Rome: The Rise to Empire

(ca. 1000 B.C.E.–476 C.E.)

The Roman Republic (509-133 b.c.e.)Patricians – large landowners

Life members of the Roman SenatePlebeians – populous class of farmers

Popular assembly287 b.c.e. The privilege of making laws

Why would an expansionistic course erode the Republic?

2.

Senate became increasingly powerfulWealthy Large Landowners

undersold smaller farmersArmy

Rich got richer and the poor got poorerArmy generals conquered in the name of

Rome, now turned to conquering Rome itself.

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Julius Caesar

•An army commander who in 46 B.C.E.

Triumphantly entered the city of Rome and

established a dictatorship.

•Veni, vidi, vici (“I came, I saw, I

conquered”) •Assassinated by Brutus

Octavian (Augustus)

•A struggle of power with Mark Anthony and Egyptian Queen

Cleopatra.

•Octavian gained approval of the Senate to rule for life.

Republic was defunctThe destiny of Rome lay once again in the

hands of a military dictator.Roman Law

Law helped unite all regionsDevelopment of a system of law was one most

original landmark achievementsThe 12 Tables of Law provided Rome’s basic

legal code for almost a thousand years.

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Empire: The Power and Empire: The Power and Glory of Rome (ca.500 Glory of Rome (ca.500

B.C.E.-500 C.E.)B.C.E.-500 C.E.)•The word “Empire” derives from the Latin imperium, the absolute authority held by the

rulers of ancient Rome. •By sheer military force,

Rome’s rulers created the West’s largest and long-lasting

empire.

wife of Augustus for over fifty years, from 38 BC until his death in AD 14

•her confident personality and her private wealth allowed her to exercise power both through Augustus and own her own.

4 panels of east and west end depict mythological subjects

It was founded by the Senate in 13 BCE in honor of Augustus' safe return from his campaigns in Spain and Gaul and dedicated

in 9 BCE.

Roman Architecture

•50 thousand miles of

paved roads.•structural advantages of the arch.

Pont du Gard, near Nimes, France, ca. 20-10 b.c.e. - 25 mile long aqueduct that brought fresh water to the city.

Colosseum(70-82 B.C.E.)

•Covered 6 acres•50 thousand

Spectators•Chariot races, mock sea

battles, gladiatorial contests,

and a variety of brutal blood sports.

4th cen. C.e. mosaic, gladiator fighting a wild beast.

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Romans innovated the use of cement, which

made large-scale architectural constructions

much cheaper to build.

Barrel vault also called the tunnel vault

They could collapse, require buttressing

Intersection of right angles

Thrust of groin vault is concentrated along the groin, permits light to open, this light Clerestory. (Pronounced Clearstory)

Largest one is the treasury at Mycenae. The Romans surpassed them.

They used concrete

Oculus on topPantheon

The Pantheon Ca. 118-125B.C.E.

•seven planetary deities.•19 foot-thick rotunda

•solid dome consisting of 5000 tons of concrete.

•30 ft wide oculus, or “eye,” that admits light and air.

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Giovanni Panini (1691-1765)

Interior View of the Pantheon, c.1740

Roman Influence

Stands like a miniature Greek shrine

Corinthian order

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Follows Etruscan Pattern

Ionic with flutes

►Circular plan with Corinthian columns

► use of concrete unlike Greeks

Reconstruction of 4th cen. Rome

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Great Bath, Roman Bath complex, Bath, England, 54 c.e. Part of the finest group of Roman remains in England, this sumptuous

pool is still fed by natural hot springs

•begun 306-310 c.e., completed by Constantine after 313 c.e.

•This basilica was the last and largest of all those commissioned by Rome’s emperors.

•300 ft central nave

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The emperor Hadrian, who ruled from 117 to 138 C.E., sought refuge here from the political complexity of court life in Rome

Trajan’s Victory Column

Rome (113 C.E.)•100 ft tall marble column -Emperor

Trajan.

