groundwater quality in sindh

8/6/2019 Groundwater Quality in Sindh

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Research Report on

Research Conducted by:


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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This Research Report was conducted by Indus Institute of Research and Education with financial support ofICCO-Netherlands for apprising rural people from quality of ground water in Sindh and its consequences so

that people should be well informed to take local remedies for improved health. And second, to buildpressure on government by disseminating its information to bring enduring measures on both at practiceand policy level.

Since last many years, ICCO is supporting IIRE to uplift civil society of Pakistan, particularly of Sindh toaddress crucial issues of socio-economic domains in the fields of capacity building, advocacy and lobbyingon genuine issues of poor and deprived people of Sindh and conducting research studies on the moststricken issues of citizens of Pakistan.

The idea of research study on Ground Water Quality in Sindh came from Board of Directors of IIRE whilediscussing the burning issues and problems of Sindh province. Board member agreed carrying out aresearch on Ground Water Quality in Sindh. They aimed to disseminate the information learnt from researchstudy to local people who are directly suffering from water-related problems.

The research study carried out by well-known researcher Mr Shafiq Ahmed Junejo who is Geochemist andAssistant Professor in Geography department of University of Sindh, Jamshoro. Currently, he is engagedinto various researches with national and international organizations.

The current research study is part of on going project Researching and Advocating Civil SocietyOrganizations and Institutional Strengthening of IIRE which also contributes in fulfillment of the interest ofICCO towards prosperity of marginalized communities.

Team of IIRE really deserves appreciation and thanks for their support and untiring efforts during conductingresearch. We are also thankful to Mr Shafiq Ahmed Junejo who accomplished the assigned task with anhonest toil and commitment. We are also thankful to the communities of both, right and left banks of theRiver Indus through out Sindh who co-operated while testing ground water quality samples from various

villages.


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CONTENTS

Page

No.OVERVIEW AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3INTRODUCTION 4GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF DIFFERENT DISTRICTS IN SINDH 5

Determination of pH 5

Determination of total dissolved solids (TDS) 7Electrical Conductivity (EC) 10

Salinity (SAL) 12CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF GROUNDWATER IN SINDH 14Arsenic (As) 14

Cadmium (Cd) 14

Lead (Pb) 17Zinc (Zn) 17Disscussion and Conclusion 21References 32

Annexure- 1 33

List of Table

Table. 1. Physical parameters at various locations 23

Table. 2. Chemical parameters in groundwater in Sindh province 29

List of Figures

Fig1. Shows the Physiography of Sindh Province 3

Fig.2. Shows the agro-ecological zones of Sindh 3

Fig. 3. Shows the pH level at difefrent area of Sindh 5

Fig.4.Shows the concentration of TDS in different waters of Sindh 7

Fig. 5. Shows the distribution of Arsenic contents in groundwater of different areas in Sindh 16

Fig.6. Contour map shows the Arial distribution of Arsenic in different areas of Sindh Provinc 16

Fig. 7.Relief map shows the arial distribution of As in surveyed area in Sindh16

Fig. 8. Shows the distribution of Cd contents in groundwater of different areas in Sindh Province 18

Fig. 9. Relief map shows the arial distribution of Cd in surveyed area in Sindh Province 18

Fig.10. contour map shows the Arial distribution of Cadmium in different areas of Sindh Province 18

Fig. 11. Shows the distribution of Pb contents in groundwater of different areas in Sindh 19

Fig12 Sho s theArialdistrib tionofPb indifferentareasofSindhPro ince 19


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508.55K

m

436.13 Km

Zone

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D

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Zone

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Zon

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Zone-A2

Zone - C

BADINTHATTAKARACHI

HYDERABAD MIRPUR KHAS

UMARKOT

SANGHAR

KHAIRPUR

SUKKUR

JACOBABAD

SHIKARPUR

LARKANA

DADU

OVERVIEW AND EXECUTIVE SUMMARYSindh province covers 17.7% of the total land area of Pakistan and has about 23 % of total the

population of country, on globe it is located between 23o 35to 28o 30 North latitudes and 66o 42and 71o1East longitudes. The entire region forms the southern part of Pakistan, physiographically called "LowerIndus Plain". The length of the region from North toSouth is about 508.55 kilometers and nearly 436kms at east to west, covers 140,915 square kms(Fig.1).

Sindh province is bounded by Punjabprovince at North, Balochistan province at West,India at East and Arabian Sea at South.

Geographically Sindh has 241.395kilometers of the coastal strip in the south-westalong the Arabian Sea. In the extreme west ofSindh is the mountainous region consisting of theKohistan section of barren Kirthar Mountains. Tothe east is the sand belt stretching from Bhawalpurto the Run of Kutch/Kachh and between these

tracts lies the Indus Valley terminating in the deltaicarea in the south-west, except for a small hilly(Nagarparkar) tract in the South East corner of the Tharparkar District (Fig. 1).

Geomorphologically lower Indus plain is formed by alluvial deposits carried by river Indus and itstributaries and is underlain by an unconfined aquifer. In Sindh about 28% of the area is underlain by freshSupplemental irrigation. The quality of groundwater and surface-water is low and is further deterioratingbecause of unchecked disposal of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater and excessive use offertilizers and insecticides. The estimated ground water resource in the province varies between 13 to 16.2MAF with an estimates safe yield between 4.4 to 8.1 MAF (UNITAR, 2004). The groundwater resources areunder the threat of seawater intrusion caused by groundwater overdraft.

On the basis of agro-ecology Sindh province isdivided into three main zones (Fig. 3), two of which arefurther divided into sub-zones as:Zone-A: The Right Bank of river Indus (upper Sindh).- Sub-Zone A1 Main area- Sub-Zone A2 Piedmont soil regionZone-B: The left bank of river Indus.

- Sub-Zone B1 Guddu Barrage command area- Sub-Zone B2 Sukkur Barrage command areaZone-C: Lower Sindh.

