:H&BProductsInc

OMNI-NT ML-TZTechZone

DynaFuser FlowBar

A17TITUS GREEN CASE STUDY

GREEN CASE STUDY

ARCHITECT/DESIGNER:EnvisionDesign

LOCATION:Washington,D.C.

LEEDCERTIFICATION:LEEDPlatinumCertified

Also, the USGBC logo is carved in a two-story section of gumwood, which is cleary one of the spaces most prominent design features. The planning, design and construction of the new headquarters was a lengthy 12-month process from site selection to the actual move-in process.

THE TITUS SOLUTION

A total of four different models of Titus diffusers were used for the air distribution in the new building space. The perimeter of the building presented a unique problem that Titus already had a solution for - The DynaFuser.

The DynaFuser is an auto-changeover plenum slot diffuser used to provide overhead heating and cooling in perimeter applications. By sensing the supply air temperature, the DynaFuser automatically changes directional pattern controllers to the correct position for heating and cooling. The DynaFuser is a GreenSpec

Listed product that saves energy and is a great compliment to the other green products used in this renovation.

The ML-TZ TechZone slot diffuser and FlowBar architectural slot diffusers were also selected for this project. These products were used in the areas adjacent to the perimeter. The OMNI-NT ceiling diffusers were utilized in interior areas to reinforce an ultra-modern design theme and to provide an exceptional level of thermal comfort.

THE END RESULT

The new U.S. Green Building Council Headquarters in Washington, D.C. is the perfect example of how to retrofit an existing structure from outdated concepts into a more modern energy efficient building. This new headquarters affirms their mission - to transform the way buildings and communities are designed, built, and operated, enabling an environmentally and socially responsible, healthy, and prosperous environment that improves the quality of life.


KING ABDULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

ABOUT THE PROJECT

KAUST is a graduate-level research university dedicated to bringing a new age of scientific discovery in Saudi Arabia and around the world. It brings together internationally renowned scientists to compete as one of the worlds leading graduate research institutions. At KAUST, researchers, graduate-level students and faculty are challenged with advancing science and technology to have a global impact for future generations.

Having opened in September 2009, KAUST was designed by the architectural firm of HOK Architects to be the best university in the world. This LEED Platinum Certified campus features two million square feet of lab space spread across an interconnected complex of four five-story, 500,000-square foot buildings. The research centers focus on cutting-edge programs in biosciences and engineering, materials science and engineering, energy and the environment, and applied mathematics and computational science. The labs are

CLIENT:KAUST

REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE:IGC

OMNI-AA 3FL/FS

PAR-AA PCS-AA


GREEN CASE STUDY

ARCHITECT/DESIGNER:HOKArchitects

LOCATION:SaudiArabia

LEEDCERTIFICATION:LEEDPlatinumCertified

designed and equipped to attract the worlds best and brightest minds in science.

THE TITUS SOLUTION

Titus was pleased to provide many air distribution solutions for this project. Several grille and diffuser products are featured throughout this magnificent campus. Two of our perforated ceiling diffusers were used in many different areas. Perforated ceiling diffusers are typically selected to meet architectural demands for air outlets that blend into the ceiling plane. Titus perforated diffusers can be selected for a round pattern to maximize capacity or star pattern to maximize throw.

The PCS-AA and PAR-AA are aluminum units. The PCS-AA is a flush face diffuser that is designed for longer throws in variable air volume systems. The PAR-AA is a return diffuser that provides a tight, uniform horizontal blanket of blanket of air and protects against

smudging. Other aluminum products utilized throughout the campus are the OMNI-AA and the 3FL/FS grille. The Titus OMNI-AA diffuser satisfies architectural as well as engineering criteria. The curvature of the backpan works with the formed edges of the face panel to deliver a uniform 360 horizontal air pattern, without excessive noise or pressure drop. The OMNI-AA is an excellent choice for variable air volume systems. The 3FL/FS grille is a return grille with 45 deflection and 3/4 blade spacing. The blades are also parallel to the long dimension.

THE END RESULT

The King Abdullah University of Science and Technology has one main goal in which all others are based - to be the premier scientific institution for graduate research in the world. By providing cutting-edge facilities for all to utilize, KAUST has created the perfect environment to grow and develop the future leaders of the next generation.

A20 TITUS CASE STUDY

ABOUT THE PROJECT

The Richmond International Airport is a culination of the citys rich historic architecture and new innovations in tech-nology. Designed by the architectural firm of Gresham Smith and Partners, the new airport positions Richmond to welcome visitors to an up-and-coming city that is ready for more growth and development.

The new airport not only houses nine airlines, but it was created to take on additional airlines and businesses to further increase the growth and development of the area. Many facets of the airport have either been expanded or completely renovated. New parking structures, a brand new bi-level curbside roadway system, campus-wide signage and wayfinding, and a new remote central utilities plant are some of the exterior upgrades. On the inside, the new facilities which serve as a tribute to Jeffersonian architecture are just as impressive. The terminals have soaring 60-foot ceilings with large amounts of glass to allow natural light to shine through. When the designers wanted an architecturally pleas-

CLIENT:CapitalRegionAirportCommission

REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE:Hobbs&AssociatesInc

RICHMOND INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

FlowBar

A21TITUS CASE STUDY

ARCHITECT/DESIGNER:GreshamSmith&Partners

LOCATION:Richmond,Virginia

LEEDCERTIFICATION:None

ing product that provided superior performance, we knew the FlowBar would not only meet their needs, but exceed them.

THE TITUS SOLUTION

The FlowBar architectural linear diffuser system maxi-mizes engineering performance without sacrificing aesthetic considerations for the designer. FlowBars outstanding performance allows higher airflows than conventional linear diffusers, with lower noise levels, making it ideal for high profile designs. FlowBar also of-fers an installation alternative to the conventional linear diffuser. Conventional linear diffusers are supported by the duct system and in most cases are installed after the ceiling system is in place. For complete ceiling integration, the FlowBar system is offered with a large selection of flange styles compatible with various ceil-ing applications.

