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Journal of Groundwater Research, Vol.5/1, June 2016 13 Ground Water Quality Assessment of Vadodara District, Gujarat, India Using GIS Suman Agrawal 1 , H.M.Patel 2 , Indra Prakash 3 , Ajay Patel 4 1, 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of technology and Engineering, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara [Email: [email protected] , [email protected]] 3 Faculty, BISAG, Gandhinagar [Email:[email protected]] 4 Project Manager, BISAG, Gandhinagar [Email [email protected]] Abstract The Vadodara District, covering an area of 7788 km 2 is occupied by varied type of geolog- ical formations ranging from Archaean to Recent. Physicochemical parameters analysis is done for the determination of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl - , F - and pH for assessing ground water quality. With the pro- gressive development of Vadodara city and its neighboring area, there is increasing pressure on the exploitation of ground water resources. Drinking water should be safe as it is the most vital com- modity for humans. GIS is used to identify the FIT, MODERATE and UNFIT zones for drinking water quality on the basis of hydrochemical parameters for Vadodara Taluka. The hydrochemical maps for parameters such as pH, calcium, magnesium, chloride and Fluoride have been prepared using GIS spatial interpolation technique. These maps are compared with BIS standards and clas- sified into three different rating according to severity of water quality. Drinking water quality map is prepared by overlaying the above mentioned hydrochemical parameters and classified in three zones: fit, moderate and unfit. The result suggests that 72% of total study area is “FIT” for use in drinking purpose. Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Water Quality, Spatial distribution 1. Introduction The ever increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water in major cities and lack of availability of sufficient good quality surface water, importance of ground water is increasing day by day. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, natural cycle of the water is disturbed re- sulting in deterioration of the quality of the water. Infiltration of rainwater occurs through soil zones in recharge area and moves to discharge area; its chemistry is adversely affected by the effects of a variety of geochemical processes (Aghazadeh et. al., 2010). Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB 2012), in their survey found that rapid industrialization and concurrent urbanization had adverse impact on vital environment parameters like water and air in Vadodara district. It is im- portant to carry out progressive groundwater quality mapping of the area systematically for better management of ground water resources. Bilgehan and Berktay (2009) used GIS for groundwater quality mapping in urban area. Shah and Mistry (2013) studied groundwater quality for Vadodara and Vaghodia taluka of Vadodara district for irrigation water supply. Pradhan et al. (2015) consid- ered different physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, total hardness, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Cl - , NO3 2- , F to study groundwater in Vadodara district. Chemical analysis of surface water resources indicate that they have crossed the critical levels and thus harmful for living flora and fauna (Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012). The untreated wastages and chemical residuals from industries dumped on the ground slowly infiltrate and pollute groundwater. In the present study assessment of groundwater quality of Vadodara district has been done using remote sensing and GIS.

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Page 1: Ground Water Quality Assessment of Vadodara District ...aggs.in/Issues/JGWR-16102.pdfJournal of Groundwater Research, Vol.5/1, June 2016 13 Ground Water Quality Assessment of Vadodara

Journal of Groundwater Research, Vol.5/1, June 2016

13

Ground Water Quality Assessment of Vadodara District, Gujarat, India

Using GIS

Suman Agrawal1, H.M.Patel2, Indra Prakash3, Ajay Patel4

1, 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of technology and Engineering, The M. S.

University of Baroda, Vadodara [Email: [email protected] ,

[email protected]] 3Faculty, BISAG, Gandhinagar [Email:[email protected]]

4Project Manager, BISAG, Gandhinagar [Email [email protected]]

Abstract The Vadodara District, covering an area of 7788 km2 is occupied by varied type of geolog-

ical formations ranging from Archaean to Recent. Physicochemical parameters analysis is done for

the determination of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, F- and pH for assessing ground water quality. With the pro-

gressive development of Vadodara city and its neighboring area, there is increasing pressure on the

exploitation of ground water resources. Drinking water should be safe as it is the most vital com-

modity for humans. GIS is used to identify the FIT, MODERATE and UNFIT zones for drinking

water quality on the basis of hydrochemical parameters for Vadodara Taluka. The hydrochemical

maps for parameters such as pH, calcium, magnesium, chloride and Fluoride have been prepared

using GIS spatial interpolation technique. These maps are compared with BIS standards and clas-

sified into three different rating according to severity of water quality. Drinking water quality map

is prepared by overlaying the above mentioned hydrochemical parameters and classified in three

zones: fit, moderate and unfit. The result suggests that 72% of total study area is “FIT” for use in

drinking purpose.