In addition to the above three agriculturalzones, there are two more zones in Sindh i.e., zone-Dis a desert area in the east of Sindh, and zone-E is thewestern hilly zone The fresh ground water is only

Fig1. Shows the Physiography of Sindh Province


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Plate.1. Showing on the spot testing of Physicalparameters of ground water during field

INTRODUCTIONWater is a great gift of nature, there is a common saying No life without water it is universal

solvent and is a major constituent of all living organisms. Ground water pollution is usually traced back tofour main origins viz, Industrial, Domestic, Agricultural and over exploitation (Anil & Musadique, 2005).

The quality of water whether it is used for drinking, irrigation or recreational purposes, is significantfor health worldwide. Water quality can have a major impact on health, both through outbreaks ofwaterborne disease and by contributing to background rates of disease (Lorna & Jamie, 2002). Water fordrinking purpose should have good smell, taste, and should be free from contaminants that are harmful tohealth. Thus the domestic water should be low in hardness and sediments; however industries require thewater quality according to their nature. All water from natural sources contains dissolved substances andtheir presence in water can result from either natural processes or human activities. The water shortage andits increasing competition for various uses badly affected its quality. Most of the reported health problemsare directly or indirectly related to water, the only way to know; its use for drinking and cooking containspotentially harmful substances is to have it tested. To determine safety, the contaminant concentrations inthe water are compared to maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by the world Healthorganization (WHO) for public drinking water supplies in accordance with the Safe Drinking Water Act.

In current study 245 water samples were collected from the hand pumps and Dug-wells at differentlocalities i.e., Jamshoro, Dadu, Larkana, Shikarpur,

Kamdar at Shahdakot, Jacobabad, Kashmore, Ghotki,Sukkur, Khairpur, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Umerkot,Mirpur Khas, Tharparkar, Badin, Thatta, TandoMohammad Khan, Hyderabad, Mitiari and TandoAllahyar districts of the province in for the assessmentof the ground water quality.

It was observed during study that the handpumps are mostly installed at the depth of about sixtyfeet, but information about the exact depth is not known,even to the owners. It is also observed that the qualityof ground water is better in the samples collected nearriver Indus. During field it is notified that most of thecities and towns are using ground water rather thansurface, however, almost all the rural communities areusing ground water for domestic purpose except theareas where the ground water is brackish as: Mithi,Islam Kot, Thatta and Badin which are using surface

water. Manghand town is also using surface water, nohand pump or well was seen during field, peopleinformed that ground water is brackish, while the town islocated near the bank of river Indus.

pH, electrical conductivity, salinity and totaldissolved solids were analyzed on the site duringsample collection while As Cd Pb Zn were analyzed from the laboratory of NCE in inorganic chemistry


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Fig. 3. Shows the pH level at difefrent area of Sindh

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WHO (2004) MCL for drinking water

GROUNDWATER QUALI TY OF DIFFERENT DISTRICTS INSINDH

To asses the groundwater quality all the districts of Sindh province were surveyed except Karachidivision. The process of drawing sample up from the aquifers makes variation in the chemistry of water,therefore, vigilant procedure was considered mandatory during the collection of water samples. To avoidany possibility of contamination the bottles used for the collection of water samples were treated with 5%HNO3 and then rinsed with deionized water. Two bottles of water were filled from the sample site, amongthese the water of one bottle was acidified by adding few drops of HNO3and the other was kept un-acidified.The water of un-acidified bottle was analyzed for the determination of, temperature, pH, electrical

conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS) at the site and the water of the acidified bottles was kept foranalysis heavy metals. The collection of groundwater samples was planned as follows:

a. Selection of various representative spots in the field, where by the quality of water could possiblybe affected. Collection of limited number of samples that could be representative about thecontamination and other factors involved.

b. Checking of accuracy and precision of the laboratory analyses by other techniques. The purpose ofwhich is to assure that the analytical result reported by the laboratory accurately express the actualconcentration of the solutes in the water, as it existed in the field.

c. It was decided that total 245 water samples will be collected from the all the districts of Sindhexcept Karacki area.The detailed analysis groundwater account of all the districts is given below. The perceived data is

compared with international standards for drinking water recommended WHO (2004) and US-EPA (2006).Arial distribution and concentration of elements is also given in both contour and relief map. The possiblesources of contamination as well as remedial measures are also given in discussion.

Determ inat ion o f pHpH is one of the important abiotic factors that serves as an index for water pollution. No health

based guideline value is proposed for pH, but it is one of the most important operational water qualityparameters. An increased concentration of carbon dioxide will lower the pH and vice versa. The directeffects of exposure of humans and animals to extreme pH values (below 4 or above 10) for extendedperiods of time may result in irritation to the eye, skin and mucous membranes (Shastri, 2005).

The instrument used fordetermination of pH level in ground wateris WTW info-lab pH meter. The maximumcontamination level of pH in normaldrinking water is 6.5 - 8.5 (WHO, 2004)annexure (2). 86 water samples differentlocalities of Kashmore, Jacobabad,Shikarpur, Larkana, Dadu, Jamshoro and


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Shikarpur city center, Khanpur, Habibkot, Lakhi. From Larkana district 14 water samples were collected atNaseerabad, Wagan, Naseerabad, Shahdadkot, Larkana city west, Larkana city center, Larkana city north,

Fateh Pur, Bungul Dero, Rato Dero, Miro Khan, Drakhan, Khanpur and Qambar. 15 water samples werecollected for measurement of pH in Dadu district from Khudabad, Dadu city west, Dadu center, Dadu cityeast, Chandan Mori, Johi, Chini, Wahi Pandhi, Makhdom Bilawal, Chodagi, Dur Mohammad Abro, Kakkar,Boriri, K.N Shah, Mehar. 18 water samples from Jamshoro district were collected at different localities as:Jamshoro Phatak, Kotri city, Mangio Shoro, Lunikot, Thano Bula Khan, Thano Ahmad Khan, Petaro,Unerpur, Ali Abad, Manghand, Sunn , Aamri, Lacki, Sahwan, Jhangara, Bubak, Bhan Saeedabad, BhanSaeedabad North. 16 water samples of Thatta District were analyzed for pH level measurement fromChuhar Jamali, Shah Karim, Mirpur Bathoro, Mirpur Bathoro- Sujawal road, Sujawal , Thatta city north,Thatta east, Thatta Bridge, Mohammad Ibrahim Baran, Pijari Mori, Jheruck, Jungshahi , Gharo, Mirpur