Our unique clip/hanger support system allows for quick

and easy installations. The FlowBar system actually supports and becomes an integral part of the ceiling system and isinstalled along with the ceiling suspension system.

Titus FlowBar offers a new concept of air distribution that fully integrates with all ceiling systems. The FlowBar sys-tem is available in continuous linear, incremental linear and square configurations. This entire series of diffusers isavailable with two unique pattern controllers.

THE END RESULT

The Richmond International Airport with its new terminal provides 160,000 square feet of ticketing, baggage claim and concession space and has made travel easier and more memorable with the architectural elements that represent the heritage of Virginia.

GREEN CASE STUDY


ABOUT THE PROJECT

The InterActiveCorp Building is a fascinating structure that could easily double as an art sculpture. Spanning 160 feet into the sky and having 130,000 square feet of space, this innovative design features the worlds first glass curtainwall to be cold-warped. Architects, engineers and fabricators col-laborated to calculate the curvature for each glass panel on site in order to fit the walls design. The unique design of the exterior allows the entire structure to be exposed to natural light while conserving energy.

The unique shape of the buildings superstructure required innovative construction solutions to create the finished product. Several of the support columns are tilted rather than vertical. This created an unusual shape for the underlying skeleton of the building. Engineers also had to solve how the many angled columns would appear. They used laser guided surveying equipment to find the exact positioning of the structural components.

FlowBar DESV

OMNI

IAC BUILDING

CLIENT:InterActiveCorporation

REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE:AirDistributionEnterprises


THE TITUS SOLUTION

By having such a unique and impressive appearance from the exterior, the interior design of the IAC Building would have to be just as impressive. The free flowing open office design definitely creates a very different experience for those who are use to typical cubicles in an office environment. Titus had many HVAC solutions to choose from to compliment this design. The products selected were not only chosen for their performance, but for their aesthetics as well. The OMNI and FlowBar diffusers, which blend well into the superior design of the interior of this building, are high performance units that provide higher airflow with minimal noise levels.

The Titus OMNI diffuser has strong, clean, unobtrusive lines that harmonize with the ceiling system. The curvature of the OMNIs backpan works with the formed edges of the face panel to deliver a uniform 360 degree horizontal air pattern.

The FlowBar offers an installation alternative to the conventional linear diffuser. Conventional linear diffusers are supported by the duct system and in most cases are installed after the ceiling system is in place. The FlowBar system actually supports and becomes an integral part of the ceiling system and is installed along with the ceiling system. The DESV is a single duct terminal unit that regulates airflow to a zone in response to zone temperature requirements. The Titus ESV is unique as it incorporates many design features that increase performance, decrease service and installation costs, and offer increased value.

THE END RESULT

The stunning design of Frank Gehry, one of the worlds most renowned architects, makes the IAC Building a clean and stylish facility capable of hosting any event in the New York City area.

GREEN CASE STUDY

ARCHITECT/DESIGNER:FrankGehry

LOCATION:NewYorkCity,NewYork


A24 TITUS CASE STUDY

WALLINGFORD PUBLIC LIBRARY

ABOUT THE PROJECT

The architects goal when designing the Wallingford Public Library was create a space for an ever-growing community that could last for many generations. The new library renovation and additions have created enough available space for the childrens wing, young adults, reading areas, administration areas, and adult spaces to exist all on one floor.

The new library opened in 2008. More and more people utilize the facility and take full advantage of the open areas. Large window walls are located throughout the building to bring the surrounding neighborhood into the library as well as natural light. In other areas, similar windows provide scenic views of distant hills. Several interior spaces are designed with varying ceiling heights to define functional areas and they also add visual interest to the large open floor.

CLIENT:CityofWallingford,Connecticut

REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE:T.F.MeliaAssociatesInc

FlowBar

50F 300/350RS

TDC

A25TITUS CASE STUDY

GREEN CASE STUDY

ARCHITECT/DESIGNER:Tuthill&WellsArchitects

LOCATION:Wallingford,Connecticut


THE TITUS SOLUTION

Titus was pleased to supply a large amount of grilles and diffusers for this project. The primary source of airflow is provided by the FlowBar. The FlowBar system actually supports and becomes an integral part of the ceiling system and is installed along with the ceiling suspension system.

Titus FlowBar offers a new concept of air distribution that fully integrates with all ceiling systems. The FlowBar system is available in continuous linear, incremental linear and square configurations. This entire series of diffusers is available with two unique pattern controllers.

Other Titus products featured in the new library are the TDC, the 50F and the 300/350R grille. The TDC handles an unusally large amount of air for a given pressure drop and noise level. Its pleasing appearance harmonizes with various architectural ceilings,

especially in modular ceiling systems. The 50F aluminum Eggcrate grille contains an aluminum border and grid. This unit has one of the highest free areas of any return grille and is available in several different core sizes. Titus 300 / 350 series grilles define the standard for the industry. With high quality and competitive pricing these grilles form the back bone of a standard offering that will meet any application requirements.

THE END RESULT

The people of the Wallingford, Connecticut area are extremely grateful for their new library. This new focal point for the community will provide resources for everyone to use and serve as an example of superb collaboration as to what can be achieved when everyone works together.


VAN ANDEL INSTITUTE

ABOUT THE PROJECT

The Phase II addition of the Van Andel Institute for Cancer Research opened on December 8, 2009. Its opening brought hope not only for the many cancer patients seeking cures, but the many jobs will definitely boost the economy in the city. This LEED Certified facility is located directly to the west of the existing structure. Spanning eight-stories high and totaling 240,000 square feet, the new addition triples the existing laboratory space and affords researchers the oppor-tunity to find cures all types of cancers.

