ground improvement methods using column-type techniques
TRANSCRIPT
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Ground Improvement
Methods Using Column-
Type Techniques
102nd Annual Road School 2015 3/9/2016
Malek Smadi, Ph.D., P.E.
Principal Engineer - GEOTILL - Fishers, Indiana
[email protected] - www.geotill.com
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CONTENTS
1. Column Ground
Improvement Overview
2. Stone Columns
3. Soil Mixing
4. Grouting
5. Procedures Used In The
Improvement Column
Technology
7. Case Histories
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Example of Soft Ground
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Goal of Column Ground Improvement
To increase bearing capacity, shear or frictional strength
To increase density
To control deformations
To accelerate consolidation
To decrease imposed loads
To provide lateral stability
To form seepage cutoffs or fill voids
To increase resistance to liquefaction
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Column Ground Improvement Types
Reinforcement Accomplished by reinforcing
soft foundations of soils
Stone Columns
Chemical Stabilization
Soil Mixing
Accomplished by Physio-chemical alteration of foundation
soils to increase their compressive strength
Grouting Accomplished by
densification and / or replacement
Column Ground Improvement Types
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Ground Improvement
100 LIQUEFIABl E SOILS
90 Clays 80
.. 70 ~ CJ) ·-Q)
~ 60 ~ .a ... Q) 50 c: ·-u. .. c: 40 CD
~ Q)
Q. 30
20
10 Sands
0 (.9 10 0.1 0,01 0.001 000(
Particle Size (mm) GEOTILL E N G INEERING , INC.
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Ground Improvement
CRAVEL SAND SILT CLAY 100
' '\ ~ ' t. ~·llllill .. ~ CI.IKII
\ - SIIITy - ""' GrauiiiV Graltlr1l ~
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MGraullng
\ \ ~
eo 2.0 0.06 0.002 PWtlele Size (nW11J
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Stone Columns
@] GEOTILL
G IN · NG INEERI N '
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Soil Mixing Columns
Pos uon ng o aug r lool
Or lhng nd mtxmg so I w th cement grout
Bonom mixing
Wuhdrawtng •1h I conunu ng so lmtxtng
Complete m1 ed product column
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Grouting Columns
To back~ow recyding
Air Cementl
I I
I I
' I
'
I
I I
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Stone Columns Types
Aggregate Column
Granular Piles
Vibro Stone Column
Rammed Stone Column
Compacted Stone Column
Aggregate Piers
Sand Compaction Piles
Geotextile Encased Columns
Grout Stone Columns
Vibro-Concrete Columns (VCC)
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History of Stone Columns
Used in 1830 by French Military (Hughes and Withers, 1974)
Rediscovered in 1930’s with vibroflotation of granular soils
Early 1960’s, stone columns in cohesive soils
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Stone Column Construction
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Stone Column Construction
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Applications of Stone Column
Buildings
Embankments
Bridge Approach Fills
Bridge Abutment and Foundation Support
Liquefaction
Improve Stability of Slopes
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Goals of Stone Columns
Densification
Reinforcement
Homogenization
Load Transfer (VCCs only)
Drainage
Vibratory Probe
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Benefits
Increased Bearing Capacity
Reduction of Total and Differential Settlement
Expedites Consolidation Settlement
Liquefaction Mitigation
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Types of Stone Column Construction
Vibro-Replacement (Wet Top Feed) (i.e. Vibroflotation) Stone column construction using water flush.
Refers to the wet, top feed process in which jetting water is used to aid the penetration of the ground by the vibrator.
Due to the jetting action, part of the in-situ soil is washed to the surface. This soil is then replaced by the backfill material.
Vibro-Displacement (Dry Top and Bottom Feed) Stone column construction using compressed air and no water flush.
Refers to the dry, top or bottom feed process; almost no in-situ soil appears at the surface but is displaced by the backfill material.
Compacted Stone Column A continuous vertical dense column of interlocking aggregate grains, free
of non granular inclusions.
Vibro-Concrete Columns
Vibro-Compaction Similar to Vibro Replacement, Except Stone is not Added
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Installation Techniques –Stone Columns
Dry Top Feed (cohesive soils)
Dry Bottom Feed (high water table, silty, etc.)
Wet Top Feed (typically silts and sands below WT)
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Dry Top Feed
Ill ! Ill
ll
Ill
Ill
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Dry Top Feed
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Bottom Feed
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Bottom Feed
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Bottom Feed
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Wet Top Feed
Ill
!II
!II
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Wet Top Feed
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Wet Top Feed
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Compacted Stone Column
This method is good substitute for vibrator compaction since it does not need technology
Disturbance and subsequent remolding by the ramming operation may limit its applicability to sensitive soils.