Sakro, Ghullamullah and Jati location.The perceived data is compare with the maximum contamination level of WHO (2004) and all the

water samples of above areas are found within the acceptable limits of WHO (2004).From left bank of Indus river 159 water samples were collected from Ghotki, Sukkur, Khairpur Mirs,

Nousharo Feroz, Nawabshah, Sanghar, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, Umarkot, Tharparkar and Badin Districts.Details of the sample collection area are given below:

08 water samples from Ghotki district at Mureedki Shakh, Maripur, Obauro, Daharki, Ghotki, MirpurMathelo, Bakshal Ali Lashari and Khangrah. 15 water samples were collected from Sukkur district at Sukkur

city east, Sukkur city center, Sukkur north, Rohri near bridge, Rohri south near road, Sukkur near barrage,Sukkur near railway station, Sukkur city west, Babar Loie, Sultanpur, Shahpur, Dubbar Wahan, Khandahu,Tando Mir Imam Talpur and from Pano Aqil were collected. 15 water samples from Khairpur Mirs districtwere collected at Tharehi, Hot Khan Magsi, Khairpur Mirs city center, Khairpur Mirs city North, KhairpurMirs city south, Tando Masti, Sorvan, Kot Bunglo, Kot Deji, Kot Deji, Kumb Near MRDO office, Kumb,Ranipur, Thari and from Hingorga. While 15 water samples from Nousharo Feroz district were collected atHalani, Kandiaro, Bhirea Road, Bhelani, Nousharo Feroz (II), Tharu Shah, Moro North, Moro city, Mithiani,Phul, Shahpur Jahania, Darbelo, Khan Wahan, Dehat and Kotri Kabir. 14 water samples were collectedfrom Nawabshah District at Sheer Mohd Jamali, Nawabshah city west, Nawabshah city center, Nawabshah

city north, Nawabshah city south, Dahil Dero, Sakarand, Saabo Raho, New Saeedabad, Maroocha Magh,Lettar, Thul, Qazi Ahmed and Sukhpur. 17 water samples were collected from Sanghar District at UdaroLal, Shahdadpur, G. Murtaza Junejo, Tando Adam, Tando Adam (II), Wali Dad Gaho, and Daloor mori,Village Bachayo, Jhole, Village Ghindin, Sanghar (I), Khadro, Mir Hussain Talpur, Shahpur Chakar, Khipro,Sindhri and Gujri. However, 18 water samples from Hyderabad district were collected from different areasas: Matiari, Satyani, Bhit Shah, Halla, Khybar, Tando Allahyar I, Tando Allahyar II, and Tandojam, Tandojamcity, Gul Mohammad, Saeeri, Tando Saindad, Tando Mohmmad Khan (I), Tando Mohmmad Khan (II), MulaKatyar, Rahmatullah Jahejo, Tando Mohammad Khan (III) and Nau mile. 11 water samples were collected

from Mirpurkhas district at Jhuluri, Mirpur Khas North, Mirpur Khas west, Mirpur south, Sultanabad, Noukot,Tharo Khan, Jhudo, Digri, Mirwah and Kot Ghullam Mohd. 10 water samples from Umarkot district werecollected at Khno Rangar, Umarkot city, Sulmam Rajar, Baregi mori, Mehar Ali Lashari, Saat mori, Nauto,Thar Nabisar, Samaro and Kunri. 17 water samples from Tharparkar district were collected at Village Mithi,Saro, Village Bahadur, Diplo, Islamkot, Mithoro Chachar Meghwar para; Mithoro Chachar Bhel para,Nagarparkar I, Nagarparkar II, Nagarparkar III, Dano Dandal, Bhalwa, Marvi Jo Khuh, Bhalwa II, Mithi city,Mithi city II, and Khario were collected.


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Fig.4. Shows the concentration of TDS in different waters of Sindh

MCL of WHO (2004) for TDS

Determinat ion of tot a l d issolved sol ids (TDS)The inorganic salts (magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides and

sulphates) and small amounts of organic matter comprise total dissolved solids (TDS). Concentrations ofTDS in water vary too much in extent due to the variability in the geographical locations (WHO, 2004).JENCO microcomputer based bench meter, model 9173, was used for the determination of TDS in watersamples. WHO (2004) recommends 1000 mg/l TDS content in drinking water; perceived data is comparedwith given standards (Fig. 4).

The concentration of TDS in the ground waters of Kashmore district is noticed. It is 141 mg/l atGuddu and is found fresh. However, it is noticed slightly saline at all sampling areas, it 1645 mg/l atGhospur, 1510 mg/l at Kandhkot, 1280 mg/l at Kashmore-I, 1280 mg/l at Kashmore-II, 1170 mg/l at Darkhanand 1178 mg/l at Risalda (Table.1).

TDS contents in waters of Jacobabad district is found in the range between 230 mg/l to 1500 mg/l.It is found within the acceptable limits at Mirpur 533 mg/l, at Maulabad 271 mg/l, at at Dil Murad 533 mg/l, atAbad 988 mg/l, Jacobabad city center 262 mg/l, Jacobabad city North 877 mg/l, Thul 230 mg/l and KarimBux 943 mg/l. However, the concentration of total dissolved solids are found slightly higher at Ramzanpur1354 mg/l and Jacobabad city east 1500 mg/l (Table.1).

The concentration of TDS in groundwaters of Shikarpur district is found in the range between 329mg/l to 1920 mg/l. On the basis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at all the surveyed areas of district

except one sample showed higher concentration than that of WHO (2004) recommended level, collectedform Khanpur contents 1920 mg/l TDS. However, TDS contents in ground water is found at Garhi Yaseen496 mg/l, Shikarpurcity 553 mg/l,Shikarpur city-II329mg/l, Habibkot886 mg/l and Lakhi270mg/l (Table.1).