The new building features many energy efficient element. Some of the Green Building design principles utilized were photovoltaic panels, heat recovery systems, low-flow water fixtures that reduce water usage by 30%, and a 27,000-gal-lon rainwater storage tank. Additional concepts used were installing a lab air sampling and control system, lighting controls, using a glass roof design and open floor plans to maximize the abundance of natural light. The architects also used locally-manufactured materials in the construction pro-

CLIENT:VanAndelInstitute

REPRESENTATIVEOFFICE:Marshall&WellsCompany

CT

RadiaTec TDC

TriTec-AL


GREEN CASE STUDY

ARCHITECT/DESIGNER:RafaelViolyArchitects

LOCATION:GrandRapids,Michigan

LEEDCERTIFICATION:LEEDCertified

cess that reinforced their commitment to sustainability.

THE TITUS SOLUTION

To meet the needs of this new expansion project, Titus supplied many different air distribution solutions. To meet the needs of the additional laboratory spaces, Titus supplied the RadiaTec and TriTec diffusers. The RadiaTec is a dome faced radial diffuser and the TriTec-AL is a rectangular radial diffuser with an aluminum backpan. Both units work well in critical environment applications by diluting airborne contaminants with high-volume, low-velocity airflow to displace impurities. The airflow patterns are designed to produce a uniform pattern to prevent dead spots where contaminants can linger. They are an excellent choice for Class 1,000 to 100,000 rooms.

In areas where air distribution needs did not require a critical environment solution, the TDC and the CT were featured. TDC diffusers handle an unusually

large amount of air for a given pressure drop and noise level. Their pleasing appearance harmonizes with various architectural details, especially in modular ceiling systems. CT linear bar diffusers are designed for both heating and cooling applications, supply as well as return. Available in eight different core styles plus a wide selection of frames and borders, these diffusers can be used for ceiling, side wall, or sill installations. Accessories such as directional blades, dampers, blank-offs, access doors and mitered corners make these diffusers even more versatile.

THE END RESULT

The Van Andel Institute provides education, biomedical research and hope for the many people throughout the world with cancer. Their new facility only increases their abilities to one day find a cure for the many types of cancer that exist.

1. SELLERS TERMS AND CONDITIONS: The terms and conditions as herein written shall supersede all previous agreements, communications, or contracts, written or verbal, and no understanding, agreement, term, condition, or trade custom at variance herewith shall be binding on Seller. No waiver or modification of the terms and conditions hereof shall be effective unless in writing and signed by both parties.

2. CREDIT AND TERMS OF PAYMENT: Unless otherwise specified, terms of payment are net cash, thirty (30) days after shipment. Interest at the legal rate applicable to judgments will be charged on past due accounts commencing after the last day of the first calendar month following the date of invoice. Seller may suspend credit and refuse shipment whenever Seller in its sole discretion believes Buyers credit is unsatisfactory, unless Buyer then makes arrangements for payment which are satisfactory to Seller.

3. TAXES: Prices do not include sales, use, excise or similar taxes or duties. If Seller should be required to pay the same, the prices will be increased accordingly.

4. DELIVERY: Quotations and sales are F.O.B. Sellers plant unless otherwise expressly stipulated. Should shipping releases or schedules be changed therefrom for any reason beyond Sellers control, Seller reserves the right to invoice accordingly to quantities or parts shipped.

5. DELAYS AND FORCE MAJEURE: Sellers shipping dates are approximate. Seller will not be responsible for loss or damage arising from delays caused by lack of correct or complete data from Buyer or charges in or tardy approval of drawings by Buyer. Neither party will be responsible for loss or damage arising from delays caused by shortage of transportation, strikes, fires, floods, storms or any other circumstances beyond the partys reasonable control. Should Seller be delayed by any of the above causes, Seller shall be given a reasonable extension of the time for performance hereunder. Seller may, during any period of shortage due to any of said causes, supply its own needs first and prorate its remaining supply of such goods among its customers in such manner as Seller in its sole judgment shall determine.

6. CANCELLATION: If the goods to be furnished under any contract arising from this agreement are for specific products and work made to suit Buyers special requirements, and Buyer cancels the contract in whole or in part through no fault of Seller, the Buyer shall pay to Seller as liquidated damages a sum equal to all of the expenses incurred by Seller in the performances of work under the contract including, but not limited to the following:

Cost of material not returnable to vendor or not reasonably usable for other work; Engineering and shop labor including burden; Cancellation charges paid by Seller for material and contract work ordered by Seller for the performance or work hereunder; Administrative overhead (15% of items a, b, and c above); and In lieu of profit, liquidated damages in the amount of 10% of items a, b, c, and d above. Instructions by Buyer to suspend the work for a period of thirty (30) days beyond the time or times called for under the

contract shall be deemed a cancellation for purposes of this paragraph unless a longer period is agreed to in writing by Seller.7. EXAMINATION OF MATERIAL: Buyer shall examine goods promptly upon receipt of delivery from the transportation company. Buyer

shall advise the transportation company of any damages or shortages thereof prior to acceptance of goods from the carrier and, except for any latent defects, shall advise Seller of any claims with respect to shortages, damages, workmanship or quality with ten (10) days after receipt thereof. Failure to so advise the transportation company and the Seller shall relieve Seller from any claim by Buyer for shortages, damages, workmanship or quality and shall constitute a waiver by Buyer of all claims with respect to said goods.

8. LIMITED WARRANTY: Titus Products warrants to Buyer, or any person receiving product during the duration of this warranty, for a period of twelve (12) months from the date of shipment from originating factory that the goods at time of shipment will be free from defects of material and workmanship for normal use and service. This warranty does not extend to goods subjected to misuse, neglect, accident or improper installation, or to maintenance of products which have been altered or repaired by anyone except Seller, Buyer, or any person receiving such a product during the duration of the warranty, shall contact the local Titus Representative or Titus Products - (605 Shiloh Rd, Plano TX 75074) as soon as any defect becomes known. Titus sole obligation under the foregoing warranty shall be limited to: at its option, repair or replace (and reship to Buyer with transportation charges paid to any place in the United States) defective goods provided, however, that if Titus is unable to correct a defective component part or product after a reasonable number of attempts, the Buyer shall be entitled to elect a refund at original Buyers purchase price. CHARGES ACCRUED AGAINST SELLERS ACCOUNT WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL OF SELLER WILL NOT BE PAID BY SELLER. If after notifying Titus of defect, Buyer returns goods to Titus for repair and Titus determines that it has not breached the foregoing warranty, the Buyer will be assessed Titus regular reconditioning charges. Titus SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING FROM DEFECTIVE EQUIPMENT. THIS EXPRESS WARRANTY IS IN LIEU OF AND EXCLUDES ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, GUARANTEES OR REPRESENTATIONS, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, BY OPERATION OF LAW OR OTHERWISE.

