greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions and reduction · in 2009, pasadena’s community-wide ghg emissions...
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2009 AND 2013 EMISSIONS
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG)
EMISSIONS AND REDUCTION
GHG EMISSIONS AND REDUCTION TARGETS
In 2009, Pasadena’s community-wide GHG emissions (including municipal emissions) totaled 2,044,921 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MT CO2e). The 2009 inventory serves as the baseline from which Pasadena’s progress is measured. An update to the 2009 inventory was completed for the year 2013 as part of the General Plan EIR. In 2013, Pasadena’s emissions totaled 1,857,280 MT CO2e. The 2013 inventory provides a more accurate picture of current emissions levels and demonstrates Pasadena’s progress over time.
Forecasts allow cities to understand how GHG emissions will change in the future and provide a way to estimate local GHG emissions relative to long-term State targets. To illustrate potential emissions growth from the baseline year, Pasadena’s GHG emissions have been forecast for the years 2020, 2035, and 2050. Business-as-usual Forecast: Provides an estimate of how GHG emissions would change in the years 2020, 2035 and 2050 if consumption trends and efficiencies continue as they did in 2009, absent any new regulations that would reduce local emissions.
Adjusted Forecast: Since 2013, a number of federal and State regulations have been enacted that would reduce Pasadena’s GHG emissions in 2020, 2035, and 2050. The impact of these regulations was quantified and incorporated into an adjusted forecast to provide a more accurate picture of future emissions growth and the responsibility of the City and community once State regulations to reduce GHG emissions have been implemented.
BUSINESS-AS-USUAL AND ADJUSTED FORECASTS
EO S-3-05: 347,637
SB 32: 858,867
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
2009 2013 2020 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
GH
G E
mis
sio
ns
(MT
CO
2e
)
Year
Draft Climate Action Plan
State Targets
Business-as-UsualForecast
Adjusted Forecast
AB 32: 1,738,183
2020 GHG REDUCTION TARGET & GOAL
GREENHOUSE GAS (GHG)
REDUCTION TARGETS AND GOALS
2035 GHG REDUCTION TARGET & GOAL
Pasadena has established greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction goals that exceed the State’s established targets. Pasadena will look to maintain a leadership role in sustainability and will continue to strive to exceed State targets in the years 2020, 2030, 2035 and 2050. Specifically, the Pasadena Climate Action Plan establishes local goals consistent with the State’s GHG reduction targets outlined in Assembly Bill (AB) 32, Senate Bill (SB) 32, and Executive Order (EO) S-3-05 and identifies a comprehensive set of measures to reach the goals.
Existing Local & State Measures
2020 CAP Measures
Existing Local & State Measures
Transportation 39%
Energy 59%
Water 2%
Waste <1%
Urban Greening <1%
2035 CAP Measures Transportation
55%
Energy 43%
Water 1%
Waste 1%
Urban Greening <1%
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
Pasadena's Emissions
Met
ric
Ton
s C
O2e
State Target
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
Pasadena's Emissions
Met
ric
Ton
s C
O2e
State Target
City’s Goal
City’s Goal
Continue to expand the city’s bicycle and pedestrian network
Maintain ongoing efforts to improve bicycle and pedestrian safety
Continue to encourage bicycle and pedestrian travel through outreach and education
Continue to enhance safe, reliable, and seamless transit service
Expand the availability and use of alternative fuel vehicles and fueling infrastructure
Decrease annual commuter miles traveled by single occupancy vehicles
These measures focus on the reduction of GHG emissions from transportation fuel consumption by reducing vehicle miles travelled (VMT) and improving traffic flow. This involves managing transportation demand through a reduction in automobile dependence through facilitating smart growth development patterns, promoting walking, bicycling, and use of public transit as viable travel options. This sector also includes measures to reduce GHG emissions associated with off-road vehicles and equipment.