TDS contentsin ground waters ofLarkana district isfound in the rangebetween 186 mg/l to3440 mg/l. On thebasis of TDS freshgroundwater is noticedat Naseerabad-I 851

mg/l, at Larkana city west 624 mg/l, at Larkana city center 432 mg/l, at Larkana city north 771 mg/l, atLarkana Fateh Pur 401 mg/l, at Rato Dero 771 mg/l, at Miro Khan 757 mg/l, at Drakhan 433 mg/l, atQambar 851 mg/l. however, higher contents of TDS is noticed at Naseerabad-II 2470 mg/l, at Wagan1300 mg/l, at Shahdadkot 1730 mg/l, at Bungul Dero 1230 mg/l, and at Khanpur 1233 mg/l (Table.1).

TDS contents in the areas of Dadu district are in the range between 102 mg/l to 2210 mg/l. On thebasis of TDS fresh groundwater in Dadu district is found in the Khudabad 765 mg/l, Dadu city east 633 mg/l,Chandan Mori 102 mg/l Wahi Pandhi 867 mg/l Chodagi 487 mg/l Dur Mohammad Abro 859 mg/l Boriri


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The concentration of TDS in ground waters of Thatta district is found in the range between 150mg/l to 1360 mg/l. TDS contents are found within the permissible limits of WHO (2004) in all the samples of

Thatta district it is 1020 mg/l at Chuhar Jamali, 729 mg/l at Shah Karim, 1190 mg/l at Mirpur Bathoro, 707mg/l at Bathoro- Sujawal road, 1290 mg/l at Sujawal, 233 mg/l at Thatta-I, 610 mg/l at Thatta-II, 1060 mg/l atThatta Bridge, 526 mg/l at M. Ibrahim Baran, 943 mg/l at Pijari Mori, 807 mg/l at Jheruck, 150 mg/lJungshahi, 513 mg/l at Gharo, 230 mg/l at Mirpur Sakro, 1360 mg/l at Ghullamullah and 1320 mg/l at Jati(Table.1).

The groundwater of Ghotki district contents TDS in the range between 199 mg/l to 886 mg/l. On thebasis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at all the sampling areas. Its concentration is at Mureedki Shakh199 mg/l, at Maripur 324 mg/l, at Obauro 886 mg/l, at Daharki 707 mg/l, at Ghotki 409 mg/l, at MirpurMathelo 877 mg/l, at Bakshal Ali Lashari 381 mg/l and at Khangrah 573 mg/l.

The concentration of TDS in groundwater of Sukkur district is found in the range between 186 mg/lto 3440 mg/l. On the basis of data obtained it is noticed that all the water sample collected from Sukkurdistrict are within the acceptable limits of WHO (2004) and is found fresh water, however, Samples collectedfrom Sukkur city west, Sukkur (II) and Sukkur (III), 2110 mg/l and 3440 mg/l showed higher concentration ofTDS. While at Sukkur (I) 881 mg/l, at Rohri (I) 280 mg/l, at Rohri (II) 270 mg/l, at Sukkur (IV) 186 mg/l, atSukkur (V) 926 mg/l, at Sukkur (VI) 206 mg/l, at Babar Loie 825 mg/l, at Sultanpur 434 mg/l, at Shahpur818 mg/l, at Dubbar Wahan 177 mg/l, at Khandahu 414 mg/l, at Tando Mir Imam Talpur 284 mg/l, at PanoAqil 523 mg/l pH level is measured.

The TDS in groundwater of Khairpur Mirs district is found in the range between 348 mg/l to 1380mg/l. On the basis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at all the sampling areas except the samplecollected from Khairpur Mirs city south and Kumb which showed slightly higher concentration of TotalDissolved Solids1170mg/l and 1740 mg/l respectively. TDS concentration is noticed at Tharehi 827 mg/l, atHot Khan Magsi 845 mg/l, at Khairpur Mirs city center 396 mg/l, at Khairpur Mirs city north 269 mg/l, atTando Masti 790 mg/l, at Sorvan 1850 mg/l, at Kot Bunglo 787 mg/l, at Kot Deji 887 mg/l, at Kot Deji-II 231mg/l, at Kumb Near MRDO office 702 mg/l, at Ranipur 173 mg/l, at Thari 395 mg/l, and at Hingorga 285 mg/l(Table.1).

The TDS contents in different groundwater of Nousharo Feroz district is found in the range

between 307 mg/l to 2870 mg/l. On the basis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at all the sampling areasexcept the sample collected from Tharu Shah which has 2870 mg/l TDS. However, the sample collectedfrom Halani has 515 mg/l, Kandiaro has 345 mg/l, Bhirea Road has 557 mg/l, Bhelani has 540 mg/l,Nousharo Feroz (II) has 605 mg/l , Moro North has 921 mg/l, Moro City has 845 mg/l, Mithiani has 472mg/l, Phul has 557 mg/l, Shahpur Jahania has 2870 mg/l, Darbelo has 431 mg/l, Khan Wahan has 307 mg/l,Dehat has 433 mg/l and Kotri Kabir has 284 mg/l (Table.1).

The concentration of TDS in ground waters of Nawabshah district is found in the range between348 mg/l to 1380 mg/l. On the basis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at all the sampling areas exceptthe sample collected from Nawabshah west Nawabshah city north and Thul which has 1120 mg/l, 1380mg/l and 1194 mg/l respectively, slightly higher than that of recommended by WHO (2004). However, thefresh ground water is found at Sheer Mohd Jamali with 362 mg/l, Nawabshah city center 194 mg/l,Nawabshah city south 437 mg/l, Dahil Dero 536 mg/l, Sakarand 558 mg/l, Saabo Raho 425 mg/l, NewSaeedabad 348 mg/l, Maroocha Magh 435 mg/l, Lettar 351 mg/l, Qazi Ahmed 810 mg/l, Sukhpur 437 mg/lTDS concentration (Table.1).