The method is useful in developing countries utilizing only indigenous equipment in contrast to the Vibro methods which require special equipment
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Compacted Stone Column - Geopiers
Typically 24 to 36 inches in diameter and 6 to 30 feet deep, constructed by drilling and ramming crushed rock in 12-inch lifts
The ramming equipment consists of excavators equipped with 2,000 to 4,000 lbs hydraulic hammers with beveled tampers
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Ground Improvement
Using mechanical means to improve the ground’s ability to support a structure Vibro Stone Columns –Soft, Cohesive Soils
Compacted Stone Columns - Soft, Cohesive Soils
Vibro compaction -Loose, Granular Soils
Vibro Concrete Columns or Geotextile Encased Sand Columns –Very Weak (OH, PT, etc)
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Advantages And Limitations of Vibro Stone Column
Eliminate pre-drilling
Avoid deep foundation
No spoils
Applicable to most soil types
Quick Installation and save time
Computer-aided QA/QC
Save money !
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Quality Control (QC) / Quality Assurance (QA)
Electronic Monitoring
Can record numerous
variables to suit contract e.g.: depth
packing-penetrating pressures
verticality
stone consumption
concrete pressure
time
pump pressure
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Plate Load (Modulus) Test
Kokomo Baseball Stadium
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Plate Load (Modulus) Test
40000
35000
30000 -1/J 25000 ..c
...J -"C 20000 C'tl 0
...J 15000
10000
5000
0
-~ ~ /
~ / ~ L
~ L L L
~ L ~
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Movement (in) ----Working test load
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Mechanisms of Load Transfer
Mechanisms of load transfer for
(a) a rigid pile and (b) a stone column
~ . : • . , ..•. . ·.:
Jl ··~ > . . .. " . '!.· ·. ~ :~ . I .. '
· .... ":.-.: ... .
iii
u r
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Typical Column Arrangements
Typical column arrangements, triangular grid
(left) and square grid (right)
I I
,-- - - - - -1 \
colutnn radius = r, colutnn area = Ac
I \
::----- -<__ Q ; ------ - -\ I \ \
,' ~ \- ---- - ~ ~ \ \:&} I ~ I \ I I
\ I s ' >------ -<' q) "- ------·
: __ , Q '>------1 Q ' I ~ '------< w ,~-- - -\
\ I
'- ------1
- - ------,---------- ~ I
I s_, I I I
------,~--- s ---~-:
· ~ @ I I
-~·-L --------- _ I
Area per column = A (Unit Cell)
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Bearing Pressures
Achievable post treatment bearing pressures are
dependent on:
a. Soil type
b. Column diameter (vibrator type/method of installation)
or column density (Ao/Ac ratio)
Typical bearing pressures:
Dry method -up to 3100 psf for soft cohesive soils
-up to 5200 psf for granular soils
Wet Method -up to 5200 psf for soft cohesive soils
-up to 8500 psf for granular soils
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Reduction of Settlement
Priebe’s basic improvement factor (Priebe, 1995)
6 <!>' = angle of internal f riction of the column material
c 5 Curves shown for ... ~
Poisson's Ratio u=1/3 0 <!>'=45° u
ro
/<fl'=42.5° n = ..§_ whero: LJ... 4 ~ Sr c (]) A "' FoundatiOn beanng area E (]) Av; = Area of stone column(s) in bearing atea > 3 S ~ Setoomont of unttoated ground 0 ~ s, • SetUemont tteated ground Q.
E 1--f
u . I./) 2 ro co
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reciprocal Area Improvement Ratio A/A:
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Difficult Ground Conditions
Very soft clays with Cu values < 310 psf
Peat/degradable fills
Obstructions and voided ground (made ground/natural)
Fills susceptible to collapse/inundation settlements
Non-engineered cohesive fills (<10 years)
Contaminated soils
Shrinkable soils
Backfilled pits/quarries or variable fill thickness
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MSE Wall Foundation Stabilization
420 stone columns
Bottom feed and top feed construction
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ENG INEERI NG, I NC.
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SR 37 Landslide - Indiana
SR 37 RP 11.4 Perry
County
550 piers, 30 inches in diameter – 28 to 30 ft deep
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SR 37 Landslide - Indiana
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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US 31 and SR 38 - Indiana
...
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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US 31 and SR 38 - Indiana
Stone Columns was Under Artesian Pressure
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Geotextile Encased Columns - GEC
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Vibro Concrete Columns
Work sequence for the construction of a vibro concrete
column VCC @] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Vibro Concrete Columns
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, I .