Keywords: Groundwater, GIS, Water Quality, Spatial distribution

1. Introduction The ever increasing demand for drinking and irrigation water in major cities and lack of

availability of sufficient good quality surface water, importance of ground water is increasing day

by day. Due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, natural cycle of the water is disturbed re-

sulting in deterioration of the quality of the water. Infiltration of rainwater occurs through soil zones

in recharge area and moves to discharge area; its chemistry is adversely affected by the effects of a

variety of geochemical processes (Aghazadeh et. al., 2010). Gujarat Pollution Control Board

(GPCB 2012), in their survey found that rapid industrialization and concurrent urbanization had

adverse impact on vital environment parameters like water and air in Vadodara district. It is im-

portant to carry out progressive groundwater quality mapping of the area systematically for better

management of ground water resources. Bilgehan and Berktay (2009) used GIS for groundwater

quality mapping in urban area. Shah and Mistry (2013) studied groundwater quality for Vadodara

and Vaghodia taluka of Vadodara district for irrigation water supply. Pradhan et al. (2015) consid-

ered different physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, TDS, total hardness,

Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO32- , F – to study groundwater in Vadodara district. Chemical analysis of surface

water resources indicate that they have crossed the critical levels and thus harmful for living flora

and fauna (Gujarat Pollution Control Board, 2012). The untreated wastages and chemical residuals

from industries dumped on the ground slowly infiltrate and pollute groundwater. In the present

study assessment of groundwater quality of Vadodara district has been done using remote sensing

and GIS.

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1.1. Study Area The Vadodara district lies between north latitude 21°49’19” and 22°48’37”and east longi-

tude 72°51’05”and 74°16’55” in Gujarat, India, covering an area of 7788 km2 . The district is di-vided into 12 talukas, 20 towns and 1545 inhabitant villages (Fig. 1). The major surface water sources for drinking water in the study area are Ajwa reservoir, Mahi, Vishwamitri and Dhadhar Rivers (Bhatt and Joshi, 2012). In Gujarat, Vadodara district is one of the highest industrialized districts. IPCL Complex (Petrochemicals & Oil Refinery), GSFC Complex, Nandesari Complex and other industrial estates are important notified industrial areas (Dasgupta and Jain, 1982)

Fig.1. Location map

1.2. Geology

The granite gneiss and Aravalli metasedimentary rocks occupy large eastern part of the

district, the Deccan trap rocks are present in southeast and smaller part in northwest(Prakash,

2012). The out crops of the Deccan Trap in Vadodara district rest either over Pre Cambrian or over

Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Alluvium consisting of sand, silt, clay and Kankar are present in

river valleys (younger alluvium) and bank (older alluvium).

2. Methodology Bore well data from 65 wells of study area carried out by Prakash, (2012) has been analyzed in Arc GIS 10.0 for the determination of water quality of unconfined aquifer. Various thematic maps showing pH, Ca, Mg, Cl and F have been generated. All parameters are compared with BIS standards (2012) and given rating according to its severity of water quality. Overlay analysis has been carried out for the preparation of ground water quality map showing zones of FIT, MODERATE and UNFIT water (Fig. 2).

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Fig.2. Methodology flowchart

2.1 Water quality Bureau of Indian Standards had given water quality criteria according to its use. Drinking water should be of highest purity. For irrigation use salinity and toxicity of specific ions are con-sidered for assessing suitability of water. Water quality for industries depends upon the type of industry. In the present study evaluation of ground water quality for drinking purpose has been done.

