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Acrisiusking of Argos, father of Danae, grandfather of Perseus

DanaeDaughter of Acrisius, mother of Perseus

PriestApollo's oracle at Delphi

Zeusking of gods, father of Perseus

Perseusson of Danae and Zeus

Dictysfisherman who saves Danae and Perseus

Polydectesking of small island, brother of Dictys

MedusaOne of the gorgon sisters

HermesMessenger of Zeus to help Perseus

Gray WomenThree women who share one eye

Parts of Speech

The Adventures of OdysseyBackground of the Story

The main sequence of The Odyssey took place in Peloponnesus which is now called the Ionian islands.The poem mainly centers on the Greek heroOdysseusand his journey home after the fall ofTroy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reachIthacaafter the ten-year Trojan War. In his absence, it is assumed he has died, and his wifePenelopeand sonTelemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors, who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage.Like Homers other epic, the Illiad, The Odyssey begins in medias res, or in the middle of things. Homer begins midway through Odysseuss wanderings.The Adventures in Odyssey in Chronological OrderTroyOdysseuss began his adventure when he fought alongside the Greeks in the Trojan war. They won the battle with the use of the Trojan horse. However, the Greeks angered the gods and so they washed them away.Island of CiconesOdysseus landed on the Island of Cicones after the Trojan war. They raided the island and took all of its luxuries. Despite Odysseus orders to take everything they need and leave quickly, his men refused to and remained on the island. As they were enjoying themselves, An army of Cicones attacked them. They bravely fought the battle even on the verge of losing the it.Island of Lotus EatersAfter the Island of Cicones, they landed on the Island of the Lotus Eaters.A Lotus is a plant which forces the eater to lose all grip of reality. Once its eaten, the person knows nothing nor cares for anything other than eating the plant.Odysseus sent two men to scout the area. When they didnt come back, he sent in to find them. He then found the two men hopelessly addicted to eating the lotus plant. He tied the two men up and forced them to the ship and then sailed away.Island of the CyclopesOddyseus landed on the Island of Cyclopes out of desperation for food and water. They explored the cave and found a cache of wine and cheese.Despite his mens pleading, Odysseus decided to stay, awaiting for the owners return.Polyphemus, son of Poseidon, then enters the cave and wasnt happy about the intruders.Odysseus formulated a plan, intoxicating Polyphemus then blinding him to escape. This caused Poseidon to be angrier at Odysseus.

AeoliaOdysseus next lands on Aeolia, home of Aeolus the god of winds.Aeolus stored all of the bad winds in a bag and gave it to Odysseus to make their journey home safe.With Ithaca in sight, his men decided to open the bag. This caused the winds to blow them back to Aeolia. Aeolus then sends them on their way with the fear that their journey is cursed by the gods.

Island of the LaestragoniansOdysseus next stop was the island of Laestragonians. Most of his men were ravaged by the cannibals living in the islands. Everything was eaten but one ship of Odysseuss men.AeaeaOdyssey lands on Aeaea, home of Circe, an enchantress. She turned the men who were sent by Odysseus into swines.While looking for his men, Odysseus was confronted by Hermes. Hermes told him about Circes and gave him the plant called Moly which is the only chance of survival against Circes spells.Odysseus stayed at Aeaea for a year because he was promised for an information on how to go home.Finally, Circe told him to go to Tiresias, a prophet located in the underworld.

UnderworldOdysseus goes to land of the dead to seek Tiresias.Tiresias the tells Odysseus to sail towards Scylla and Carybdis, but to take the route of Scylla, only six men will be lost as opposed to all of them.The SirensAfter seeking for Tiresias, Odysseuss men went to the Sirens. The Sirens sing songs to passing ships that no man can resist. Circe gave Odysseus bees wax to stop the sound but she advised him that it was best if they use it while tied to a mast. He gave his men the wax and when theyre out of range, Odysseus commanded them to remove it from their ears.

ScyllaOdysseus sail on to Scylla, as Tiersias suggested. Along the way, they saw a whirlpool along with an eerie cave. As instructed Odysseus sailed towards the cave.Scylla, the-six headed monster, devoured six of Odysseuss men leaving the others safe.

ThirnaciaOdysseuss next stop was the island of the sun gods cattle. A storm was raging when they landed, thus imprisoning them on the island with no food.Odysseus went out to pray for the rain to stop, while his men went and killed a cattle for food despite Odysseuss orders not to touch any of it.Helios was greatly angered by this and asked Zeus to punish them.Zeus does so by destroying Odysseuss ship and killing his men, leaving Odysseus alive.OgygiaOdysseus continued his journey and eventually landed on Ogyggia, home of Calypso. Calypso is a nymph and a temptress who detained and imprisoned him for seven years.Calypso offered Odysseus immortality but he refused it. Hermes visited Calypso telling her Zeus commands that Odysseus should be freed and be allowed to return home.50PhaeaciaAs Odysseus journeyed home, Poseidon, still angry at him, destroyed his small boat. He was soon washed up on the shore of Phaeacia.Alcinous, the king of Phaeacia heard his story and gave him ships and a safe passage back to Ithaca, his home.IthacaSoon, Odysseus was back to Ithaca. Athena disguised him as a beggar to test his peoples loyalty.He then reveals his identity to Telemachus, his son, and the worked together to reclaim Odysseuss title as the king.Penelope, his wife, challenged her suitors. If any of them can shoot a bow through the axe-handles like Odysseus used to do, she will marry him.No one can do the challenge, until Odysseus, disguised as the beggar got a chance.He was greatly ridiculed, but Odysseus shot it perfectly. That was when Athena changed his appearance and the began their attack. After that, Odysseus soon reclaims his title.

