ArchaicArchaic

Classical Classical

and and

Hellenistic Hellenistic GreeceGreece

From early beginnings to long lasting legacy• Indo-Europeans move into region conflict and geography creates separate city-states joined by a common culture (language, religion and heritage)

• Join together in leagues during the Golden Age

• Culture spread by Alexander the Great during Hellenistic Era

• Eventually absorbed into the Roman Empire

Greeks came together at the Olympics

Greeks came together at the Olympics

Eras in Development of Greek Civilization• Minoan Civilization-

• 2000-1400BC flourished on Island of Crete.Great trading power.. • Myceneans (Achaeans)- 2000 BC I

• nvaded Greece from the north. They built on the achievements of the Minoans. • Around 1250 BC they banded together under the leadership of the king of Mycenae to

attack troy, a rival power. Troy controlled trading routes between the Aegean and Black seas. This war is told in Homers Iliad and the Odyssey. Composed about 750 BC According to Iliad Paris, a Trojan prince kidnaped Helen wife of the King of Sparta. The Spartan King and his brother Agamemnon, of Mycenae involved all of Greece in the effort to rescue Helen. After ten years of war Troy destroyed and drove the Trojans into exile. Heinrich Schliemann excavated a site in northwestern Asia Minor which is accepted as the ancient city of Troy. Found nine cities had been built at different times on the same spot. charred wood and destruction convinced him that this was the layer of Troy.

• Dorians came down from the north. • Settled further to the south on the Pelopennisus Peninsula. Conquered many of

the regions occupied by the Myceneans. The art of writing was lost during this time. This period is called the “Dark Age”

• Age of the City States• Small city states or monarchies formed instead of a great empire. Golden Age of

Greece• Delian League - Persian and Peloponesian Wars create a new era of differing

alliances in the Aegean Sea. Trade provided wealth and some stablity. Also known as Classical Greece.

• Hellenistic Greece • Persian occupation after the conquest of Greece by the Macedonian, Alexander

the Great. Greek civilization spread throughout the world but mixed with other civilizations and changed.

• Roman - Greco Civilization• Roman occupation after the conquest of Greece by the Romans.

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Crete: Minoan Civilization

(Palace at Knossos)

Minoan Civilization

Minoan Civilization

Fresco – bull leaping

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

The Mask of AgamemnonThe Mask of Agamemnon

The Mycenaean Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Geographic Influences

• Many islands in the Aegean Sea were close together.• This made trade and cultural exchange easier.

• Short mountain ranges divided the country.• They prevented the development of a sense of

Greek unity.• The Greeks could not produce enough food

for their own needs.• They had to become traders.

• The long coastline brought every part of the mainland close to the sea.• Greeks became fishermen, sailors and traders.

Homer:

The “Heroic

/Homeric Age”

Dark Age

Homer:

The “Heroic

/Homeric Age”

Dark Age

Bronze Age GreeceBronze Age Greece

Greek City States

Hellos

Greece changes Geographically

Characteristics of all Greek city states

• Small Size• Small population• An original polis (acropolis or high up

place)• A public meeting place called an agora

• This is how we identified whether or not it was a “Greek” city state.

Factors that brought them together and Factors that kept them apart

• Common Language, Religion, and festivals

• Co-operative supervision of certain temples

• Belief that the Greeks were descended from the same ancestors

• Rugged Mountains separating the valleys

• Rivalries between city-states

• separate legal systems

• independent calendars, money, weights and measures

• Fierce spirit of independence

Greek Philosophy• Popular government - is the idea

that people could and should rule themselves rather than be ruled by others.

• This is the foundation of Greek Democracy but is not really a type of government.

• It is more of a philosophy

Greek Systems of Government• Monarchy- is a government by a royal family-in

ancient Greece a King. established a dynasty.• Autocracy- (rule by one person who has total control over

all others)

• Aristocracy- (government ruled by the wealthy or upper class) was comprised of the nobility, or landowning class that ruled the city-state.

• Oligarchy - absolute rule by a few• Tyranny - (Tyrant) seized power, gaining popular

support by promising to defend the poor from the aristocracy.

• Democracy- the council of citizens helped form laws and limited the power of rulers.

• Theocracy- government in which the clergy rules or in which a “god” is the civil ruler.

Geographic and historical influences in the development of Greek city states

• Sparta was located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula, an area that was good for growing grain but did not provide the protection of an acropolis.

• The ruling class of citizens of Sparta was small in numbers compared with the slaves, or helots.

• Due in part to a constant fear of outside invaders and of inside slave revolts, the Spartan aristocracy empathized military strength and uniformity.

• The government controlled all phases of life for both citizens and slaves.

• By doing so, art, literature, philosophy, and science were present only as they supported the military and only in a practical nature. Military might, as shown by strength, courage, endurance, and cleverness, along with devotion to Sparta were the most important values.

• Individual freedoms were sacrificed.