9. EMPLOYMENT LAWS: Seller certifies that goods of its manufacture covered hereby are produced in compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act, as amended, the Fair Employment Practices Law, as amended, and the regulations and orders issued pursuant thereto.

The Seller will comply with all provisions of Executive Order 11246 of September 24, and the rules, regulations, and relevant orders of the Secretary of Labor.

Seller certifies in the form prescribed in 41 CFR Chapter 1, Section 1-12, 803-10, regarding non-segregated facilities.10. SUBCONTRACT: Seller reserves the right to subcontract any part of this work.11. LAWS APPLICABLE: This contract is made according to the laws of the State of Texas, and the invalidity of any provision of such

contract under the laws applicable thereto shall not invalidate the remaining provisions of such contract.12. RETURNED GOODS: Authority to return goods must be obtained in writing from Seller. Any item returned by the Buyer

for reasons of his own is subject to prepaid transportation charges and restocking charges. Additional charges for reworking or replacement of parts may be necessary.

Terms & ConditionsTermsofUse

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engineering guidelines - grilles & diffusers

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Engineering Guidelines - GRD

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Grilles & Diffusers ..........................................................................................................................................................................B5Basic Principles of Air Distribution ................................................................................................................................................B5

The Goal of an Air Diffusion System: Maintaining Comfort ...................................................................................................B5Comfort Limits Set by ASHRAE Handbook, ASHRAE Standard 55 and ISO Standard 7730 ..................................................B5Comfort: A Function of Room Air Velocity .............................................................................................................................B6Fangers Comfort Index ..........................................................................................................................................................B7General Comfort Guidelines ...................................................................................................................................................B7

Outlet Location and Selection .......................................................................................................................................................B7Three Methods .......................................................................................................................................................................B7Method I. Selection by Noise Criteria (NC) ............................................................................................................................B7Method II. Selection by Supply Jets Mapping .......................................................................................................................B8Method III. Selection by Comfort Criteria - ADPI ...................................................................................................................B8

Isothermal Air Jets ......................................................................................................................................................................B10Jet Characteristics: Four Zones of Expansion ......................................................................................................................B10Room Air Induction Rate for an Outlet .................................................................................................................................B11Jet Characteristics Surface Effect (Coanda Effect) ..............................................................................................................B12Procedure to Obtain Catalog Throw Data ............................................................................................................................B13Isothermal Jet Theory for All Outlets ...................................................................................................................................B13Nonisothermal Jets ..............................................................................................................................................................B13Exhaust and Return Grille Pressure .....................................................................................................................................B13Throw and Drop from Side Wall Outlets in Free Space ........................................................................................................B14Other Diffusers With Cooling ...............................................................................................................................................B17

Supply Outlet Classifications .......................................................................................................................................................B17Typical Air Distribution Characteristics ................................................................................................................................B17Classification of Supply Outlets ...........................................................................................................................................B19Horizontal, Circular and Cross Flow Patterns ......................................................................................................................B21Vertical Downward Projection From Ceiling ........................................................................................................................B23Estimating Downward Vertical Projection ...........................................................................................................................B24Diffuser Applications on Exposed Ducts ..............................................................................................................................B24Horizontal Projection at Floor Level: Displacement Ventilation ...........................................................................................B25Vertical Upward Projection from Floor, Low Side Wall and Sill ...........................................................................................B26

Perimeter Applications ................................................................................................................................................................B27Outlet Located Back from Perimeter Wall ............................................................................................................................B28Outlet Vertical Projection at a Window ................................................................................................................................B28Rolling a Room .....................................................................................................................................................................B28Some Perimeter Considerations ...........................................................................................................................................B28

ADPI-Air Diffusion Performance Index ........................................................................................................................................B29ADPI Can be Obtained by Measurement or Through Prediction ..........................................................................................B30Jet Calculations ...................................................................................................................................................................B31

Industrial Applications .................................................................................................................................................................B32Thermal Standards for Industrial Work Areas ......................................................................................................................B32Control of Heat Exposures by Isolating the Source ..............................................................................................................B32General Ventilation ...............................................................................................................................................................B33

overview

grilles & diffusers

Engineering Guidelines Overview ..................................................................................................................................................B4

Table of Contents

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ENGINEERING GUIDELINES

Table of Contents (continued)

Acoustical Applications & Factors ...............................................................................................................................................B39Noise Criteria (NC) ...............................................................................................................................................................B39Room Criteria (RC) ...............................................................................................................................................................B41Air Terminal Sound Issues ...................................................................................................................................................B43AHRI Standard 885 ..............................................................................................................................................................B44Environmental Adjustment Factor .......................................................................................................................................B44Discharge Sound Power Levels ............................................................................................................................................B45Acceptable Total Sound in a Space ......................................................................................................................................B46Maximum Sound Power Levels for Manufacturers Data ....................................................................................................B48Desired Room Sound Pressure Levels ..................................................................................................................................B48Radiated Sound Power Level Specifications ........................................................................................................................B49Discharge Sound Power Level Specifications ......................................................................................................................B49Diffuser Specifications .........................................................................................................................................................B50Determining Compliance to a Specification .........................................................................................................................B51

acoustical applications & factors

Local Relief ..........................................................................................................................................................................B33Guidelines for Local Area or Spot Cooling Ventilation: ........................................................................................................B33Outlet Selections ..................................................................................................................................................................B33

Other Grille and Diffuser Application Factors ..............................................................................................................................B36Pressure Measurements ......................................................................................................................................................B36Airflow Measurements ........................................................................................................................................................B36Velocity Distribution from Linear Diffusers ..........................................................................................................................B36Ducts for Linear Diffusers ....................................................................................................................................................B36Expansion and Contraction of Aluminum Linear Grilles ......................................................................................................B36Installation Acoustics ..........................................................................................................................................................B37

references

glossary

References ...................................................................................................................................................................................B52

Glossary .......................................................................................................................................................................................B54

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The selection and performance data contained in this catalog are the result of extensive studies conducted in the Titus engineering laboratories under professional engineering guidance, with adherence to sound engineering applications. They are intended to be aids to heating and air conditioning engineers and designers with skill and knowledge in the art of air distribution. The data have been obtained in accordance with the principles outlined within the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and

Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 70 and Standard 113. Although Titus has no control over the system, design and application of these products, a function which rightfully belongs to the designer, this data accurately represents the product performance based on the results of laboratory tests. Furthermore, the recommended methods of applying this information have been shown by field experience to result in optimum space air distribution.