The concentration of TDS in different ground waters of Sanghar district is found in the range


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Mohammad 567 mg/l,Tando Saeeri 230 mg/l, Tando Saindad 314 mg/l, Tando Mohmmad Khan (I) 503 mg/l,Mula Katyar 398 mg/l, Rahmatullah Jahejo 622 mg/l, Tando Mohammad Khan (IV) 208 mg/l, Nau maile 809

mg/l. TDS contents in different water samples of Mirpur Khas district are noticed slightly saline, it is atJhuluri 1410 mg/l, Mirpur Khas north 1350mg/l, Sultanabad 1350mg/l, Digri 1243mg/l. However the freshground water is observed at Mirpur Khas west, Mirpur south, Noukot, Tharo Khan, Jhudo, Mirwah and KotGhullam Mohd with 416mg/l, 431mg/l, 603mg/l, 877mg/l, 824mg/l, 311mg/l and 669 mg/l TDS concentrationrespectively (Table.1).

The concentration of TDS in different ground waters of Umerkot district is found in the rangebetween 159 mg/l to 4260 mg/l. On the basis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at all the sampling areasexcept Khno Rangar, Umarkot , Samaro and Saat mori, it is 2370 mg/l, 2350 mg/l, 4260 mg/l and 1290

mg/l, respectively, which has the higher concentration than that of WHO (2004). However the fresh groundwater is found at Sulmam Rajar, Bare ji mori, Mehar Ali Lashari, Nauto, Thar Nabisar and Kunri here theTDS concentration is found 479 mg/l, 159 mg/l, 366 mg/l, 479 mg/l, 950 mg/l and 603 mg/l respectively(Table.1).

The concentration of TDS in different ground waters of Tharparkar district is found in the rangebetween 807 mg/l to 5580 mg/l. On the basis of TDS fresh groundwater is noticed at Nagarparkar area onlythe rest of the sample contents high concentration of TDS than that of WHO recommended level. It is foundat Village Mithi 1539 mg/l, Saro 2211 mg/l, Village Bahadur 1626 mg/l, Diplo 1620 mg/l, Islamkot 2880 mg/l,Mithoro Chachar Meghwar para 5580 mg/l, Mithoro Chachar Bhel para 4260 mg/l, Nagarparkar 807 mg/l,Nagarparkar 845 mg/l, Nagarparkar 1540 mg/l, Dano Dandal 1540 mg/l, Bhalwa 1540 mg/l, Marvi jo Khuh2210 mg/l, Bhalwa II 860 mg/l, Mithi city 2880 mg/l, Mithi city II 2890 mg/l, Nau Kot 1590 mg/l and Khario1653 mg/l (Table.1).

The concentration of TDS in different ground waters of Badin district is found in the range between301 mg/l to 4170 mg/l. It is found within the acceptable limits at Matli 607 mg/l, Khorwah Chouk 319 mg/l,Golarchi (II) 494 mg/l, Guni 842 mg/l, Nindo 875 mg/l, Badin (I) 820 mg/l, Kadhan 301 mg/l, Pangrio 664mg/l, Bhugra Memon 899 mg/l and is found fresh. However, it is found slightly saline at Tando Bago 1880mg/l, Golarchi (I) 1460 mg/l, Tarai 1240 mg/l, Tarai (well) 1325 mg/l, Badin (II) 1240 mg/l, Pir Fateh shah

1120 mg/l, Ahmed Rajo 2680 mg/l, Lakho Pir 1120 mg/l and Khorwah 1120 mg/l, while the one samplecollected from Talhar showed higher concentration of TDS 4170 mg/l and is found moderately saline(Table.1).

During field it was observed that most of the hand pumps are installed near irrigation canals insouthern part of Badin district, according to owners the depth of the handPumps in this part of the Badin district is 40 feet to 50 feet below this the water is saline. This may be theinterference of sea intrusion in the area.


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Elect r ic al Conduct iv i t y (EC)The electrical conductivity (EC) is the measure of TDS (Rajwadia and Markhady, 2005). The

electrical conductivity level of different water samples collected from different localities of all the districts atleft bank and right bank is discussed below.

Electrical conductivity measured in different groundwater samples of Kashmore district is rangingfrom 311Sm/cm to 3365Sm/cm. It is noticed 3365Sm/cm at Ghospur, 3020Sm/cm at Kandhkot,2970Sm/cm at Kashmore I, 2550Sm/cm at Kashmore II, 311Sm/cm at Guddu, 2360 Sm/cm atDarkhan and 2376Sm/cm at Risaldar.

Electrical conductivity measured in groundwater samples of Jacobabad district is ranging from461Sm/cm to 2990 Sm/cm. It is measured at Ramzanpur 2708 Sm/cm, Abad 1976 Sm/cm, Mirpur1069 Sm/cm, Maulabad 545 Sm/cm, at Dil Murad 1069 Sm/cm, Jacobabad city east 2990 Sm/cm.

EC measured in groundwater samples of Shikarpur district is ranging from 540Sm/cm to 3830Sm/cm. It is measured at Garhi Yaseen 990 Sm/cm, at Shikarpur city-I 1105 Sm/cm, at Shikarpur city-II659 Sm/cm, at Khanpur 3830 Sm/cm, at Habibkot 1772 Sm/cm and at Lakhi 540 Sm/cm.Electrical conductivity measured in groundwater samples of Larkana district is ranging from 799Sm/cm to6870 Sm/cm. It is measured 4940 Sm/cm, 2590 Sm/cm, 1707 Sm/cm, 3450 Sm/cm , 1250Sm/cm, 864 Sm/cm, 1544 Sm/cm, 799 Sm/cm , 2470 Sm/cm , 1541 Sm/cm , 1513 Sm/cm, 867Sm/cm, 2476 Sm/cm and 1707 Sm/cm at Naseerabad-II, Wagan, Naseerabad-I, Shahdadkot,

Larkana city west, Larkana city center, Larkana city north, Fateh Pur, Bungul Dero , Rato Dero, Miro Khan,Drakhan , Khanpur and Qambar respectivily.

