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1

GREEN model

Global Radiation Earth ENvironment(Version 1)

A. Sicard, S. Bourdarie, D. Boscher, V. Maget, D. Lazaro

R. Ecoffet, D. Standarovski

2

GREEN : Why a new model?

Existing global models:- AE8/AP8 (reference models) composed of one model in solar MAX and another model in solar MIN

- AE9/AP9 composed of a mean model or a perturbed or Monte-Carlo model with confidence levels

Existing local ONERA models:- Electron: SLOT (2.3<L<5) , OZONE (L>4), IGE-2006 (geostationary orbit), MEO-V2

- Proton: OPAL (<800 km) and IGP (GEO)

Why a new global model?:- To overcome the well-known deficiencies in the existing global models

(AE8/AP8)

- To deduce parameters linked to effects and to compare them with in-situ degradation measurements

- To compare with AE9/AP9

3

GREEN : How to proceed?

Main principles:

GREEN (V0) is a new model composed of different existing global and local models

A list of models has been defined to start with in the case of electrons and another one for protons. These two lists can be expanded and discussed at any time.

A 3 dimension grid in Energy, Blocal/Beq and L has been defined and represents the global architecture of GREEN. This 3D grid (Ec, B/BEq, L) is the same as Salammbô’s one with 133 steps in L, 133 steps in B/BEq and 49 steps in energy, in particular it allows a maximum cell size of 200 km.

Flux from each model integrated in GREEN have been calculated on this grid.

Then a priority order of the different models has been established accordingto space location or energy.

4

GREEN : Models contained in GREEN-e

L

Energy and L* (or L) coverage for models contained in GREEN-e:

Energ

ie [M

eV

]

SPM

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Slot

AE8

IGE2006

OZONE

AE8/10AE8*factor up

to 0.01

5

GREEN : Models contained in GREEN-p

Energy and L* (or L) coverage for models contained in GREEN-p:

L

Ene

rgie

[M

eV

]

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

OPAL

AP8

0.001

SPM IGP

AP8

OPAL

SPM IGP

6

IGE-2006(ECSS standard for GEO)

SLOT

GREEN-eElectrons

GREEN-pProtons

OPAL

IGP(GEO)

GREEN

OZONEOuter zone

AP8AE8

GREEN : Overview of models contained in GREEN

7

GREEN : SLOT model (1/3)

Only few models in this region exist. AE8 iswell-known to under-estimate electron flux in this zone. New model was needed and has been developped in 2013 and improved in 2016 and 2017.

L=3LEO

This SLOT model is based on the correlation betweenflux at LEO orbit and flux along the magnetic field line

L=3LEO

Data used:37 years of data at LEO !!

Data used at LEO orbit

Data used at other orbits

Spacecraft Time coverage Energy channels

NOAA 6 SEM 07/197911/1986 >100 keV, >300 keV, >1.1 MeV



NOAA 15 SEM-2 07/1998présent >100 keV, >300 keV, >3 MeV

Spacecraft Time coverage Energy channels

CRRES 07/199010/1991 17 channels between 110keV and

1.58 MeV (MEA)

ICO 05/199408/2006 3 channels between 0.95 MeV and

3.5 MeV

HEO1 05/199408/2006 2 channels: >1.5 MeV et >3 MeV

HEO3 11/199705/2008 2 channels: >1.5MeV, >3MeV

RBSP-A 04/201312/2016 18 channels between 100 keV et

4.5 MeV

8

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]

Year of solar cycle (min=0)

Flux 1979-1980

Flux 1981-1990

Flux 1991-2000

Flux 2001-2013

Flux 2014-2015

Mean Flux

Max Flux

E> 100 keV, 3.0<L*<3.1

GREEN : SLOT model (3/3)

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]

Year

2.0<L<2.1

2.1<L<2.2

2.2<L<2.3

2.3<L<2.4

2.4<L<2.5

2.5<L<2.6

2.6<L<2.7

2.7<L<2.8

2.8<L<2.9

2.9<L<3.0

3.0<L<3.1

3.1<L<3.2

3.2<L<3.3

3.3<L<3.4

3.4<L<3.5

3.5<L<3.6

3.6<L<3.7

3.7<L<3.8

3.8<L<3.9

3.9<L<4.0

F10.7

In 2016 and 2017 the SLOT model has been improved and reproduce the solar cycle modulation based on NOAA data:

Example at 100 keV:

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]

Year

2.0<L<2.1

2.1<L<2.2

2.2<L<2.3

2.3<L<2.4

2.4<L<2.5

2.5<L<2.6

2.6<L<2.7

2.7<L<2.8

2.8<L<2.9

2.9<L<3.0

3.0<L<3.1

3.1<L<3.2

3.2<L<3.3

3.3<L<3.4

3.4<L<3.5

3.5<L<3.6

3.6<L<3.7

3.7<L<3.8

3.8<L<3.9

3.9<L<4.0

F10.7

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]