Overview

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B5


GRILLES AND DIFFUSERS

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF AIR DISTRIBUTION

THE GOAL OF AN AIR DIFFUSION SYSTEM: MAINTAINING COMFORTAn understanding of the principles of room air distribution helps in the selection, design, control and operation of air systems. The real evaluation of air distribution in a space, however, must answer the question: Are the occupants comfortable?

In general, a person is thermally comfortable when body heat loss equals heat production without being conscious of any changes in the bodys temperature regulating mechanisms. The human body heat loss to the environment can occur through the following:

Radiation Convection Conduction Evaporation

The comfort of an occupant is determined by both occupant variables and the conditions of the space. Occupant factors include activity level and metabolic rate (reported in Met units), as well as occupant clothing levels (reported in Clo units). The factors that influence space comfort conditions include:

Dry bulb and radiant temperatures Relative humidity Air velocity

The design of the air distribution system should address the above factors so that the occupants heat loss is maintained at a comfortable rate.

COMFORT LIMITS SET BY ASHRAE HANDBOOK, ASHRAE STANDARD 55 AND ISO STANDARD 7730For many years, it has been shown that individual comfort is maintained through the change in seasons when the following conditions are maintained in the occupied zone of a space:

1. Air temperature maintained between 73 - 77F2. Relative humidity maintained less than 60%3. Maximum air motion in the occupied zone 4. (6 to 6 vertical, within 1 of walls):

50 fpm cooling 30 fpm heating

5. Ankle to head level, 5.4F standing & 3.6F seated maximum temperature gradient

Note: The comfort standards state that no minimum air movement is necessary to maintain thermal comfort, provided the temperature is acceptable. To maximize energy conservation, maintain proper temperatures at the lowest possible air speed.

The previous conditions assume occupants are sedentary or slightly active individuals and appropriately dressed. Variations in clothing can have a strong effect on desired

temperature levels, often creating circumstances where a single setpoint will not satisfy all individuals in a space.

In meeting the above criteria for comfort, the temperature of the space and the relative humidity is largely controlled by the mechanical equipment including chillers or package units, air handlers, room thermostat, and air terminal unit. The air motion in the occupied zone is a function of the discharge velocity, discharge temperature (and room load) and the pattern of the air diffusion device into the space. At todays relatively low (< 1 cfm / sq.ft.) air delivery rates, and with properly selected diffusers, room load (and resultant Dt) is often the strongest variable in setting room air motion.

Figure 1. Comfort Chart - Neck Region

Figure 2. Comfort Chart - Ankle Region

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COMFORT: A FUNCTION OF ROOM AIR VELOCITYSome interesting relationships exist between room air motion and the feeling of occupant comfort. Figure 1 shows the effect of air motion on comfort. The charts show that the feeling of comfort is a function of the local room air velocity, local temperature and ambient temperature.

Local temperature (Tx) (Figures 1 and 2) is the temperature at a given point in a space. Ambient temperature (TA) is the desired room temperature and can be considered the thermostat setpoint.

The basic criteria for room air distribution can be obtained from the curves shown in (Figure 1). The chart shows the equivalent feeling of comfort for varying room temperatures and velocities at the neck. The % curves indicate the number of people who would object to the temperature and velocity conditions. The same comfort perceptions are shown in (Figure 2) for the ankle region.

If 20% objections or 80% acceptance at the same velocities are allowed between (Figure 1 and Figure 2), the temperature deviation allowed between the ankle and neck levels would be about 4F (less than ASHRAE values of 5.4F).

Table 1 shows the relationship between local velocities and temperatures on occupant comfort. As an example, at a local velocity of 80 fpm, the local temperature can be maintained at 75F to reach an 80% comfort level in the space. The same 80% comfort level can be maintained with local air velocity of 15 fpm and a local temperature reduced to 71F.

The lower portion of Table 1 shows the effect on comfort of room air velocity with local temperature remaining constant at 75F. For example, with a local velocity of 30 fpm and a local temperature at 75F, the comfort reaction is neutral. Increasing the velocity to 60 fpm results in the objective increasing to 10%. This phenomenon of feeling can be illustrated by using a ceiling fan. A person can be cooled without decreasing the actual temperature by turning on a ceiling fan. The fan, in effect, increases the local air velocity and increases the feeling of coolness. It is shown that a velocity change of 15 fpm produces approximately the same effect on comfort as a 1F temperature change. The dotted lines in (Figures 1, 2 and 3) show the division between the feeling or perception of heating and cooling.

Generally, the acceptable level of comfort for a space is considered to be at the point where 20% or less of the room occupants may object to the room conditions. This would indicate that the given condition is acceptable to 80% of the occupants.

We all have perceived this above change and these subjective responses to drafts (temperature difference and air velocity). In 1938 Houghten et. al. developed the curves shown in (Figures 1 and 2). Utilizing this data, the equation for effective draft temperature was generated.