The concentration of Electrical Conductivity measured in ground water of Dadu district is given in(Table. 1). It found in the range between 215 Sm/cm to 4510 Sm/cm. It is 1545 Sm/cm at Khudabad,2310 Sm/cm at Dadu city west, 2395 Sm/cm at Dadu center, 1276 Sm/cm at Dadu city east, 212Sm/cm at Chandan Mori, 2711 Sm/cm at Johi, 2228 Sm/cm at Chini, 1721 Sm/cm at Wahi Pandhi,2248 Sm/cm at Makhdom Bilawal, 1075 Sm/cm at Chodagi, 1723 Sm/cm at Dur Mohammad Abro,2012 Sm/cm at Kakkar, 668 Sm/cm at Boriri, 4428 Sm/cm at K.N Shah, 1028 Sm/cm at Mehar(Table.1).

The concentration of EC in different areas of Jamshoro district is in the range between 735Sm/cm to 10280 Sm/cm. EC level at Jamshoro Phatak is 1777Sm/cm, at Kotri city is 1418 Sm/cm, atMangio Shoro is 1485Sm/cm, at LuniKot is 1425 Sm/cm, at Thano Bula Khan is 3065Sm/cm, at ThanoAhmad Khan is 1840 Sm/cm, at Petaro is 3040 Sm/cm, at Unerpur is 1485 Sm/cm, at Ali Abad is 1777Sm/cm, at Manghand is 1418 Sm/cm, at Sunn is 1485 Sm/cm, at Aamri is 1425 Sm/cm, at Lacki is10280 Sm/cm, at Shwan is 1840 Sm/cm, at Jhangara is 3040 Sm/cm, at Bubak is 735 Sm/cm, atBhan Saeedabad is 1679 Sm/cm and at Bhan Saeedabad North is 1679 Sm/cm.

The ground water of Thatta district has EC level at different areas of in the range between 301

Sm/cm to 2720 Sm/cm. It is measured atChuhar Jamali 2650 Sm/cm, at Shah Karim 1461 Sm/cm, atMirpur Bathoro 2390 Sm/cm, at Bathoro- Sujawal road 1417 Sm/cm, at Sujawal 2580 Sm/cm, atThatta 463 Sm/cm, at Thatta 1224 Sm/cm, at Thatta Bridge 2720 Sm/cm, at M. Ibrahim Baran 1052Sm/cm, at Pijari Mori 1891 Sm/cm, at Jheruck 1612 Sm/cm, at Jungshahi 301 Sm/cm, at Gharo1179 Sm/cm, at Mirpur Sakro 381 Sm/cm, at Ghullamullah 2720 Sm/cm and at Jati 2650 Sm/cm.

The concentration of EC in different areas of Ghotki district is in the range between 480 Sm/cm to1772 Sm/cm It is measured at Mureedki Shakh 480 Sm/cm at Maripur 715 Sm/cm at Obauro 1772


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Shahpur 1635 Sm/cm, at Dubbar Wahan 353 Sm/cm, at Khandahu 831 Sm/cm, at Tando Mir ImamTalpur 569 Sm/cm and at Pano Aqil 104 Sm/cm (Table.1).

While concentration of EC in different areas of Khairpur Mirs district is in the range between345Sm/cm to 3750 Sm/cm. It is measured at Tharehi 1650 Sm/cm, at Hot Khan Magsi, 1725 Sm/cm,at Khairpur Mirs city center 792 Sm/cm, at Khairpur Mirs city north 538 Sm/cm, at Khairpur Mirs citysouth 3470 Sm/cm, at Tando Masti 1578 Sm/cm, at Sorvan 3750 Sm/cm, at Kot Bunglo 1576 Sm/cm,at Kot Deji 1774 Sm/cm, at Kot Deji 463 Sm/cm, at Kumb Near MRDO office 1405 Sm/cm, at Kumb2360 Sm/cm, at Ranipur 345 Sm/cm, at Thari 788 Sm/cm and at Hingorga 568 Sm/cm.

Its level in different areas of Nousharo Feroz district is in the range between 516 Sm/cm to 5740Sm/cm. It is measured at Halani 1078 Sm/cm, at Kandiaro 692 Sm/cm, at Bhirea Road 1117 Sm/cm,at Bhelani 1079 Sm/cm, at Nousharo Feroz (II) 1214 Sm/cm, at Tharu Shah 5740 Sm/cm, at Moro

North 1842 Sm/cm, at Moro City 1690 Sm/cm, at Mithiani 947 Sm/cm, at Phul 1117 Sm/cm, atShahpur Jahania 5740 Sm/cm, at Darbelo 863 Sm/cm, at Khan Wahan 617 Sm/cm, at Dehat 865Sm/cm and at Kotri Kabir 516 Sm/cm.

At Nawabshah district it ranges 386 Sm/cm to 2760 Sm/cm. It is measured at Sheer MohdJamali 724 Sm/cm, at Nawabshah west 2280 Sm/cm, at Nawabshahcity center 386 Sm/cm, atNawabshah city north 2760 Sm/cm, at Nawabshah city south 876 Sm/cm, at Dahil Dero 1074 Sm/cm,at Sakarand 1116 Sm/cm, at Saabo Raho 851 Sm/cm, at New Saeedabad 694 Sm/cm, at MaroochaMagh 871 Sm/cm, at Lettar 701 Sm/cm, at Thul 2412 Sm/cm, at Qazi Ahmed 1623 Sm/cm andSukhpur 876 Sm/cm.