DRAFT CAP MEASURES
POTENTIAL GHG REDUCTION FROM CAP MEASURES
PUBLIC COMMENTS FROM PREVIOUS MEETING
T 3
COMMENTS CAP MEASURE NUMBERS
Establish more bike lanes, racks, and bike-share stations; improve bike safety T 1, T 2
Support complete streets and commute safety T 1, T 2, T 4
Increase community outreach and education T 3, T 4, T 5, T 6
Encourage efficient public transportation T 4
Install EV charging stations T 6
MOBILITY AND LAND USE
T 2 T 1
T 6
T 5 T 4
Implement improvements to smooth traffic flow, reduce idling, eliminate bottlenecks, and encourage efficient driving techniques
Facilitate high density, mixed-use, transit-oriented and infill development
Reduce emissions from heavy-duty construction equipment and vehicles
Reduce emissions from lawn and garden equipment
T 9 T 8 T 7 T 10
2009 (Baseline) 2020 2035
1,054,901 MT CO2e 70,955 MT CO2e
(7% reduction)
248,486 MT CO2e
(24% reduction)
MOBILITY AND LAND USE
Draft Measures & Implementation Actions Performance Objectives
GHG Reduction
Potential
(MT CO2e)
2020 2035 2020 2035
T1 Continue to expand the city’s bicycle and pedestrian network
Bicycle Transportation
Action Plan
Track Progress
Pedestrian Plan
Bike Share Program
Network Improvement
and Expansion
Bike Friendly
Development
End-of-Trip Facilities
Install 3 new miles of
bike lanes, purchase
a total of 400 bike
share bikes, install a
total of 1 bike share
station per square
mile
Install 18 new miles
of bike lanes,
purchase a total of
800 bike share bikes,
install a total of 3
bike share stations
per square mile
196
523
T2 Maintain ongoing efforts to improve bicycle and pedestrian safety
Safety Improvements
Safe Routes to Schools
Bike Racks
Traffic Calming
Safety and Road Sharing
Campaign
Improve bicycle and pedestrian safety Supportive
(quantified under T 1)
T3 Continue to encourage bicycle and pedestrian travel through outreach and education
“Open-street” Events
Traffic Training Courses
Bicycle and Pedestrian
Network Map
Increase outreach and education Supportive
(quantified under T 1)
T4 Continue to enhance safe, reliable, and seamless transit service
Seamless Transit
Implement and Update
Short Range Transit Plan
Outreach Activities
Transportation Surveys
Achieve 10% transit
mode share
Achieve 20% transit
mode share
32,414
84,828
T5 Decrease annual commuter miles traveled by single occupancy vehicles
Trip Reduction
Ordinance
Car Sharing
Trip Reduction Toolkit
Achieve 10%
carpooling mode
share
Achieve 15%
carpooling mode
share
5,502 22,163
T6 Expand the availability and use of alternative fuel vehicles and fueling infrastructure
Charging Station
Inventory
EV Chargers
Update Zoning Code
Advertise Stations
Achieve 5%
electrical vehicle
mode share
Achieve 25%
electrical vehicle
mode share
32,842 140,973
T7 Implement improvements to smooth traffic flow, reduce idling, eliminate bottlenecks, and encourage efficient
driving techniques
Intelligent Transportation
Systems
Eco-Driving Practices
Signal Synchronization
Integrated Corridor
Management
Traffic Mitigation
Improvements
Reduce vehicle idling
Supportive (does not
result in significant GHG
emissions reductions)
T8 Facilitate high density, mixed-use, transit-oriented and infill development
Regional Transportation
Plan/Sustainable
Communities Strategy
Efficient Land Use
Develop Vacant Parcels
Implement General Plan land use Supportive (no GHG
reductions beyond the
General Plan)
T9 Reduce emissions from heavy-duty construction equipment and vehicles
Limit Equipment Idling Alternative Energy/Fuel
Requirements
Reduce emissions from construction
vehicles
Supportive (emissions
from construction
equipment not included
in baseline inventory)
T10 Reduce emissions from lawn and garden equipment
Efficient Equipment
Incentives
Replace City Equipment
Native Landscape
Education
Reduce emissions from lawn and
garden equipment
Supportive (emissions
from lawn equipment
not included in baseline
inventory)
Increase energy efficiency requirements of new buildings to perform better than 2016 Title 24 Standards
Encourage the use of energy conservation devices and passive design concepts that make use of the natural climate to increase energy efficiency and reduce housing costs such as, maximizing the cooling of buildings through tree planting and shading to reduce building electricity demands
Facilitate energy efficient upgrades in existing homes and business
Lead by example through increased municipal energy conservation
Increase citywide use of carbon-neutral energy by encouraging and incentivizing residential and commercial carbon-neutral technologies (e.g., solar, wind, biogas), and continuing to expand PWP’s carbon-free energy portfolio
Energy is used in homes and businesses daily for functions such as lighting, cooking, and temperature control. Energy conservation is defined as any behavior that results in the use of less energy, while energy efficiency is the use of technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. GHG emission reductions can be achieved by changes to both energy demand (e.g., improving energy efficiency and reducing consumption) and energy supply (e.g., switching from a high-carbon to a renewable or zero-carbon technology or fuel).