Equation 1: Effective draft temperature = ( tX - tC ) - 0.07 ( Vx - 30 )

where: = effective temperature tX = local air temperatures, F tC = ambient temperature (average room temperature or control temperature, F) Vx = local air velocity, fpm

ADPI (Air Diffusion Performance Index) was derived by Nevins and Ward. The percentage of all local points in an occupied space where - 3<

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FANGERS COMFORT INDEXA third comfort index which is used frequently in reports to compare research results is Fangers procedure which is the basis for ISO Standard 7730. Fangers method determines the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and the Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) at each of a number of measuring points uniformly distributed throughout the occupied zone.

The Fanger equation includes thermal parameters not considered in the ADPI (relative humidity, mean radiant temperature, clothing insulation, and activity levels). The PMV approach has the advantage of providing a single number rating combining all comfort elements. The ASHRAE 55 and ISO 7730 Standards yield essentially the same space conditions for acceptability. ASHRAE 55 incorporates PMV in its current revision. From both ASHRAE and ISO standards, the estimated comfort of 80% of the individuals in a space can be plotted. From a program developed as part of the ASHRAE 55 review process, a consensus computer program was developed and published. This program has been used to plot data on a psychrometric chart for two sets of typically occurring conditions:

Condition 1 (Executive): Met Rate = 1.1 (Typical for office) Clothing Rate = 1.0 (Shirt, tie, long pants, socks) Air Speed = 20 fpm (Typical interior office) Condition 1 (Clerical): Met Rate = 0.9 (Sedentary) Clothing Rate = 0.5 (Skirt, blouse, no socks) Air Speed = 20 fpm (Typical interior office)

It can be seen from this graph that a single setpoint, such as 75F, 50% RH is not likely to satisfy even 80% of all

individuals in a space.

GENERAL COMFORT GUIDELINESMost published guidelines for comfort suggest the below conditions are maintained, adjusted for seasonal and occupational clothing and activity levels:

HEATINGGenerally, during heating, local air velocities are low, often below 30 fpm. If the 80% comfort factor is to be met, the maximum temperature gradient from ankle to the neck should be no more than 5.4F.

COOLINGDuring cooling, which is the predominant mode in most occupied spaces, local air temperature differentials generally are not more than 1 to 2F from ankle to neck region with properly designed air distribution systems. Therefore, to maintain the 80% comfort level, the air distribution system should be selected to limit the local air velocities to not exceed 50 fpm.

OUTLET LOCATION AND SELECTION

THREE METHODSOutlets are located in the side wall, ceiling, sill, etc., by the designers preference or by necessity due to the building construction. The type and size are selected to most effectively overcome stratification zones created by the natural convection and internal loading. At the same time selection should result in acceptable noise levels and room velocities and temperatures to satisfy as high a percentage of occupants as possible per (Figure 1, page B6). (At least 80% of space occupants.)

METHOD I. SELECTION BY NOISE CRITERIA (NC)The most frequently used procedure to select an outlet size is by using the tabulated Outlet NC level (which typically assumes a 10 dB room absorption at the observers location) equal to the desired space NC. See page B39. (While RC is replacing NC in the ASHRAE Handbook, most specifications will continue to reference NC for some time, and with diffusers, there is seldom any difference between NC and RC.)

To take into account the number of outlets, distance, room size, etc., see the discussion on the Outlet NC Level and Noise Criteria/Room Criteria in the Acoustical Design section, page B39. Multiple outlets in a space at the same cataloged NC rating will result in an increase in the actual sound levels heard. A second outlet within 10 ft. will add no more than 3 dB to the sound pressure level. Guidelines for Selection by NC

Generally within a 10 ft. module the catalog NC rating will apply for diffusers and continuous linears

We hear only 10 ft. of a continuous diffuser A wide open balancing damper in the neck may

add 4 - 5 NC Significantly closed balancing dampers can add

more than 10 NC, depending on the duct pressure and supply fan characteristics

The effect of inlet dampers can be determined by calculating the ratio of the Velocity to Total Pressure.

Figure 4. PMV Chart

Basic Principles of Air Distribution (continued)

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Flow restrictions increase the space sound levels. When making a selection at a given cfm and adding a damper, a device with a low total pressure will have a higher actual increase in NC as compared to a device with a higher total pressure. The sound level increases above the cataloged NC rating due to the pressure increases from dampers or other control devices, can be approximated by the use of Table 2. An inlet balancing damper can be expected to add about 3 dB when fully open, and as much as 10 dB or more if significantly closed.

METHOD II. SELECTION BY SUPPLY JETS MAPPINGThis selection procedure uses the throw values to terminal velocities of 150, 100 and 50 fpm from the performance tables. Examples of how terminal velocities are used are shown in (Figures 7 and 8, pages B11 and B12). Temperature differences at these terminal velocities are added to the map by using the following equation:

Equation 2: Temperature change of supply jet D tx = 0.8 D to

where: D tx = tx - tc D to = to - tc

tx = local air temperature, F tc = ambient temperature (average room temperature for control temperature, F) to = outlet air temperature, F

Note: Temperature Differential between total air and room air for various terminal velocities. Calculated with Equation 2, with Dt

o = 20F and V

o = 1000 fpm.

Selection by supply jet mapping identifies the most probable portion of the space to be uncomfortable. Portions of a space away from the supply jet will have velocities and temperatures that are nearly equal to the space ambient conditions.

Not all applications result in overblow in a confined space as shown in (Figure 8). In some cases the throw terminates with the airstream dropping into the occupied space. This is due to the buoyancy effect between the airstream and space air and/or external forces. Drop must then be considered as shown in (Figures 10 through 15, pages B13 - B16) for side wall outlets and Table 5, page B17 for ceiling diffusers. Many examples of jet performance mapping are shown throughout this engineering section.

MAPPING PROCEDURES1. Select type of diffuser (Reviewing the Classification

of Supply Outlets section on page B17 will help determine the best device).

2. For diffusers, check Table 5 on page B17 to determine if the air quantity is less than the maximum.

3. When selecting a side wall grille, check configuration in (Figures 10 through 15), in this section for drop during cooling (use cfm and jet velocity).

4. Plot isothermal T150, T100, T50 from performance data in catalog for a selected size and cfm at the throw distances.

5. If the outlet provides a horizontal pattern below the ceiling, the pattern will tend to leave the ceiling near the 100 fpm terminal velocity.