Year of the solar cycle (min=0)

2.0<L<2.1

2.1<L<2.2

2.2<L<2.3

2.3<L<2.4

2.4<L<2.5

2.5<L<2.6

2.6<L<2.7

2.7<L<2.8

2.8<L<2.9

2.9<L<3.0

3.0<L<3.1

3.1<L<3.2

3.2<L<3.3

3.3<L<3.4

3.4<L<3.5

3.5<L<3.6

3.6<L<3.7

3.7<L<3.8

3.8<L<3.9

3.9<L<4.0

E> 100 keV

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]


Flux 1979-1980

Flux 1981-1990

Flux 1991-2000

Flux 2001-2013

Flux 2014-2015

Mean Flux

Max Flux

E> 100 keV, 3.0<L*<3.1E> 100 keV, 3.0<L*<3.1

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]


Flux 1979-1980

Flux 1981-1990

Flux 1991-2000

Flux 2001-2013

Flux 2014-2015

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]


1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

.sr-

1]


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GREEN : OZONE model (1/2)

OZONE : an outer belt electron model based on data assimilation :

OZONE =Salammbô physical model + data assimilation

Model valid for L*>4 and between 300 keV and 10 MeV, depending on the year of the solar cycle

10

GREEN : OZONE model (2/2)

Examples of results:

Comparison of omnidirectional differential fluxes for 3 energies function of altitude between OZONE and AE8 min.

Omnidirectional differential fluxes at magnetic equator in the outer electron belt versus year relative to solar minimum at L*=6

11

GREEN : IGE-2006 model

Model for electrons at geostationary orbit based on LANL data from 1976 to 2005:

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

janv-76 janv-80 janv-84 janv-88 janv-92 janv-96 janv-00 janv-04

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


1976-059CPA

1979-053

1981-0251982-019

1984-0371984-129

1987-0971989-046

1990-095

1991-080

1994-084

LANL-97A

LANL-01A

LANL-02A

SOPA ESP

1977-007

0

50

100

150

200

250

300


0

50

100

150

200

250

300


0

50

100

150

200

250

300


0

50

100

150

200

250

300


1976-059CPA

1979-053

1981-0251982-019

1984-0371984-129

1987-0971989-046

1990-095

1991-080

1994-084

LANL-97A

LANL-01A

LANL-02A

SOPA ESP

1977-007MPA + MPA + SOPA +

DRTS

1,E-03

1,E-02

1,E-01

1,E+00

1,E+01

1,E+02

1,E+03

1,E+04

1,E+05

1,E+06

1,E+07

1,E+08

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Year of the solar cycle (min = 0)

Flu

x (

ke

V-1

.cm

-2.s

r-1.s

-1)

1 keV

5.2 MeV

1.E-03

1.E-01

1.E+01

1.E+03

1.E+05

1.E+07

1.E+09

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Energie (keV)

Flu

x (

ke

v-1

.cm

-2.s

r-1

.s-1

)

IGE-2006: Mean case

IGE-2006: Lower case

IGE-2006: Upper case

AE8 200° East

Extrapolation of AE8 at low energy

12

Monthly average 1 keV proton flux measured at GEO by the MPA detector on board the different LANL spacecraft

Monthly average 80 keVproton flux measured at GEO by the CPA detector on board the different LANL spacecraft

Monthly average 1 keV proton flux measured at GEO by the MPA detector on board the different LANL spacecraft

GREEN : IGP model

Model for protons at geostationary orbit based on LANL data from 1976 to 2005:

Monthly average 1 keV proton flux measured at GEO by the CPA detector on board the different LANL spacecraft

Proton model at geostationary orbit from 1 keV to 1 MeV

based on more than 3 solar cycles of LANL data

13

GREEN : OPAL (1/2)

ONERA had an opportunity to develop a high energy proton model at low-altitude with NOAA data:

- Measurements near 850km since July 1978 on NOAA spacecraft- Only two different detectors (SEM and SEM-2) with long time coverage and only few gaps

NOAA-12 in 1997P8 channel

Protons > 82 MeV

Flux [cm

-2.s-1.sr-1

]

102

101

100

Main strengths of these data sets:• 3 close energy channels on close orbits• 38 years of measurements(more than 3 solar cycles)• Detectors with well-known geometry• Well-known position of the detectors on the spacecraft

Description of the model

14

Two main steps in the model:- correction of the maximum pitch angle being seen at a given altitude and L due to the drift of

the magnetic field with time- calculation of the time delay between F10.7 radio flux and protons fluxes dynamics.