The EC level in different areas of Sanghar district is in the range between 532 Sm/cm to 4240Sm/cm. It is measured at Udaro Lal 782 Sm/cm, at Shahdadpur 741 Sm/cm, at G. Murtaza Junejo1647 Sm/cm, at Tando Adam655 Sm/cm, at Tando Adam (II) 2650 Sm/cm, at Wali Dad Gaho 1320 Sm/cm, at Daloor mori 532Sm/cm, at Village Bachayo 4240 Sm/cm, at Jhole 2930 Sm/cm, at Village Ghindin 971 Sm/cm, atSanghar (I) 874 Sm/cm, at Khadro 2530 Sm/cm, at Mir Hussain Talpur 1551 Sm/cm, at ShahpurChakar 1506 Sm/cm, at Khipro 1035 Sm/cm, at Sindhri 2941 Sm/cm and at Gujri 981 Sm/cm.At Hyderabad district in different samples it ranges 735 Sm/cm to 10280 Sm/cm. It is measured at Matiari

3830 Sm/cm, at Satyani 575 Sm/cm, at Khybar 1360 Sm/cm, at Bhit Shah 2620 Sm/cm, at Bhit Shah(II) 3040 Sm/cm, at Halla 1623 Sm/cm, at Khybar 1731 Sm/cm, at Tando Allahyar 2890 Sm/cm, atTando Allahyar 2810 Sm/cm, at Tandojam 408 Sm/cm, at Tandojam city 731 Sm/cm, at GulMohammad 1132 Sm/cm, at Saeeri 465 Sm/cm, at Tando Saindad 627 Sm/cm, at Tando MohmmadKhan (I) 1008 Sm/cm, at Tando Mohmmad Khan (II) 2070 Sm/cm, at Mula Katyar 801 Sm/cm, atRahmatullah Jahejo 1251 Sm/cm, at Tando Mohammad Khan (IV) 417 Sm/cm and Nau maile 1614Sm/cm.

The concentration of EC in different areas of Mirpur Khas district is in the range between 611Sm/cm to 2810 Sm/cm. It is measured at Jhuluri 2810 Sm/cm, at Mirpur Khas North 2710Sm/cm, atMirpur Khas west 826Sm/cm, at Mirpur south 864Sm/cm, at Sultanabad 1350Sm/cm, at Noukot1207Sm/, at Tharo Khan 1756Sm/cm, at Jhudo 1653Sm/cm, at Digri 2489Sm/cm and at Mirwah611Sm/cm , at Kot Ghullam Mohd 1544Sm/cm .Umarkot district has EC level in different areas in the range of 731 Sm/cm to 8430 Sm/cm. It is measuredat Khno Rangar 4760 Sm/cm, at Umarkot 4710 Sm/cm, at Sulmam Rajar 791 Sm/cm, at Bare ji mori315Sm/cm,atMeharAliLashari731Sm/cm,atSaatmori1290Sm/cm,atNauto479Sm/cm,atThar


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However, electrical conductivity measured in different groundwater samples of Badin area is ranging600Sm/cm to 8370Sm/cm. It is noticed 3750Sm/cm, 1213Sm/cm, 8370Sm/cm, 636Sm/cm,2930Sm/cm, 992Sm/cm, 1683Sm/cm, 2630Sm/cm, 2724Sm/cm, 1746Sm/cm, 1643Sm/cm,2480Sm/cm, 600Sm/cm, 1534Sm/cm, 2252Sm/cm, 1798Sm/cm, 5360Sm/cm, 2252Sm/cm and2240Sm/cm at Tando Bago, Matli ,Talhar, Khorwah Chouk , Golarchi (I), Golarchi (II), Guni , Tarai,Tarai (well), Nindo, Badin (I), Badin (II), Kadhan, Pangrio, Pir Fateh shah, Bhugra Memon, Ahmed Rajo,Lakho Pir and Khorwah respectively (Table.1).

Salinity (SAL)Salinity is a measurement of the mass of dissolved solids present in water. It is measured in grams

of salt per kilogram of solution (g/kg), which can also be expressed as parts per thousand (ppt). Seawatercontains a mixture of salts, the most abundant being sodium chloride (NaCl), or table salt. The oceanscontain an average of 35 grams of salts per kilogram of seawater (35 ppt).

The salinity level in the groundwater of Kashmore district is in the range of 0.1 ppt to 1.7 ppt. It isnoticed at Ghospur 1.7 ppt, at Kandhkot 1.6 ppt, at Kashmore-I 1.3 ppt, at Kashmore-II 1.3 ppt, at Guddu0.1 ppt, at Darkhan 1.2 ppt and at Risaldar 1.2 ppt (Table.1).

The salinity level in the groundwater of Jacobabad district is in the range of 0.1 ppt to 1.6 ppt. It is

noticed 1.6 ppt at Ramzanpur , 0.9 ppt at Abad, 0.5 ppt at Mirpur, 0.3 ppt at Maulabad, 0.5 ppt at Dil Murad,1.5 ppt at Jacobabad city east, 0.3 ppt at Jacobabad city center, 0.9 ppt at Jacobabad city North, 0.4 ppt atThul and 0.4 ppt at Karim Bux .

SAL level in different groundwater of district Shikarpur is in the range of 0.3 ppt to 2.0 ppt. It isobserved at Garhi Yaseen 0.5 ppt, at Shikarpur city-I 0.5 ppt, at Shikarpur city-II 0.3 ppt, at Khanpur 2.0 ppt,at Habibkot 0.9 ppt and Lakhi 0.3 ppt (Table.1).

The concentration of salinity in different groundwater of district Larkana is in the range of 0.4 ppt to1.8 ppt. It is observed at Naseerabad 2.6 ppt, at Wagan 1.3 ppt, at Naseerabad, 0.9 ppt, at Shahdadkot 1.8ppt, at Larkana city west 0.6 ppt, at Larkana city center 0.4 ppt, at Larkana city north 0.8 ppt, at Fateh Pur

0.4 ppt, at Bungul Dero 1.3 ppt, at Rato Dero 0.8 ppt, at Miro Khan 0.8 ppt, at Drakhan 0.4 ppt, at Khanpur1.3 ppt and at Qambar 0.9 ppt (Table.1).

The concentration of salinity observed in ground water of Dadu district is given in Table.1. Theconcentration of salinity in different areas of the district is in the range of 0.3 ppt to 2.3 ppt. It is 0.5 ppt atKhudabad, 0.8 ppt Dadu city west, 1.3 ppt at Dadu center, 1.3 ppt at Dadu city east, 0.8 ppt at ChandanMori, 1.4 ppt at Johi, 1.0 ppt at Chini, 0.7 ppt at Wahi Pandhi, 0.8 ppt Makhdom Bilawal, 0.5 ppt at Chodagi,0.4 ppt at Dur Mohammad Abro, 0.4 ppt at Kakkar, 0.3 ppt at Boriri, 2.3 ppt at K.N Shah, 0.5 ppt at Mehar(Table.1).