•Includes 2500 figures

Advertise imperial power

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Augustus as General 20 BCE Marble copy

Polykletos Style Cupid , Lineage to Venus

(cupid as her son)

Proud of lineage.Likeness of ancestors in wooden cupboards in

their homes and paraded them at the funerals of important relatives

Made fun of if you didn’t have any portraits of your relatives

Flavian Woman 89 c.e. marble, life size

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Head of a Roman patrician – 75-50BCE

Old heads on young bodies

Emperor as god? Caesar was the first to do this

Old, traditional of Roman PortraitsOutraged people in response

Portrait of a Caesar

August 24, 79 CE Pompeii and Bay of Naples coveredGreat boon for Art Historians and

archeologistsBakeries, walls, gardens

Center of city lifeStandard

Republican, type templeCorinthian columns

Townhouses for the wealthy- Atrium of the

House of the Vettii ( best preserved house)

First Style – in the fauces of the Samnite House

Cheaper, Greek were the first to do this type of painting

►Illusionism ►After 80 BCE►Villa of Mystery

Frieze ►Private rites of Dionysos. Illusionary edge

►“architectural”►Linear perspective►Transform

windowless walls►Expanded space in

rooms

Ulysses in the land of Lestrygonians, part of Odyssey landscapes. (2nd style)

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Delicate styleMonochromatic

backgroundsFramed painted “

paintings”

►Crowded, complex stylesRejected 3rd style of paintings

Roman Painting and Mosaic

Mosaic portrait of a woman, from Pompeii, first century C.E. This

portrait was used as the centerpiece for a patterned marble floor.

Pom

peii

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What caused the fall of

the Roman empire?

The Fall of the Roman Empire

Alexander-the-Great, Pompeii

•The difficulties of governing so huge an

empire• the decline of the slave

trade •an increasing gap

between the rich and the poor.

•barbarian attacks on Rome’s borders.

Titus Livius ("Livy," ca. 59 B.C.E.-17 C.E.)

history of Rome from the 8th cen. B.C.E. to his own day

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900 letters, 100 speeches and essaysOn Duty (44 B.C.E.), evaluates the benefits

of diplomacy vs war. assassinated, his head and hands put

on public display in the Forum.

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Stoics believed that an impersonal force (Providence or Divine Reason) governed the world, and that happiness lay in one's ability to accept one's fate.

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Lyric Poetry and Satire

Poems to Lesbia 60 b.c.e.

Admired Sappho’s poems

Friendship, love, and sex

Famous for his narrative poem, the Metamorphoses

about Greek and Roman gods develops the theme of supernatural trans- formation.

80

Peter Brueghel, "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" (1558).

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Herbert Draper, "The Lament for Icarus" (1898).. 82

Below are sculptures of  Perseus and Medusa by Benvenuto Cellini (1554) and "Andromeda and the Sea Monster" by Pierre Etienne Monnot (1704).

©2010, The. 83

The painting of the wedding fight is by Luca Giordano (1680).

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took a critical view of Roman lifewrote verses that exposed various types of

human folly—selfindulgence, vanity, ambition, and greed

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His sixth Satire, "Against Women," is one of the most bitter antifemale diatribes in thehistory of Western literature

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Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro, 70-19 B.C.E.)

Rome's foremost poet-publicistThe Aeneid, semilegendary epic that

immortalized Rome's destiny as world ruler

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In 17bce, the dying Virgil asked that his unfinished work be burned

Along with the Bible, the Aeneid was one of the most consistently read books of the last 2000 years.

Virgil’s Desire?

celebrate “truth, justice, and the Roman way”

revitalization of the Roman way of life under AugustusAeneas, Anchises, and Ascanius

Map of Ancient Roman World

Ranges across entire Mediterranean region

Others, no doubt, will better mould the bronzeTo the semblance of soft breathing, draw from

marble,The living countenance; and others pleaseWith greater eloquence, or lean to measureBetter than we, the pathways of the heavens,The risings of the stars: remember, Roman,To rule the people under law, to establishThe way of peace, to battle down the haughty,To spare the meek. Our fine arts, these forever.

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How negatively does Aeneas’s abandonment of Dido reflect on his character?