GREEN : OPAL (2/2)

Comparison between count rates of P8 channel versus time at Lm=1.300 for 2 equatorial pitch angles and results of model at E> 82 MeV.

Comparison between OPAL and data:

1

10

100

1000

10000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

P8 C

oun

t ra

tes

(s-1

)

Year

NOAA P8 54.75°

model 54.75°

NOAA P8 63.75°

model 63.75°

1

10

100

1000

10000

1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008

année

tau

x d

e c

om

pta

ge P

8 (

s-1

)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Flu

x r

adio

sola

ire

63.75

59.25

54.75

51.75

F107

Evolution of count rates of P8 channel in the continuous NOAA data set for Lm=1.3 for different pitch angles and comparison with solar radio flux.

F10

.7

Co

un

t R

ates

(s-1

)

Year

15

Flu

x [

cm

-2.s

-1]

> 500 keV

xMAG

ZM

AG

1996

Flu

x [

cm

-2.s

-1]

> 500 keV

xMAG

ZM

AG

2003

GREEN : Example of results for GREEN-e

Meridian maps of >500 keV electron flux in 1996 (solar min) and 2003 (solar max):

> 500 keV

xMAG

ZM

AG

Nu

méro

du

mo

dè

le5

4

3

2

1

AE8 OZONE

SLOT

16

GREEN : Example of results for GREEN-e

Mapping of electron flux in 1996 (solar min) and 2003 (solar max) versus L* and Energy at equator:

SPM

AE8

SLOT OZONE

AE8corrected

SPM

AE8

SLOT OZONE

AE8corrected

17

Comparison of electron flux provided by GREEN-e and MEO-V2:

GREEN : Validation (1/3)

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1.E+09

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

Ele

ctro

n f

lux

[cm

-2.s

-1]

Energy [MeV]

GREEN-e

MEO-V2 Mean

MEO-V2 Upper

Mean flux on a whole solar cycle (11 years)

18


Comparison of electron flux provided by GREEN-e and NOAA (at NOAA-15 orbit, 825 km, 98°):

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

]

L*

GREEN >30keV

GREEN >100 keV

GREEN >300 keV

GREEN >1 MeV

GREEN >3 MeV

NOAA >30 keV

NOAA >100 keV

NOAA >300 keV

NOAA >1 MeV

NOAA >3 MeV

For L*<2.5 and E>1 MeV NOAA-15 measures the background al well as for L*>6 and E >3 MeV

The comparison between NOAA data and flux provided by GREEN is good except for E>30 keV (AE8 is the default model in GREEN for this energy)

Mean flux during a whole solar cycle (1999-2010)

19

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Flu

x e

lect

ron

s [c

m-2

.s-1

]

L*

E > 2.02 MeV

GREEN-e entre year 0 et -5 JASON moyen entre 2009 et 2015

GREEN

JASON-2

Mean flux between 2009 and 2015

Discontinuity between SLOT and OZONE

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

1.00E+01

1.00E+02

1.00E+03

1.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.00E+06

1.00E+07

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ele

ctro

n F

lux

[cm

-2.s

-1]

L*

GREEN > 100 keV

GREEN > 300 keV

GREEN > 1 MeV

GREEN > 3 MeV

NOAA > 100 keV (2009-2015)

NOAA > 300 keV (2009-2015)

NOAA > 1 MeV (2009-2015)

NOAA > 3 MeV (2009-2015)


Comparison of electron flux provided by GREEN-e and JASON-2 (1336 km, 63°):

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Flu

x e

lect

ron

s [c

m-2

.s-1

]

L*

E > 2.02 MeV

GREEN-e entre year 0 et -5 JASON moyen entre 2009 et 2015

GREEN

JASON-2

Mean flux between 2009 and 2015

Mean NOAA flux during JASON-2 period (2009-2015)

Time period of JASON-2 is not

representative of a mean flux since

begining of space age in the Slot region

1.E-03

1.E-02

1.E-01

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

1.E+08

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Flu

x [c

m-2

.s-1

]

L*

GREEN >30keV

GREEN >100 keV

GREEN >300 keV

GREEN >1 MeV

GREEN >3 MeV

NOAA >30 keV

NOAA >100 keV

NOAA >300 keV

NOAA >1 MeV

NOAA >3 MeV

Mean NOAA flux during 1999-2010

20

GREEN : Conclusions and Perspectives

GREEN-e model is composed of AE8, SPM, SLOT, OZONE and IGE-2006 and is valid from 1 keV to 10 MeV

GREEN-p model is composed of AP8, SPM and OPAL and is valid from 1 keV to 650 MeV

GREEN in a solar cycle dependent model

New local models are needed where only AE8 and AP8 are available. Data with good quality and statistics are essential to hope for a reliable local model.

A ‘Worst case’ version is in progress and would provide worst fluxes along an orbit as EOR for example

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