DRAFT CAP MEASURES
POTENTIAL GHG REDUCTION FROM CAP MEASURES
PUBLIC COMMENTS FROM PREVIOUS MEETING
E 3
COMMENTS CAP MEASURE NUMBERS
Facilitate energy conservation and retrofits E 1, E 2, E 3, E 4, E 5
Encourage carbon-neutral buildings E 1, E3, E4
Establish sub-metering and electric HVAC/water heating E 3, E4
Facilitate energy conservation workshops and outreach to HOAs E 3
Encourage smart meters, solar panels, solar batteries E 3, E4, E 5
ENERGY CONSERVATION
E 2 E 1 E 5 E 4
2009 (Baseline) 2020 2035
956,239 MT CO2e 106,379 MT CO2e
(11% reduction)
198,232 MT CO2e
(21% reduction)
ENERGY CONSERVATION
Draft Measures & Implementation Actions
Performance Objectives GHG Reduction Potential
(MT CO2e)
2020 2035 2020 2035
Increase energy efficiency requirements of new buildings to perform better than 2016 Title 24 Standards E1 Update Green Building
Ordinance
Energy Management Systems
Encourage Energy Efficiency
Energy Outreach
-- Achieve 100% of
new residential units
built between 2020
and 2035 are zero-
net energy (ZNE) (as
mandated by Title
24)
Achieve 25% of new
commercial units
built between 2020 &
2035 are ZNE
(exceeds Title 24)
-- 6,784
Encourage the use of energy conservation devices and passive design concepts that make use of the natural E2 climate to increase energy efficiency and reduce housing costs such as maximize the cooling of buildings through
tree planting and shading to reduce building electricity demands
Solar Design
Natural Lighting
Building Shading
Encourage passive design concepts Supportive
(quantified under E 1)
Facilitate energy efficient upgrades in existing homes and businesses E3 Energy Campaigns
Smart Appliances
Incentive Programs
Provide Resources
Benchmark Use
Promote Audits
Efficiency Financing
New Customer Audits
Energy Efficient Giveaways
Highlight Success Stories
Reduce energy
use in existing
buildings by 16%
(below 2013 levels)
Reduce energy
use in existing
buildings by 40%
(below 2013 levels)
103,629 162,720
Lead by example through increased municipal energy conservation E4 City Energy Audits
Municipal Upgrades
Energy-Saving Software
Plug-Load Management
Reduce municipal
energy use by 10%
(below 2013 levels)
Reduce municipal
energy use by 50%
(below 2013 levels)
2,406 14,193
Increase city-wide use of carbon-neutral energy by encouraging and incentivizing residential and commercial E5 carbon-neutral technologies (e.g., solar, wind, biogas) and continuing to expand PWP’s carbon-neutral energy
portfolio
Pasadena Solar Initiative
Solar-Ready Buildings
On-Site Carbon-Neutral Requirement
Solar Power Shade Structures
Eliminate Coal-Based Energy
Model a 100% Carbon Neutral Portfolio
Replace 950,000
kWh of electricity
with carbon-
neutral energy
Replace 95,000,000
kWh of electricity
with carbon-
neutral energy
344 14,535
Types of Energy Sources
Renewable energy refers to resources that are replenished in a relatively short period of time. Renewable energy sources include hydropower, wood biomass (used to generate heat and electricity), alternative biomass fuels (such as ethanol and biodiesel), waste, geothermal, wind, and solar (IER). Renewable energy plays an important role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. When renewable energy sources are used, the demand for fossil fuels is reduced. Unlike fossil fuels, non-biomass renewable sources of energy (hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar) do not directly emit greenhouse gases (EIA).
Renewable Energy
Green Power
The CAP’s overall goal is to reduce GHG emissions to meet State targets. One of the strategies includes reducing GHG emissions by changing energy supply. The CAP’s long-term goal is to achieve 100% carbon-neutral power including 50% renewables.
Fossil fuels are a conventional , non-renewable forms of energy that are formed in the earth from plant or animal remains and include coal, oil, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are the primary source of human-generated greenhouse gas emissions (U.S. EPA).
Fossil Fuels
Pasadena’s CAP & Energy Goals
Green power is a subset of renewable energy and represents those renewable energy resources and technologies that provide the highest environmental benefit. EPA defines green power as electricity produced from solar, wind, geothermal, biogas, eligible biomass, and low-impact small hydroelectric sources. Customers often buy green power for its zero emissions profile and carbon footprint reduction benefits (US EPA).
*Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Eligibility. Available at: http://www.energy.ca.gov/2015publications/CEC-300-2015-001/CEC-300-2015-001-ED8-CMF.pdf U.S. Department of Energy. Available at: https://energy.gov/eere/water/how-hydropower-works Institute for Energy Research (IER). Renewable Energy. Available at: http://instituteforenergyresearch.org/topics/encyclopedia/renewable-energy/ U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Renewable Energy Explained. Available at: http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/?page=renewable_home U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). Green Power Partnership: What is Green Power? Available at: https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/what-green-power U.S. EPA. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-data
Sources
Carbon-Neutral Power Carbon-neutral power is generated through processes that do not directly produce greenhouse gas emissions. For example, large hydropower plants generate electricity by capturing the energy of falling water. Generally, a turbine converts the kinetic energy of the falling water into mechanical energy and a generator converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy, which is then fed into the electrical grid (U.S. Department of Energy).
Conserving water reduces energy usage and in turn reduces the production of GHGs emitted through the consumption of fossil fuels used to create energy. Water conservation includes reducing water use, incorporating recycled water, and improving water quality.
DRAFT CAP MEASURES
POTENTIAL GHG REDUCTION FROM CAP MEASURES
PUBLIC COMMENTS FROM PREVIOUS MEETING
COMMENTS CAP MEASURE NUMBERS
Establish drought tolerant landscaping and demonstration gardens WC 1
Encourage household retrofits, rebate programs, laundry to landscape WC 1, WC 2
Investigate recycled water for large users WC 2
Encourage rainwater harvesting , bioswales/dry ponds, permeable surfaces WC 2, WC 3
Use cut curbs where available WC 3
WATER CONSERVATION
Reduce potable water usage throughout the city
Increase community access to and use of recycled water
Improve storm water capture to slow, sink, and treat water run-off, recharge groundwater, and improve water quality
WC 3 WC 2 WC 1
2009 (Baseline) 2020 2035
18,762 MT CO2e 3,753 MT CO2e
(20% reduction)
5,552 MT CO2e
(30% reduction)
WATER CONSERVATION
Draft Measures & Implementation Actions Performance Objectives
GHG Reduction
Potential
(MT CO2e)
2020 2035 2020 2035
Reduce potable water usage throughout the city WC1 Urban Water Management Plan
Retrofits and Rainwater Harvesting
Drought tolerant landscaping
Landscape Ordinance
School Conservation
Water Efficiency Outreach
Water Efficiency Survey
Reduce water
consumption by
15% (below 2013
levels)
Reduce water
consumption by
40% (below 2013
levels)
3,753
4,191
Increase community access to and use of recycled water WC2 Non-Potable Water Project (NPWP)
Evaluate NPWP
NPWP Outreach
Community Greywater Assistance
Dual Plumbing Requirements
Achieve 2% of
water supply from
recycled water
Achieve 10% of
water supply from
recycled water
573
1,361
Improve storm water capture to slow, sink, and treat water run-off, recharge groundwater, and WC3 improve water quality
Replace Impervious Surfaces
Increase Storm Water Capacity
Project Funding and Prioritization
Restore Arroyo Seco
Storm Water Management Development
Standards
Increase storm water capture Supportive
(does not directly
result in GHG
emissions reductions)
Continue to reduce solid waste and landfill emissions through continued implementation of the City’s Zero Waste Strategic Plan
Establish a “Preferred Procurement Plan” for sustainable, strategic sourcing for all City departments and facilities
Create an internal reuse program for all City departments to recirculate unwanted but gently used goods, furniture, and office supplies rather than discarding the items as waste or recycling
Implement a city-wide composting program to limit the total amount of organic material entering landfills
Reduce the greenhouse gas impacts of the waste collection system
Implement 3-bin compost systems in addition to recycling bins and landfill bins at all public parks to compost all trimmings and waste onsite to divert organic materials from the landfill, increase locally available compost, and educate the public about composting
These measures focus on reducing GHG emissions associated with landfilling, collection, and transportation of waste as well as the methane generation from the decomposition of solid waste sent to landfill and combustion facilities. Waste reduction includes material recovery, recycling, reuse, composting, and other initiatives related to material resource conservation. Measures WR 2, WR 3, WR 5 and WR 6 are considered supportive measures as these measures help achieve the larger waste reduction goals and associated GHG reductions quantified under WR 1 and WR 4.