4 Reformers/Tyrants

• Draco• Solon• Pisistratus• Cleisthenes

Evolution of the system to a democracy• Draco

• Wrote harsh code of laws

• Solon• Canceled debts of the poor• Set up a court of appeals for citizens• Stopped debt slavery

• CLEISTHENES • Determined that all male citizens over age 20 could

be in the Assembly• Set up the Council of 500

• PISISTRATUS• Created a following among lower classes • Exiled nobles who disagreed with his policies

Athenian Government

• In early times ruled by kings• Later, the aristocracy, selected

representatives called archons• Merchants later replaced some of the

nobility• Finally, the four reformers (tyrannts)

and we have Periclean democracy

Spartan social stratification

• Privileged rules class – spartiates• About 10% of population• Descendants of Dorian invaders

• Small landholders, tradesmen, artisans – perioeci• Native prior to Dorian invasion• Enjoyed rights of citizenship only in their own home

communities• Between 10 – 15 % of population

• Attached to the soil and provide auxiliary military service – helots• Could become citizens and enter the perioeci class for

military bravery

• Slaves

Spartan Government

• First the Council of Old which had to have approval of the popular assembly of spartiates over 30 years of age

• Later, 5 ephors ruled

Athenian social classes

• Nobility• Merchants, Artisans• Peasant• Slaves – common Athenian practice to

free their slaves• Metics – foreigners allowed to live in

Athens but could not become citizens

Citizen Rightsa) access to courts b) no enslavement (but the very creation

of citizen class makes the distinction that other people are slaves - that's what makes citizenship a privilege)

c) religious and cultural participation d) death penalty was rare e) becoming a citizen was nearly

impossible f) citizen duties - taxes, military service

Characteristics of Greek Art(mostly Athenian)• Expressed ideals of

harmony, balance, order and moderation.

• Glorified humans

• Combined beauty and usefulness

• Symbolized pride of people in their city-states

Golden Mean

•Nothing in excess, everything in moderation

Architecture

• Doric• Corinthian• Ionic

Architecture

• Doric• Corinthian• Ionic

Architecture

• Doric• Corinthian• Ionic

Red Figure Style

Black Figure Style

Practical but beautiful

Hellenic to Hellenistic Era

• Greece has an archaic era • Minoans• Myceneans• Dorians

• Age of the City-states• Greek – Persian Wars bring them together under

Athenian rule to defeat the Persians

• Golden Age of Greece• Hellenistic Era

• Greek values and way of life spread by Alexander the Great

Greeks become teachers of me• Great Philosophers (SPA)

• Socrates• Plato• Aristotle

• Greece absorbed into the Roman Empire and the Greeks teach the Romans

• Later the de Medici’s of Florence rediscover the teachings and treasures of the Greeks and use them to form modern Europe

ATHENSATHENS

Golden Age

Today

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Persian Wars:499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars:499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian WarsPersian Wars• Marathon (490 BCE)

- 26 miles from Athens

• Thermopylae (480 BCE)- 300 Spartans at the mountain pass

• Salamis (480 BCE)- Athenian navy victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE

Golden “Age of Pericles”:460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers

Great Athenian Philosophers• Socrates

- Know thyself! - question everything - only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness.

• Plato - The Academy - the world of the FORMS - The Republic philosopher-king

• Aristotle - the Lyceum - “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation] - Logic - Scientific method.

Socrates (470BCE-399 BCE)

• He wrote nothing, but was a skilled debater.

• He opposed the moral relativism and skepticism of many of the sophists.

• He used the method of rational debate to seek essential definitions of truth, beauty, justice, goodness, and virtue.

• The oracle at Delphi pronounced him the wisest of all.

• He was executed by his fellow Athenians for impiety and for corrupting the young.

Plato• The Allegory of the Cave & The Republic• There is a higher world of eternal, unchanging Forms that has always existed. • These Forms make up reality and only a trained

mind can understand them. • What we see is but a reflection of that reality, a

shadow of the true Form. • Government works best when divided into three

groups. • At the top are philosopher-kings who must rule

with wisdom and inspiration. • Warriors encompass the second group, and the

third includes everyone else. • Finally, men and women should have equal access

to positions.

Athens: The Arts & SciencesAthens: The Arts & Sciences

• DRAMA (tragedians):- Aeschylus- Sophocles- Euripides

• THE SCIENCES:- Pythagoras

• - Democritus all matter made up of small atoms. - Hippocrates “Father of Medicine”

AcropolisAcropolis

The Acropolis TodayThe Acropolis Today

The ParthenonThe Parthenon

The AgoraThe Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

SPARTASPARTA

Delian and Archeon Leagues

• 499 BCE beginning of Persian wars which lasted throughout the 5th century resulting in a unification of the Greek city states under first Athenian hegemony • The predominant influence, as of a state,

region, or group, over another or others. • then under Sparta influence finally

ending with the defeat of both and Thebes controlling before the ascension of Macedonia throughout the Agean Sea

Peloponnesian WarsPeloponnesian Wars

Macedonia Under Philip II

Macedonia Under Philip II

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

Economy of the Hellenistic World

Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers• Cynics Diogenes - ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. - citizens of the world. - live a humble, simple life.

• Epicurians Epicurus - avoid pain & seek pleasure. - all excess leads to pain! - politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers• Stoics Zeno - nature is the expansion of divine will. - concept of natural law. - get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. - true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: Arts & Sciences

Hellenism: Arts & Sciences• Scientists /

Mathematicians:- Aristarchus heliocentric theory- Euclid geometry

- Archimedes pulley

• Hellenistic Art:- more realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.- showed individual emotions, wrinkles and age

Division of Alexander’s Empire

Division of Alexander’s Empire