To what extent is the Aeneid a political poem? Is it propaganda?

How does this story reflect the ideals of Roman culture?

92

Augustus Caesar (ruled 27 b.c.e. – 14 c.e.)eliminate his rival Marc Antony (and his lover

Cleopatra)United Rome and became the first Roman

emperor. His reign marks the start of 200 years of power and prosperity, the Pax Romana.

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Tiberius (r. 14 – 37): Augustus' adopted son was the Caesar that Jesus Christ "rendered unto.“

Caligula (r. 37 – 41): He squandered Rome's money, had sex with his sisters, tortured his enemies.

assassins ambushed him and ran a sword through his privates.

94.

Nero (r. 54 – 68): Rome's most notorious emperor killed his mother, kicked his pregnant wife to death, and crucified St. Peter.

Rome burned in 64 c.e. , was accused of torching the city so that he could clear land to build an even bigger house.

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Titus (r. 79 – 81)completed the Colosseumdefeated the Jews in Palestine. (Arch of Titus) Mount Vesuvius exploded, burying Pompeii

and Herculaneum.

96.

Trajan (r. 98 – 117): Rome's expansion peaked under Spanish-born

Trajan.from Europe to North Africa to west Asia.His conquests are carved into the 120-foot

Trajan's Column.

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Hadrian (r. 117 – 138): visit every corner of the enormous empire,

from Britain, to Egypt, to Jerusalem, to Athens.

Pantheon, his tomb (Castel Sant'Angelo), and his villa at Tivoli.

98.

Marcus Aurelius (r. 161 – 180):barbarian attacks and a plaguemarks Rome's tipping point, as the empire began its

slow, three-century decline.famous philosopher Meditations while at war securing the Danube frontier

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Commodus (r. 180 – 192): Marcus Aurelius son.

a palace brata period of instability and decline.

Septimius Severus (r. 193 – 211): African emperor-generalgrand triumphal arch in the ForumEmpire starting to unravel.

100.

Aurelian (r. 270 – 275): built a wall around Rome.feared barbarian attacks.

Diocletian (r. 285 – 305): split the sprawling empire into two administrative halves. He ruled the east from Asia Minor.An avid persecutor of Christians it's poetic justice that his baths are now a church.

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Constantine (the great) (r. 306 – 337) The first Christian emperor he legalized Christianity.In 330, Constantine moved the capital of the

Roman Empire to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul).

102.

Romulus Augustulus (r. 475 – 476): Rome's last emperor, 14-year-old "Little Augustus" was forced to abdicate by a barbarian chieftain, and the reign of Rome's emperors was over.

103

How negatively does Aeneas’s abandonment of Dido reflect on his character?

To what extent is the Aeneid a political poem? Is it propaganda?

How does this story reflect the ideals of Roman culture?

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The end.

105.

How does this story reflect the ideals of Roman culture? What do you think this quote means in the

story? And who spoke these words?Roman, remember by your strength to rule

Earth’s peoples—for your arts are to be these:

To pacify, to impose the rule of law, To spare the conquered, battle down the proud.

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Epic Poetry

•Aeneas and his fellow Trojans flee from their home city of Troy, which has been destroyed by the Greeks.

•he set sail destined to found Rome.•Dido, Carthage’s founder and queen, welcomes them.

•Trojans were tricked when they accepted into their city walls a wooden horse

•He tells how he escaped the burning city with his father, Anchises; his son, Ascanius; and the hearth gods that represent their fallen city. A

•ssured by the gods that a glorious future awaited him in Italy, he set sail with

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•Aeneas descends into the underworld, guided by the Sibyl of Cumae, to visit his father.

• King Latinus, the Italian ruler, extends his hospitality, hoping that Aeneas will prove to be the foreigner whom, according to a prophecy, his daughter Lavinia is supposed to marry.

• Aeneas is wounded in the thigh, but eventually the Trojans threaten the enemy city. Turnus rushes out to meet Aeneas, who wounds Turnus badly. Aeneas nearly spares Turnus but, remembering the slain Pallas, slays him instead.