6. Repeat steps 1 through 5 as necessary to meet job requirements.

METHOD III. SELECTION BY COMFORT CRITERIA - ADPIADPI (Air Diffusion Performance Index) statistically relates the space conditions of local or traversed temperatures and velocities to occupants thermal comfort. This is similar to the way NC relates local conditions of sound to occupants noise level comfort. High ADPI values are desirable as they represent a high comfort level, and also increased probability of ventilation air mixing. Acceptable ADPI conditions for different diffuser types are shown in (Figure 5) for velocities less than 70 fpm and velocity-temperature combinations that will provide better than the 80% occupant acceptance.

The curves in (Figure 5) summarize some of the tests which established ADPI and the relationships from which this selection procedure originates.

Table 2. Effect of Dampers on Outlet NC

Total Pressure Ratio 100% 150% 200% 400%dB Increase 0 4.5 8 16

Table 3. Jet Velocity vs. Temperature Rise

VX, fpm 500 400 300 200 100 50tX, F 8 6.4 4.8 3.2 1.6 0.8

Figure 5. Throw vs. Characteristic Room Length

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The curves show relative comfort for: Four different outlet types Catalog throw and space characteristics Loading (one cfm/sq. ft. with a 20F differential is

a load of about 20 Btuh/sq. ft.) Flow rate (variable volume)

L is the space characteristic length in feet. This is usually the distance from the outlet to the wall or mid-plane between outlets. This can also be considered the module line when outlets serve equal modules through a space, and all consideration can then be based on the module parameters.

T50 is a catalog throw value to a terminal velocity of 50 fpm. A throw value can be selected using a catalog performance table by multiplying the throw ratio (T50/L) by the characteristic length (L). The throw ratio is based on a 9 ft. ceiling height. The throw can be increased or decreased by the same amount that the ceiling height exceeds or is less than 9 ft. To obtain optimum comfort in the space, ADPI tests indicate selecting the outlet from the throw ratios in Table 4 as follows.

For more details on how ADPI is obtained from basic tests or field tests see ADPI topic, page B29.

ADPI SELECTION PROCEDURE1. Select type of diffuser. 2. If a ceiling diffuser is being used, check Table 5, page

B18 to determine if the air quantity is less than the maximum for the ceiling height of the room. When selecting a side wall grille, check configuration in (Figures 10 through 15, pages B15-B17) for drop during cooling (use cfm and duct velocity).

3. Select the characteristic length from the plans - the distance from a diffuser to a wall or the distance to center line between two diffusers.

4. Select the range of acceptable throw values from Table 4 below at the corresponding characteristic length.

5. From Performance Table for diffuser at required cfm, select a size with a T50 within range. With a VAV system, this must be done for both maximum flow rate (maximum load) and at the lowest flow rate expected when the space is occupied. (This may be higher than the minimum flow shown in the building plans.)

6. Check sound levels for NC compatibility.

This selection will result in maximum comfort and ventilation mixing for the application. If this selection cannot be made as outlined, supply jet mapping can determine areas of discomfort in the space.

Recommended T50/L range for PAS: 0.9-1.8

T50 Isothermal throw to terminal velocity of 50 fpm. Select diffuser size within these ranges.

L Characteristic length from diffuser to module line.L* Distance between units plus 2 ft. down for overlapping airstream.L** Distance to ceiling and to far wall.

Table 4. Recommended ADPI Ranges for Outlets

Outlet T50/L Range Calculated T50 & L Data

Sidewall Grilles L 10 15 20 25 30

1.3-2.0 T50 13-20 20-30 26-40 33-50 39-60

Ceiling Diffusers Round Pattern L 5 10 15 20 25

TMR, TMRA, TMS, PAS 0.6-1.2 T50 3-6 6-12 9-18 12-24 15-30

Ceiling Diffusers Cross Pattern L 5 10 15 20 25

PSS, TDC, 250 1.0-2.0 T50 5-10 10-20 15-30 20-40 25-50

Slot Diffusers L 5 10 15 20 25

ML, TBD, LL1, LL2 0.5-3.3 T50 8-18 15-33 23-50 30-66 38-83

Light Troffer Diffusers L* 4 6 8 10 12

LTT, LPT 1.0-5.0 T50 4-40 6-30 8-40 10-50 12-60

Sill and Floor Grilles L** 5 10 15 20 25

All types 0.7-1.7 T50 4-9 7-17 11-26 14-34 18-43

Outlet Location and Selection (continued)

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The vast majority of air diffusion systems in the United States are overhead forced air systems. A grille or diffuser generates a high velocity jet and comfort conditions are maintained through mixing. The primary airstream from the air diffuser device draws the room air into the supply air jet as shown in (Figure 6, page B10). The primary airstream induces room air (or secondary air) to provide complete room air mixing and maintain thermal comfort conditions by creating uniform room temperatures. The room air motion is largely a function of the discharge velocity and induction rate of the air diffusion device at higher flows, but is increasingly dependent on room load and discharge temperature as the flow rate decreases.

Isothermal jets (Isothermal refers to the supply air being at the same temperature as the room air) are studied

because the data is repeatable and predictable without having to correct for the buoyancy effect associated with heated or cooled air. Because of predictability, test methods used to obtain throw data for grilles and diffusers are based on isothermal air (see ASHRAE Standard 70). Extensive studies of isothermal jets have shown that the air projection is related to the average velocity at the face of the air supply outlet or opening. The distance an airstream will travel is based on the relationship between the discharge velocity, cfm, discharge area and velocity profile. Isovel testing has shown that as an isothermal jet leaves a free opening, it can be described by its predictable characteristics and known equations. A free jet has four distinct zones of expansion with the centerline velocity of each zone related to the initial velocity as shown in (Figures 6 & 7).

