Great Depression

Brother can you spare a dime?

(1)Crisis of Democracy in the West

• Problems After the war:

1 Jobs for Veterans

2 Rebuilding

3 Debt

4 Socialism + Nationalism=radical ideas

5 Peace Settlements unfair

6 Lack of Strong Leaders

(2)Treaties Drafted to Encourage International Peace

• Locarno Treaty-settled borders btwn Germany, France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Poland

• Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928-Renounced War-Disarmament for U.S., Britain, Japan, France, etc.

• League of Nations-Nations cooperate

(3&4)Weak Spots in the World Economy

• America-overproduction, decreased demand, pricesfor raw materials+goods

• Great Depression-affected world economy, banks stopped loans abroad, demand for repayment of foreign lands, tariffs=“snowball effect

OBJ #1 - Describe the CAUSES and SPARK of the Great Depression. How did Overproduction affect both farmers and industry? What system collapsed and caused millions to lose their savings? Explain how buying on Margin created the Spark. How did people lose money because of the spark?

I. OBJ #1- Cause & Spark of the Depression A. Causes of the Depression

1. Overproduction, too much stuff (Factories and Farms)a. Factory Workers begin to get layed-off - Workers cannot buy goods, even more goods are

overproducedb. Farmers Can’t Survive -low prices (can’t pay loans / make a living)c. Supply & Demand- Prices Drop

2. Bank Failures a. Banks close and loose $$$

b. People default on loans (Can’t pay Back) c. Banks cannot cover their deposits, because it was lent out to

bad creditors **5,000 banks close between 1929-1932**

d. People loose entire LIFE SAVINGS

1920’s Problems

Factories making Too Much, Farms growing too much

Factories Fire Workers (Don’t need them)

Farm Prices fall (Farmers can’t make $$)

Farmers & Factory Workers can’t pay back loans to

Banks: DEFAULT!!

Banks Close because they have no money: Loans have not been paid back, can’t give people their savings

BANKS Have NO $$

PEOPLE LOST SAVINGS & JOBS

NO ONE TO HELP!

=+People Default on Loans

Banks have no money to give people

Banks Close

People Loose savings

OBJ #1- Cause & Sparks of Depression

B. SPARK!!! Of the Depression

1. Stock Market Crash, Black Thur. Oct. 29, 1929

a. Summer 1929, Investors begin to sell stocks

b. Supply & Demand Again – Massive Sell-Off and prices begin to ______

2. How???

a. Buying on Margin (Borrowing $$)

- Buy stock by just paying a small portion of what the stock is worth

ex.- 100 shares at $10= $1000 only pay $300

still owe $700

-Problem, stock crashes and you loose your money and can’t payback stock broker

- stock broker can’t pay back bank

OBJ #1- Cause & Sparks of Depression

QUICK REVIEW:

Causes: 1. Overproduction 2. Bank Closings

Spark: 1. Stock Market Crash

Results: 1. Unemployment 2. Life Savings Lost

(5) Countries Disagree on Policies

• British wanted to “relax” harsh treatments of Versilles treaty-fearing power of USSR

• France did not.

(6) Reactions to Depression• Coalition governments-merging of political

parties.

• France, 1936-Leon Blum-Socialist Leader, Popular Front Government,Tried to solve labor problems and pass social legislation.

• Germany-Weimar Republic-political division, competition for power, plagued by corruption.

• Britain,1926-general strike, Labour Party + Conservative Party gain support in Parliament.

(7 & 12)Prosperity + Depression

• U.S.A. returns to isolation-does not join League

• Limited Immigration “Red Scare” (Russians, Chinese, Japanese)

• Presidents during this time: Wilson, Coolidge, Hoover, FDR

• New Deal 1932-Get out of Depression-gov’t more involved, jobs, social security, bank insurance

(9&10)Countries want Independence

• Commonwealth of Nations: formed by British after WWI, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa

• Ireland-I.R.A. (Irish Republican Army), used guerilla warfare against British

• 1916 Easter Rising-revolt against British 1922 gains freedom except in Northern Ireland

(11)France Pursues Security

• Maginot Line: “Wall”/fortification along border between France and Germany.

A Culture in Conflict Section 2

• Changes in Society: womens’suffrage, rejection of tradition, prohibition, Christian fundamentalism spreads in rural areas, Popular culture spreads.