DRAFT CAP MEASURES
POTENTIAL GHG REDUCTION FROM CAP MEASURES
PUBLIC COMMENTS FROM PREVIOUS MEETING
WR 3
COMMENTS CAP MEASURE NUMBERS
Reduce waste WR 1, WR 2, WR 3, WR 4, WR 5
Reduce food packaging; encourage edible food waste recycling WR 1, WR 4
Encourage outreach and education WR 1, WR 4, WR 5
Install composting bins at public facilities and composting workshops WR 4, WR 5
Provide mulch for the community and City landscaping WR 4, WR 5
WASTE REDUCTION
WR 2 WR 1 WR 6 WR 5 WR 4
2009 (Baseline) 2020 2035
15,019 MT CO2e 494 MT CO2e
(3% reduction)
3,677 MT CO2e
(25% reduction)
WASTE REDUCTION
Draft Measures & Implementation Actions Performance Objectives
GHG Reduction
Potential
(MT CO2e)
2020 2035 2020 2035
Continue to reduce solid waste and landfill emissions through continued implementation of the City’s Zero Waste WR1 Strategic Plan
Zero Waste Strategic Plan
Annual Zero Waste Progress
Multi-use Food Containers
Zero Waste Outreach
Municipal Waste Diversion
Achieve 75%
diversion rate
Achieve 87%
diversion rate
263 2,646
Establish a “Preferred Procurement Plan” for sustainable, strategic sourcing for all City departments and facilities WR2 Recycled or Refillable Supplies
Bulk Ordering
Purchasing Policy
Establish a Municipal Preferred
Procurement Plan
Supportive
(quantified under
WR 1)
Create an internal program for all City departments to recirculate unwanted but gently used goods, furniture, WR3 and office supplies rather than discarding the items as waste or recycling
“Free” Database
Office Clean Outs
Create a Municipal Reuse Program Supportive
(quantified under
WR 1)
Implement a citywide composting program to limit the total amount of organic material entering landfills WR4 Food Waste Recycling
Community Outreach
Backyard Compost
Compost Education
Composting Facilities
Compost Resources
Redistribute Mulch/Compost
Compost/Mulch Program
Achieve 12%
organic waste
diversion
Achieve 20%
organic waste
diversion
231 1,031
Implement 3-bin compost systems in addition to recycling bins and landfill bins at all public parks to compost all WR5 trimmings and waste onsite to divert organic materials from the landfill, increase locally available compost, and
educate the public about composting
Park Amenities Matrix
Compost Systems
Compost Signs
Compost Workshops
City to Home Compost
Implement 3-bin waste system Supportive
(quantified under
WR 4)
Reduce the greenhouse gas impacts of the waste collection system WR6 Waste Collection Carbon Footprint Study
Electrify Waste Haul Fleet
Reduce waste collection carbon
footprint
Supportive
(quantified under T 6)
Continue to preserve, enhance, and acquire additional greenspace throughout the city to improve carbon sequestration, reduce the urban heat-island effect, and increase opportunities for active recreation
Continue to protect existing and plant new trees to improve and ensure viability of the city’s urban forest
Urban greening is an integrated approach to the planting, care, and management of all vegetation in Pasadena including both developed natural areas such as street trees, landscaping, parks, and un-developed natural areas and open space. Trees and other green space reduce GHG emissions by absorbing and capturing the GHG, carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere, also known as a process called carbon sequestration.
Carbon dioxide sequestration is a process where CO2 is removed from the atmosphere and stored. According to the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, terrestrial sequestration utilizes natural processes in ecosystems to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and store it in plants, animals, and soil. Forests store large amounts of carbon. In the US, forests make up 90% of the US carbon sink and sequester approximately 10% of US CO2 emissions (Forest Service 2017). There are four places where carbon can be stored:
• Aboveground – leaves, stems, and other plant parts • Long-lived products – wood and other products that come from trees • Soil – rotting leaves, debris, and soil organisms • Inorganic carbon in soils and rock
DRAFT CAP MEASURES
CARBON SEQUESTRATION
PUBLIC COMMENTS FROM PREVIOUS MEETING
COMMENTS CAP MEASURE NUMBERS
Establish community gardens UG 1
Encourage native landscaping UG 1
Plant shade trees UG 2
Plant public park trees UG 2
Utilize fruit trees when possible UG 2
URBAN GREENING
UG 2 UG 1
URBAN GREENING
Draft Measures & Implementation Actions Performance Objectives
GHG Reduction
Potential
(MT CO2e)
2020 2035 2020 2035
Continue to preserve, enhance and acquire additional greenspace throughout the city to improve carbon UR1 sequestration, reduce the urban heat-island effect, and increase opportunities for active recreation
Accessible Open Space
Additional Greenspace
Convert to Greenspace
Plant 5 new acres
of greenspace
Plant 30 new acres
of greenspace
22 30
Continue to protect existing and plant new trees to improve and ensure viability of the city’s urban forest UR2 Sidewalk Trees
Tree Health Assessment Program
Encourage Private Tree Planting
Plant 500 new trees Plant 2,000 new
trees
18 71