greece and rome day 1. early greek people minoans – earliest known greek civilization built...
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Greece and RomeDay 1
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Early Greek People
• Minoans – earliest known Greek civilization• Built palaces and homes for nobles with painted frescoes on the
walls
• Mycenaeans – Built fort-like cities• Controlled mainland Greece for 400 years
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City-States
• Greek word for city-state is Polis.
• Original fort is built on an Acropolis (hill)• Home to temples and other public buildings
• Covered small area• Athens was smaller than Rhode Island
• Usually had less than 10,000 people in each city-state
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Greek Government
• Aristocracy – City-state controlled by wealthy Greek nobles.
• Land owners who could afford expensive horses, chariots, bronze weapons.
• They had a monopoly over the military.
• Democracy – Rule by the people
• Full political rights were allowed to only a small population
• Who do you think did not get political rights?
• Tyrant – A person who illegally takes power, but is
supported by the people.
• Many city-states were led by tyrants between 650 and 500 BCE
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Sparta
• 3 classes in Spartan society • 1 – Equals – controlled the city-state
• 2 – Half-Citizens – Served in the army. Some farmed, regular people.
• 3 – Helots – slaves of the Spartan society. They greatly outnumbered the Spartans. Spartans created a military society for fear of a Helot uprising. Helots hated Spartans.
• Wanted to create a military machine• Started training at age 7. Almost an unbeatable army was formed.
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Athens
• Draco – wrote the first written law code in Athens.
• Under the rule of Cleisthenes, Athens established a Democracy.• Divided them into 10 tribes, chose 50 men from each tribe to lead,
became known as the Council of Five Hundred.
• They proposed laws to the assembly, but assembly had final authority.
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Greece and Rome Day 2
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Life in Athens
• In schools they studied Government, Math, Ethics and Rhetoric• Ethics – What is good and what is bad – Moral duty
• Rhetoric – Study of oratory or public speaking, and debating
• Girls married at age 13 or 14, typically married men twice their age.• What do you think the purpose of marriage was?
• To have children
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Persian Wars
• Greek colonies rebelled against Persian rule and caused war to break out.
• Battle of Thermopylae – Spartan 300 stand against the Greeks. They refused to surrender, and fought until they were all killed.
• Greek city-states ultimately win the wars.
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Peloponnesian War
• Tensions between Sparta and Athens started the war.
• Both sides full of young men whose inexperience made them eager to fight.
• War continued for 27 years.
• Sparta ultimately won the war by:• Joining forces with Persia
• Which allowed them to block food supply to Athens.
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Philosophers: Socrates
• Socrates was an Athenian who taught that all students should question everything.
• Knowledge/Education was key in leading to personal growth.
• Did not use memorization in his teaching method, but taught that students should think for themselves.
• Philosophy is the study of basic questions of reality and human growth.
• What is to be human?
• Who am I?
• How should we live?
• Is there life after death?
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Philosophers: Plato
• Believed that humans could not ever reach perfection.
• Wrote The Republic and Theory of Forms
• Believed the body was made up of 2 parts: The Body and the Soul
• Ideal government to him was an Aristocracy: Government led by an intellectual upper class.
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Philosophers: Aristotle
• Believed knowledge could only be gained through logical study.
• Believed logical study led to truth.
• Investigated almost every field of study during his life.
• Developed new approaches that are now part of our
modern science.
• Wanted to combine the best of 3 different types of
government to create a limited democracy.
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Greek Theater
• 3 Parts to Greek Theater:• Drama
• Tragedies
• Comedies
• Carved outdoor theaters into hillsides
• Featured little scenery. Audiences relied on the chorus to describe the time and place.
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Greece and Rome Day 3
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Philip II
• Had been a hostage in Greece for 3 years. • While there he learned about Greek ways and their army
• He became king in Macedon• Borrowed a Greek idea of a phalanx – rows of soldiers standing
shoulder to shoulder in tight rows
• He wanted to unify Greece
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Alexander the Great
• Son of Philip II – took over after Philip was assassinated.
• Even better military leader than his father.
• His military campaigns are among the most admired in history.
• Ultimate goal was to conquer the world.• Met little resistance and got as far as the Indus River. For 13 years almost
never lost a battle.
• What do you think eventually happened to Alexander and his army?
• Got tired of fighting. Wouldn’t follow Alexander anymore. Headed back home. Alexander and many of his army got sick. He died at age 32 from a fever.
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Hellenistic World
• As Alexander the Great’s army and empire expanded, he tried to blend their cultures together to unify them, rather than have it divide them.