As air leaves an outlet, four distinct zones of expansion define the jet. These zones are shown in the dimensionless graph (Figure 7, page B11). This graph can be generated for any diffuser or grille by experimentation, and is used to calculate the throw for a diffuser at any flow condition. (The K value for each zone is the value of the X axis where the Y axis is = 1). A description of each zone and an equation to define the characteristics of each zone is shown below.In the first zone, the jet maintains a constant velocity with minimal mixing of supply and room air. This zone extends approximately one and a half duct diameters from the face.

Equation 3: First zone velocity Vx Vo

Where Vx = air speed at a point Vo = outlet air velocity In the second zone, the jet begins to mix with room air. Induction of room air also causes the jet to expand. Linear outlets typically have a long second zone and long throws.

Equation 4: Second zone velocityWhere Q = outlet flow rate

Where K2 = the second zone throw constant Ao = outlet effective area (This value may be less than the actual opening or the outlet.) X = throw distance

Equation: 4A: Second zone throw

Figure 6. Expansion of primary air jet

Vx = o K2 Ao p

Vo X

X = o Q p 2 K2Vx Ao

3

ISOTHERMAL AIR JETS

JET CHARACTERISTICS: FOUR ZONES OF EXPANSION

= constant

PRIMARYAIR

Induced room airgentle movement

High velocity 22Totalair

II IIIZone

IV

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The fourth zone is the zone with relatively low velocities. The performance in zone four is a function of the cfm. The performance is independent of the outlet size.

Equation 6: Fourth zone velocity

Equation 6A: Fourth zone throw

Figure 7 above shows a non-dimensional plot of the variables in the zones of an expanding jet for a grille (shaded area). The mathematical relationship between the centerline velocity and the distance to this velocity is indicated for each zone. These relationships for all outlets are obtained by the methods outlined in ASHRAE Standard 70. Average constants are included in the ASHRAE Handbook [2] for Zone III for a number of different types of outlets. Throw for each outlet type can be predicted by equations 3 through 6. Catalog throw data is generated by obtaining the constants for an outlet type and calculating the throw using the zone equations. The area for Ao and Vo must be the same for the relationships to be valid.

ROOM AIR INDUCTION RATE FOR AN OUTLETThe amount of room air induced into a primary air jet can be approximated using the equation shown below:

Equation 7: Room air induction equation

Induction ratio =

Qo = supply cfm Qx = cfm at distance x distance from outlet Vo = discharge velocity Vx = velocity at distance x from outlet C = entrainment coefficient, 1.4 for infinite slots and 2.0 for round free axial jets

Vx = o K4 Ao p2

Vo X

X = o Q p K4Vx

Qx = C o Vx pQo Vo

Isothermal Jets (continued)

Figure 7. Four Zones of Expansion of Primary Air Jet

1.0

Dec

reas

ing

ZoneI Zone

II

ZoneIII

ZoneIV

Increasing

TYPICAL LINEAR

Vx/

V o

150 fpm

100 fpm

50 fpm

K3

X/ A

o

Vx = o K3 Ao pVo X

The third zone is the zone where most of the induction occurs. This is the most important zone because it has the most effect on room air velocities and room induction. The relationship between initial velocity and jet center line velocity for the third zone is given by the equation below. Equation 5: Third zone velocity

where K3 = third zone constant

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The previous section discussed the relationships between velocity and throw in free space applications. If the jet is projected parallel to and within a few inches of a surface, the jets performance will be affected by the surface. This is called surface effect or Coanda Effect. The surface effect creates a low pressure region and tends to attach the jet flow to the ceiling or surface. (The higher pressure in the room holds the airstream to the ceiling.)

As the jet flows along a surface, secondary room air can no longer mix with the part of the jet adjacent to the surface, which causes the amount of induction to decrease.

This surface effect will occur if: The angle of discharge between the jet and

the surface is less than 40 for circular pattern diffusers, somewhat less for jets.

A side wall outlet is within 1-foot of the ceiling. Floor or sill outlet is near (within 10) to a wall. A ceiling outlet discharges along the ceiling.

Isothermal Jets (continued)

Figure 8. Mapping of Isothermal Throw

Figure 9. Mapping of Cooled Air Throw

JET CHARACTERISTICS SURFACE EFFECT (COANDA EFFECT)

Isothermal

Feet

50 60 80 100 120 150 200 300

25

30T50 fpm

20 15 10 5 0

24'

150 cfm Velocity Measurements300 cfm Throw T150, T100, T50

T100 fpm

T150 fpm T150 fpm

50 fpm Isovel 14" x 4"150 cfm500 fpm

9'

Isothermal and Cooling

20 15 10 5 0

24'

150 cfm Velocity Measurements300 cfm Throw T150, T100, T50

T100 fpm 9'

Isothermal &20 F Cooling

T50 fpm

T100 fpmT50 fpm

T150 fpm

T150 fpm

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PROCEDURE TO OBTAIN CATALOG THROW DATATest data in (Figure 7, page B11) shows typical velocity measurements obtained during isothermal testing of a typical 12 x 6 grille with 155 cfm. At each measuring distance (x), velocities are obtained below the ceiling at 1, 2, 3 inches, etc. The highest sustained velocities (Vx) at each distance are used in (Figure 7). For a complete series of different size outlets, (Figure 7) is a dimensionless plot of Vx /Vo vs. x /Ao.

When the curves of (Figure 7) are established for a complete series, the throw values are included in the Titus performance tables for terminal velocities of 150, 100, and 50 fpm. These catalog data can then be used to map velocities. A uniform distribution of the three catalog velocities across the ceiling are shown in (Figures 8 and 9, page B12) for 150 cfm. In general, the T50 location for a free jet with 20B DT cooling will be approximately the same distance from the outlet as the T100 isothermal jet.

Figures 8 and 9 also show that for 300 cfm, the three values overblow to the opposite wall. These values are approximately the total distance to the wall and down the wall. In both the 150 and 300 cfm conditions the 50 fpm isothermal envelope (isovel) is near the ceiling and wall. Higher velocities occur only near the wall with the 300 cfm. Velocities in the rest of the room are below 50 fpm.

Two outlets handling the same opposing airflow values would result in airflow in the space l

grd catalog section 1

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