• Cultural Changes: Jazz, Literature, Harlem Renaissance, Abstract Art, Scientific Discoveries, Architecture influenced by design

(1-3) Science

• Marie Curie-radioactivity

• Albert Einstein-relativity

• Sigmund Freud-psychoanalysis

(4-6) Art

• Pablo Picasso-cubism (3 dimentional)

• Georges Braque

• Dada artists revolt against civilization and shock viewers

• Henri Matisse-unlike real life

• Paul Klee-abstract

• Vasily Kandinsky-abstract

• Salvadore Dali-dream-like

PabloPicasso

Massacre at Korea 1951

Georges Barque

• Violin and Candlestick 1910

Henri Matisse

• Woman with Hat 1905

• Dessert Harmony in Red 1908

Paul Klee

Vasily Kandinsky • Composition VII

• Composition X

Salvador Dali

Soft Construction with Boiled Beans

Salvadore DaliThe persistence of memory

Dadaism

ArchitectureFrank Lloyd Wright

(7&8) Literature

• Eric Remarque-All Quite on the Western Front

• T.S. Elliot-The Waste Land

• Ernest Hemingway-The Sun Also Rises

• F. Scott Fitzgerald-The Great Gatsby• Virginia Woolf-To the Lighthouse, Mrs. Dalloway

• James Joyce-Finnegan’s Wake

• Writers experiment with the stream of consciousness-character’s inner thoughts explored

(9&10)Popular Culture

• Radio-creates mass culture through sound

• Jazz music-pioneered by African Americans combines western harmonies w/African rhythms, symbolizes the 1920s

(11&12) Society

• 1920s women defy tradition-> Flappers

• Women won the right to vote, access to higher education, admittance to art and science.

Louise Brooks

Alice Joyce

OBJ #2- Affects of the Great Depression

C. Escaping the Depression

1. Radio- Comedies, Soap Operas

2. Movies- Shirley Temple, Child Actors

a. Snow White (first full-length animation)

b. Wizard of OZ

*Small girl escaping the Dust Bowl

3. Literature

a. Steinbeck, Grapes of Wrath

*About a family of ‘Okies’ escaping the Dust Bowl and how horribly they were treated

Wizard

of

OZ

Benito Mussolini

Victor Emmanuel III Mussolini

Benito Mussolini

(A) Fascism in Italy

• Mussolini’s Rise to Power-1919 organized Veterans and angry Italians in the fascist party.

• Organized “Black Shirts”-Violence

• King Victor Emmanuel III gives control after March on Rome

• Italy becomes dictatorship and economy is brought under control.”Cooperate State” (fascist party controlled all)

(B) Fascism in Italy

• Men, women + children make sacrifices for nation

• Youth = obey military discipline and glorify Mussolini

• Mussolini= IL Duce “The Leader”

• “Machines and Women = Unemployment

• Influenced Hitler and Stalin

(C) What is Fascism?

• While both fascism and communism were by their appeal during economic hard times and by dictators who imposed totalitarian gov’ts, the 2 idealologies pursued different goals and found support among different groups.

• Fascism appealed to many Italians because it promised a strong, stable government, an end to political feuding, and an awakening of national pride.

• 3 systems of gov’t competed for influence in postwar Europe: democracy (B&F) Communism (USSR) and fascism (Italy

What is Fascism?

Values

• No unifying set of beliefs• Extreme nationalism• Discipline• Loyalty to state• Anti-democratic

Characteristics

• Centralized• Authoritarian• Noncommunist• Pursued aggressive

foreign expansion

Fascism Vs. Communism

Differences with Communism

• Works for nationalist rather (power for the party) than international goals.

• Dictator takes all-don’t share the wealth.

• Supports a society with defined classes.

Similarities with Communism

• Terror, blind devotion to state

• Totalitarian governments to control nation and make rapid changes

Totalitarian Government

• Single party dictatorship

• State control of economy

• Censorship

• Obedience to single ruler

• Schools and Media used to force ideals

Adolf Hitler

Germany after World War IUnder Weimar Republic

• Blamed for Versailles Treaty• French occupation of Ruhr

leads to economic crises.• Inflation spirals out of control• Economy improves in late

1920s• Great Depression hits 1930s• Tumultuous times stimulates

new cultural movements• Berlin attracts writers and

artists from around the world

Rise of Nazi Party

• 1919 leader of Nazi Party (Nationalist Socialist German Workers)=Hitler

• 1923 Hitler wrote- Mein Kampf (My Struggle)

• Hitler’s ideas rooted in anti-semitism and a superior raceLebensraum-”living space” Germany for Aryans

• Nazi membership as unemployment

• Hitler promised to end reparations, create jobs, rearm Germany

• Elected Chancellor 1933

Germany Under Nazi Control

• Totalitarian State = Third Reich

• Rule through Terror-””Storm Troopers”, Gestapo. Propaganda

• Launched Public Works program-got out of depression

• Ideas spread to youth-burned books

• Single State Church

• Campaigned against Jews-Kristallnacht 11/10/38, concentration camps

Vocabulary

• Dawes Plan: 1924 agreement in which France withdrew its troops from the Ruhr, and American loans helped the German economy recover.

• Mein Kampf: book written by Hitler while in jail that details Nazi goals and idealology

• Third Reich: Hitler’s name for the period in which he ruled Germany as had past emperors such as Charlemagne and Bismarck

• Kristallnacht: “Night of Broken Glass” in which nazi led mobs attacked Jewish communities across Germany.

• Concentration Camp: Detention centers for civilians considered to be enemies of a state