GREEK LITERATUREHow did Greek philosophy influence later thinking?What types of literature did the Greeks create?

Main IdeaThe ancient Greeks made great achievements in philosophy, literature, art, and architecture that influenced the development of later cultures and ideas.Greek Achievements54By working through series of questions, Socrates thought people could discover basic nature of lifeMethod of learning through questions called the Socratic method

Socratic MethodSocrates believed philosophers could learn what made good people, societies by asking questionsStarted with basic questions, like What is truth?Socrates followed up with more questionsSocrates interested in broad concepts of human lifetruth, justice, virtue

Asking QuestionsPhilosophy of Socrates55Theory of GovernmentPhilosophers most qualified to make good decisionsDid not support Athenian democracy in which all men could take partPlato wanted to make philosophers education more formalFounded the Academy, which in Platos lifetime became most important site for Greek philosophers to do their workPlatoOne of Socrates students, became great philosopher in own rightLeft behind great number of writings that record ideas on wide variety of topics, from nature of truth to ideal form of governmentThe Republic argues that government should be led by philosophers56The Third PhilosopherAristotle was among students who studied at the AcademyMore concerned with nature of world that surrounded himTried to apply philosophical principles to every kind of knowledgeInferring New FactsAristotle also helped develop field of logic, process of making inferencesExample: birds have feathers, lay eggs; owls have feathers, lay eggs; therefore, owl must be a type of birdEmphasis on Reason and LogicEmphasis on reason, logicReason, clear and ordered thinking; use reason to learn about worldObserve carefully, think rationally about what one has seenAristotle57

These two works became basis for the Greek education system. Other Greek literature remains, with a great many works still popular today. Greeks excelled in poetryboth epics and other formshistory, and drama.Most famous works are some of earliestEpic poems of great events and heroesThe Iliad and the Odyssey, attributed to poet Homer, tell stories of Trojan WarHomers EpicsGreek LiteratureIliad tells story of last year of war, two heroesAchilles and HectorOdyssey tells story of heroes from the war, with Odysseus who was forced to wander the seaIliad and Odyssey59Other Forms of PoetryGreeks wrote many types of poetry besides epicsHesiod wrote descriptive poetry about works of gods, lives of peasantsGreeks also created lyric poetryNamed after the lyre, musical instrument often played to accompany reading of poemsLyric poems do not tell stories, but deal with emotions, desiresLyric poets Sappho, one of few Greek women to gain fame as writer; dealt with daily life, marriage, lovePindar, late 500s, early 400s; poems commemorated public events, like Olympic Games60While the Greeks wrote histories to preserve the past, they created a new form of writing for entertainmentdrama, the art of playwriting.Earliest dramas part of festivalsDionysus, god of wine and celebrationGroup of actors called a chorusRecited stories Athenian RootsDramas became more complexIndividual actors took on roles of specific characters in storiesTwo distinct forms of dramas developed, tragedy and comedyDevelopment Drama61Distinct FormsMany comedies were satires, plays written to expose flaws of societyAristophanes greatest Greek comedy writerPlays poke fun at aspects of Athenian society, from government to treatment of womenComediesFocused on hardships faced by Greek heroes Three great writersAeschylus, Greek mythsSophocles, suffering people brought on selvesEuripides, tragedy brought on by chance, behaviorTragedies62Among fields for which Greeks best known Greek authors wrote about and analyzed own pastFirst major Greek historian, HerodotusLived in Greece during wars with Persia; described battles and public debates in The HistoriesThucydides lived during Peloponnesian War, wrote about itIncluded primary sources, like speeches he heard deliveredLooked at sources critically, ignored unreliable, irrelevant onesPrimary SourcesAnother early historian, Xenophon fought in Persia after Persian WarsConcentrated less on sources, debates, more on describing famous men; had less critical styleWork has helped us learn what life was like in 300s BC GreeceDescribing Famous MenHistory63BeautyAthenians enjoyed beauty, both written and visualExpressed love of written beauty through literature; visual beauty through architecture, art EnhancementsTo enhance appearance of buildings, added fine works of art, painted and sculptedGrandest buildings built on acropolis, at citys center ArchitectureAthenians wanted their city to be most beautiful in GreeceBuilt magnificent temples, theatres, public buildings

ParthenonMost magnificent on acropolisMassive temple to AthenaBegun by Pericles, 447 BCTook 14 years to buildGreek Architecture and Art64Human FormsGreek sculptors among finest world has ever knownParticularly adept at sculpting human form; studied people at rest, movingTried to re-create what they saw, paid particular attention to musclesRoman CopiesFew original works remain; most copies made a few hundred years laterRoman artists made many copies of greatest Greek statuesMany copies survived even after original statues destroyedLifelike, Not RealisticGreeks wanted statues to look lifelike, active, not necessarily realisticPortrayed subjects as physically perfect, without blemishes, imperfectionsGreek statues almost all depict figures of great beauty, graceSculpture65Larger PaintingsLittle evidence of larger works; written sources say Greeks created murals in many public buildingsOften included scenes from Iliad, Odyssey; showed aftermath of battles, rather than battle itselfThemes similar to tragic drama popular with AtheniansPaintingOnly a few original Greek paintings surviveBest preserved are paintings on vases, plates, other vesselsScenes from everyday life, or from myths, legendsMost use only red, black; still convey movement, depth66Pointers to review:

Greek LiteratureGreek Gods and GoddessesParts of SpeechPronounsVerbsAdjectives and AdverbsTroyPerseus and MedusaThe Odyssey