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2.2 Assessment of Drinking water quality

Assessment of drinking or potable water in India is done as per Bureau of Indian standards

(BIS 2012) guidelines (Table 1). Accordingly, the desirable limit and permissible limit of all pa-

rameters are divided into three rating and class as shown in table 2. Comparing water quality with

BIS standards, area is classified into three zones. “FIT” zone represents low hazardous area, which

is having desirable water quality. “MODERATE” zone have potable water, which can be used in

absence of better alternate source. “UNFIT” zone represents high hazardous area. Table 1. BIS standard for drinking water

Sr.

No

Parameters Desirable limits Permissible limits

mg/l mg/l

1 pH 6.5-8.5 No relaxation

2 Calcium (Ca) 75 200

3 Magnesium

(Mg)

30 100

4 Chloride (Cl) 250 1000

5 Fluoride (F) 1 1.5

Table 2. Rating and Classification of zones

Zone Parameters pH Calcium

(Ca)

Magnesium

(Mg)

Chloride

(Cl)

Fluoride

(F)

Rating mg/l

FIT 1 6.5-8.5 <75 <30 <250 <1

MODERATE 2 - 75-200 30-250 250-1000 1-1.5

UNFIT 3 >8.5 >200 >250 >1000 >1.5

3. Results and Discussion 3.1 pH

Natural and human processes determine the pH of water. pH is a measure of acidic/basic nature of water. The range varies from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pH less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base (Nwankwoala et. al., 2012). pH is a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic. Since pH can be affected by chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically. The pH of water determines the solubility and biological availability of chemical constituents such as nu-trients and heavy metals. High pH causes a bitter taste; water pipes and water using appliances become encrusted with deposits, and depress quantity of chlorine in water. Thus, it causes need for additional chlorine when pH is high. According to BIS desirable limit for pH is 6.5-8.5. In Vado-dara district pH values varies from 7.4 to 8.9. Area comprising of pH greater than 8.5 is considered as hazardous, which is only 2% of entire study area as shown in pie chart (Fig. 3). Manjalpur, Shankarpura, Kelanpur, Vadala, Savli, Virod, Harni and nearby village of Vadodara taluka, Si-maliya, Akotdara, Pansoli village of Dabhoi taluka, Jojva, Surya, Pitha village of Sankheda taluka have pH value greater than 8.5 (Fig. 4).

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Table 3. pH rating

pH Rating

7.4-7.7 1

7.4-7.9 1

7.9-8.2 1

8.2-8.5 1

8.5-8.9 3

Fig.3. pH pie chart

Fig.4. pH map

3.2 Calcium Calcium is naturally present in water. Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness

caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals calcium bicarbonate and magnesium bi-carbonate. Adequate calcium intake is essential for achieving peak bone mass and subsequent pre-vention of osteoporosis (WHO, 2009). In study area calcium content varies from 10 to 128 mg/l which is shown in Fig. 6. Only some smaller patches have values greater than 75 mg/l, which can be seen in pie chart (Fig. 5).

0%

1%

49%48%

2%

ph

7.4-7.7

7.4-7.9

7.9-8.2

8.2-8.5

8.5-8.9

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Table 4. Calcium rating

Calcium (mg/l)

Rating

10-30 1

30-50 1

50-75 1

>75 2

Fig.5. Calcium pie chart

Fig.6. Calcium map

3.3 Magnesium Magnesium is the fourth most abundant cation in the body and the second most abundant

cation in intracellular fluid. Magnesium has many different purposes and consequently may end up in water from many anthropogenic sources e.g. chemical industries, fertilizer application and cattle feed (WHO, 2009). Magnesium varies from 5 mg/l to 190 mg/l. Area having less than 30 mg/l is considered as inadequate of magnesium. Low magnesium status has been implicated in hyperten-sion, coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, permis-sible limit of magnesium is 100 mg/l but Danteswar, Bapod village of Vadodara taluka Navi mangrol, Vadaj of Sankheda taluka exceeds that limit (Fig 7, 8) so some precaution should be taken.