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Vibro Concrete Columns
Excavated VCC column Concrete placement for VCC
column
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Vibro Concrete Columns
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ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Vibro-Compaction
Densifying granular soil by inserting a vibrating probe into the ground
Probe spacing ranges from 6 to 14 feet
Suitable for sand with less than 15% fines (silt- and clay-size particles)
Vibrator is a torpedo shaped horizontally vibrating probe, 10 to 15 feet long, and weighs about 2 tons. The probe penetrates to the design depth under its own weight assisted by water jetting
Vibrator and Water Jets
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Vibro-Compaction
The action of vibrator and water jetting reduce intergranular forces between soil particles allowing them to become denser
The vibrator starts at the bottom of the hole and raised to treat the next interval; the procedure is repeated as backfill sand is added
If backfill is not added, craters with diameters of 10 to 15 feet can form around vibrator
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Vibro-Compaction
100 Silt Sand Gravel
/ v /
,.-..,
·oe. 80 ..._.... ......, .J::
-~ Q) 60 ~ >-..
..c 00 40 c V) V)
rt3 Q_
20
/ I ~ Vibro Replacement
, 7 ,
Vibro Compact ion j c/ I
I ~ I
/ v 0.002 0.006 0.02 0.06 0.2 0.6 2.0 6.0 20 60 100
Particle size (mm)
(9 GEOTILL
ENGINEERING, INC.
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Compaction Grouting -Limitations
Limited use in coarse grained gravels where grout cannot be prevented to enter the soil pores
Cohesive soils that will remold or where injection causes build up of pore water pressures
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Soil Mixing Columns
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Soil-Cement Mixing Columns
Mixing in-situ soil with cementitious materials using mixing shafts consisting of auger cutting heads, auger flights, or mixing paddles
Produce soil-cement columns with higher strength, lower compressibility, and lower permeability than the native soil
Used to improve bearing capacity and slope stability, and as shoring walls
Typical compressive strength of cylinders ranges from 15 to 300 psi
Typical permeability of mix ranges from 10-6 to 10-7 cm/sec
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Soil Mixed Walls/Columns
Full groundwater cutoff
Minimal vibration (drilled)
Can be made permanent with facing
Larger soldier piles add stiffness
Convenient anchor attachments
Triple
Head
Augers
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Soil Mixing Columns
SOIL MIXED WALLS
CSO Project Corona, NY
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Dry Soil Mixing
This is the most common method used for ground improvement that improves the characteristics of soft, high moisture content clays, peats, and other weak soils, by mechanically mixing them with dry cementitious binder to create soilcrete.
The process is often used in high ground water conditions and has the advantage of producing practically no spoil for disposal.
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Advantages And Limitations of Soil Mixing
Applicable for most of soils
Utilizes the existing soil
Dewatering is not required
Does not generate noise or vibration
High cost of mobilization
Accompanying auxiliary batch plant make these systems uneconomical for small projects
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Grouting Columns
SILnVC rout (lntnaon
C 0111BCIIOn C rout (D l~ac&llEIID
Jet Crout (Eroston
c 11EI111cal c rout (Penneilllort
Fractue Grout (FractlreJ @]
~------------------------------------------~ GEOTILL ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Compaction Grouting
Soil improvement involving the injection, under relatively high-pressure, of a stiff grout to displace and compact soils
The injected grout pushes the soils to the side as it forms a grout column or bulb
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Compaction Grouting - Applications
Reducing liquefaction potential
Arresting foundation settlement
Lifting and leveling structures
Pre-construction site improvement
Settlement control over tunnels or sinkholes
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When is it typically used
Soil compaction near existing buildings and underground services, where vibratory methods are not practical
Very small compaction projects, where the mob/demob cost of vibro equipment is prohibitive
Many low cost providers
Low headroom
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Compaction Grouting -Limitations
Limited use in coarse grained gravels where grout cannot be prevented to enter the soil pores
Cohesive soils that will remold or where injection causes build up of pore water pressures
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Compaction Grouting-Considerations
Effective in loose granular soils, loose unsaturated fine-grained soils, collapsible soils and void filling
Grout must have high internal friction, to ensure bulbs preserve “spheroidal” shape in the soil
Less than 2-inch slump
Greater than 3,000 psi compressive strength
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Jet Grouting
The process of creating soil-cement in place with a stabilizing grout mix delivered at pressure through nozzle(s) at the end of a monitor inserted in a borehole. The soil-cement is created by lifting and rotating the monitor defined above at slow, smooth, constant speeds, cutting and mixing the soil with grout and air.
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Jet Grouting
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Jet Grouting
@] GEOTILL
ENG INEERI NG, INC.
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Jet Grouting
Erosion-improve wide range soils
Geometry-treat selected depth interval
Equipment-flexible / mobile track rigs
Groundwater -effective above & below GWT
Properties-continuous cemented soil mass
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Questions ?
Dr. Malek Smadi, P.E.
Principal Engineer - GEOTILL - Fishers, Indiana
[email protected] - www.geotill.com