• The three cultures he tried to blend, known as the Hellenistic Culture, were Greek, Mediterranean, and Asian.
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Hellenistic Culture Philosophers
• Epicurus – Taught that the aim of life is to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
• Archimedes – Mathematician – calculated pi (π), ratio for the circumference of a circle, used math to explain levers, invented the compound pulley, the Archimedes screw.
• Cynics – taught that people should live simply and naturally, without regard for pleasure or wealth or status.
• Skeptics – taught that all knowledge is uncertain, and should be questioned.
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Greece and RomeDay 4
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Roman Republic
• Republic – Form of government in which voters elect officials. People’s rights are protected by some form of a constitution.
• Checks and Balances – prevents any one part of government from gaining too much power (3 equal branches of government).• What are our 3 branches of government today?
• Executive, Legislative, Judicial
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Roman Social Class
• Patricians – powerful landowners who controlled the government.
• Plebeians – majority of the population. Mainly farmers and workers.• Early laws weren’t even written down, so the Patricians could and
would do anything to ensure the Plebeians had few rights.
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Punic Wars
• The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. At the time, they were probably the largest wars that had ever taken place.
• Based on this map, what do you thinkRome feared the most? What do you think Carthage feared themost?
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Punic Wars
• First Punic War – Rome built a navy, fought at sea with land tactics, lasted 23 years, Carthage was forced to pay damages and give up Sicily.
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• Second Punic War – Hannibal was the leader of Carthage – one of the greatest generals of all time.• Assembled a HUGE army that included foot soldiers, horse soldiers, and
elephants.
• He led 50,000 soldiers and 60 elephants across the Alps to invade Italy (Rome)
• Lacked equipment to attack major cities, and ultimately lost again. Had to pay damages, give up colonies in Spain and most of its navy.
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Punic Wars
• Third Punic War – Carthage wasn’t even a threat anymore, but Romans still hated them.• Decided to crush them. Carthage was destroyed
in 146 B.C.E.
• Rome was now the supreme power in the Mediterranean.
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Greece and RomeDay 5
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Spartacus
• As Rome expanded its borders, they did not allow the people of the new provinces to become citizens, nor did it make them allies.
• They became subjects of Rome.
• Spartacus was a Roman slave who led a revolt to gain freedom.• More than 70,000 slaves took part in the revolt.
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Julius Caesar
• Joined with 2 others to form the first Triumvirate• Three men holding power over a country.
• He led an army against the republic, winning, and was declared dictator for life.
• Increased the number of Senate members, but reduced their power.
• Many feared Caesar, and formed a conspiracy against him• They killed him in the Senate.
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The Pax Romana
• Period of time interpreted as “Roman Peace”.
• Began during the reign of the grandnephew of Julius Caesar – Octavian• Octavian later became known as “Augustus”.
• Lasted for more than 200 years
• Ruling heirs of Julius Caesar in the Roman Empire were called Julio-Claudian Emperors• They ruled for 54 of those years.
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The Five Good Emperors
• Rome did not have a system for choosing its next emperor, so many emperors named their successors.
• The Five Great Emperors were:• Nerva
• Trajan
• Hadrian
• Antoninus Pius
• Marcus Aurelius
• Together they ruled for almost 100 years.
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Greece and RomeDay 6
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Science, Engineering, and Architecture
• Ptolemy – Developed an astronomical system (Geocentric Theory) that the sun, the planets, and stars revolved around the earth. • Geo – “of or related to the earth”
• Roman Aqueducts – bridgelike structures that carried water from the mountains.
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Science, Engineering, and Architecture
• Masters at building roads, bridges, arenas, public buildings
• Knew how to build the arch and vaulted dome
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Rise of Christianity
• Teachings of Jesus created great excitement wherever he went.
• His teachings were for all people.
• Romans feared that Jesus would lead an uprising against the government.
• He was put on trial before Pontius Pilate, sentenced to death.
• Much violence and unrest spread throughout the Roman Empire.• Many turned to Christianity for hope.
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Diocletian
• Made emperor in 284
• Realized the empire had grown too large for one person to manage.
• Divided the empire in two.
• What do you think happened once he and his co-emperor died and their heirs took over?• Didn’t acknowledge the other co-emperor as an actual co-emperor.
Started a civil war.
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Constantine
• Promoted Christianity
• Made the official religion of the empire in 391
• Moved the capital city to the east “New Rome”
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Fall of the Roman Empire
• Huns – lived by raiding and plundering• Fought Rome in Gaul.
• Leader was Attila
• 3 Reasons for the Fall:• Government weaknesses
• Invasions by Germans
• Economic Problems