16%

72%

12%

0%

Calcium

10-30

30-50

50-75

>75

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Table 5. Magnesium rating

Magnesium (mg/l)

Rating

5-30 1

30-50 2

50-100 2

>100 3

Fig.7. Calcium pie chart

Fig.8. Magnesium map

3.4 Chloride Chloride imparts an undesirable taste to water and to beverages prepared from water (Ba-

lakrishnan and Saleem, 2011). In addition, it can cause corrosion in water distribution systems. It varies from less than 250 mg/l to 1000 mg/l. Desirable limit is 250 mg/l and thus content of chloride has to be maintained.72% of area is having chloride content less than desirable limit Fig 9, 10. Chloride in human blood is an important electrolyte and works to ensure that body's metabolism is working correctly. When there is a disturbance in blood chloride levels, it is often related to kid-neys. Chloride helps the acid and base balance in the body.

20%

41%

38%

1%

Magnesium

5-30

30-50

50-100

>100

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Table 6. Chloride rating

Chloride (mg/l)

Rating

<250 1

250-500 2

500-750 2

750-1000 2

Fig.9. Calcium pie chart

Fig.10. Chloride map

3.5 Fluoride Fluoride is often called nature’s cavity fighter and for good reason. Fluoride, a naturally-

occurring mineral, helps prevent cavities in children and adults by making the outer surface of teeth (enamel) more resistant to the acid attacks that cause tooth decay. Thus, it is necessary to maintain desirable limit of fluoride i.e. 1 mg/l. In Vadodara district 46% area is having less than 1 mg/l fluoride content (Fig 11, 12). Kundhela, Dhanyavi, Palaswada and nearby villages of Dabhoi taluka and north of Sankheda and Jetpur pavi taluka have fluoride content greater than 1.5 mg/l.

72%

27%

1.36 % 0.04 %

Chloride

<250

250-500

500-750

750-1000

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Table 7. Fluoride rating

Fluoride (mg/l)

Rating

0-1 1

1-1.25 2

1.25-1.5 2

>1.5 3

Fig.11. Calcium pie chart

Fig.12. Fluoride map

3.6 Drinking water quality Map Drinking water quality map is generated using overlaying 5 hydrochemical parameter maps

(Fig. 14). This map shows that there is no unfit zone in area so the available water is not much contaminated. We can use moderate water after treating it. South of Vadodara taluka, south east part of Karjan taluka, West of Dabhoi taluka, North part of Sankheda and central part of Jetpurpavi and Chhota Udaipur have moderate drinking water quality. Pie chart (Fig. 13) shows that FIT and MODERATE zone are 72% and 28% in the entire study area respectively.

46%

30%

16%8%

Fluoride

0-1

1-1.25

1.25-1.5

>1.5

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Fig.13. Drinking water quality pie chart

Fig.14. Drinking water quality map

4. Conclusions Study shows that values of pH, Fluoride and Magnesium exceed permissible limit of drink-

ing water quality standards viz. 2%, 1% and 8% respectively of whole study area. 72% and 46% area is having chloride and fluoride content less than desirable limit respectively. Government must add chloride and fluoride in to public water supply for maintaining their content in drinking water. Southeast, northwest and west of Vadodara district is completely fit for use as drinking water. South of Vadodara taluka, south east part of Karjan taluka, West area of Dabhoi taluka, North part of Sankheda and central part of Jetpurpavi and Chhota Udaipur have moderate drinking water quality.

72%

28%

0%

Drinking water quality % area

FIT

MODERATE

UNFIT

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Moderate quality water can be used after applying treatment to it. Also some prevention and pre-caution has to be taken so that it will not contaminate further. For this government needs to make a scientific and feasible planning for identifying an effective groundwater quality management sys-tem. Thus it needs periodic monitoring and assessing groundwater in the study area and should be encouraged especially through the use of GIS. GIS will effectively update groundwater data for assessment and mapping of groundwater quality. Acknowledgment

The authors are thankful to the Director, Bhaskarachary Institute for Space Applications and Geo-Informatics (BISAG), Gandhinagar and his technical staff for their support during this study.

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Corresponding Author

Suman Agrawal

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering

The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

Email: [email protected]

Manuscript History

Received on April24, 2016; Revised on June25, 2016; Accepted on June27, 2016