The concentration of salinity in different ground waters of Jamshoro district is found in the range of0.8 ppt to 5.8 ppt. It is measured at Jamshoro Phatak 0.9 ppt, at Kotri city 0.7 ppt, at Mangio Shoro 0.8 ppt,at LuniKot 0.7 ppt, at Thano Bula Khan 1.6 ppt, at Thano Ahmad Khan 0.8 ppt, at Petaro 1.4 ppt , atUnerpur 0.8 ppt, at Ali Abad 0.9 ppt, at Manghand 0.7 ppt, at Sunn 0.8 ppt, at Aamri 0.7 ppt, at Lacki 5.8ppt, at Shwan 0.8 ppt, at Jhangara 1.4 ppt, at Bubak 0.5 ppt, at Bhan Saeedabad 0.8 ppt and at BhanSaeedabad North 0.8 ppt (Table.1).

SAL is measured in ground water of the district ranges from 02 ppt to 14 ppt it is recorded at


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at Daharki, 0.4 ppt at Ghotki, 0.5 ppt at Mirpur Mathelo, 0.3 ppt at Bakshal Ali Lashari and 0.3 ppt atKhangrah (Table.1).

Sukkur district SAL level in the range of 0.2 ppt to 2.2 ppt. Sukkur (I) 0.9 ppt, Sukkur (II) 2.2 ppt,Sukkur (III) 3.8 ppt, Rohri (I) 0.3 ppt, Rohri (II) 0.3 ppt, Sukkur (IV) 0.2 ppt, Sukkur (V) 0.9 ppt, Sukkur (VI)0.2 ppt, Babar Loie 0.8 ppt, Sultanpur 0.4 ppt, Shahpur 0.8 ppt, Dubbar Wahan 0.2 ppt, Khandahu 0.4 ppt,Tando Mir Imam Talpur 0.3 ppt and Pano Aqil 0.5 ppt (Table.1).

The concentration of salinity is measured in ground water of Khairpur Mirs district ranges from 0.2ppt to 1.9 ppt. it is noted at Tharehi 0.8 ppt, at Hot Khan Magsi 0.9 ppt, at Khairpur Mirs city center 0.4 ppt,at Khairpur Mirs noth 0.3 ppt, at Khairpur Mirs city center 1.8 ppt, at Tando Masti 0.8 ppt, at Sorvan 1.9 ppt,at Kot Bunglo 0.8 ppt, at Kot Deji 0.9 ppt, at Kot Deji 0.2 ppt, at Kumb Near MRDO office 0.7 ppt, at Kumb1.2 ppt, at Ranipur 0.2 ppt, at Thari 0.3 ppt and at Hingorga 0.3 ppt(Table.1).

The concentration of salinity is measured in ground water of Nousharo Feroz district is in the rangeof 0.3 ppt to 3.1 ppt. SAL level in ground water is measuredat 0.5 ppt at Halani, 0.2 ppt at Kandiaro, 0.6 pptat Bhirea Road, 0.5 ppt at Bhelani, 0.6 ppt at Nousharo Feroz (II), 3.1 ppt at Tharu Shah, 0.9 ppt at MoroNorth, 0.8 ppt at Moro City , 0.5 ppt at Mithiani, 0.6 ppt at Phul, 3.1 ppt at Shahpur Jahania, 0.4 ppt atDarbelo, 0.4 ppt at Khan Wahan, 0.4 ppt at Dehat and 0.3 ppt at Kotri Kabir (Table.1).

The Nawabshah district has SAL level in the range of 0.2 ppt to 1.4 ppt. SAL level in ground wateris measuredat Sheer Mohd Jaqmali 0.4 ppt, at Nawabshah city west 1.2 ppt, at Nawabshah city center 0.2ppt, at Nawabshah city north 1.4 ppt, at Nawabshah city south 0.4 ppt, at Dahil Dero 0.5 ppt, at Sakarand0.5 ppt, at Saabo Raho 0.4 ppt, at New Saeedabad 0.3 ppt, at Maroocha Magh 0.4 ppt, at Lettar 0.3 ppt, atThul 1.4 ppt, at Qazi Ahmed 0.4 ppt and Sukhpur 0.4 ppt(Table.1).

The concentration of salinity is measured in ground water of Sanghar district ranges from 0.3 ppt to2.8 ppt. it is noted at Udaro Lal 0.4 ppt, at Shahdadpur 0.4 ppt, at G. Murtaza Junejo 0.7 ppt, at TandoAdam 0.3 ppt, at Tando Adam (II) 2.8 ppt, at Wali Dad Gaho 1.4 ppt, at Daloor mori 0.3 ppt, at VillageBachayo 2.2 ppt, at Jhole 1.5 ppt, at Village Ghindin 0.5 ppt, at Sanghar (I) 0.4 ppt, at Khadro 1.3 ppt, at MirHussain Talpur 0.8 ppt, at Shahpur Chakar 0.8 ppt, at Khipro 0.5 ppt, at Sindhri 1.5 ppt and at Gujri 0.5 ppt.

Salinity is measured at Hyderabad district in ground water levels at Matiari 1.7 ppt, Satyani 0.3 ppt,Khybar 0.7 ppt, Bhit Shah 1.3 ppt, Bhit Shah (II) 1.6 ppt, Halla 0.8 ppt, Khybar 0.9 ppt. At Tando Allahyar 1.5

ppt, Tando Allahyar 1.5 ppt, Tandojam 0.2 ppt, Tandojam city 0.4 ppt, Gul Mohammad 0.6 ppt, Saeeri 0.2ppt, Tando Saindad 0.3 ppt, Tando Mohmmad Khan (I) 0.5 ppt, Tando Mohmmad Khan (II) 1.1 ppt, MulaKatyar 0.4 ppt, Rahmatullah Jahejo 0.6 ppt, Tando Mohammad Khan (IV) 0.2 ppt and Nau maile 0.8 ppt(Table.1).

The salinity level is measured at district Mirpur Khas is in the range of 0.3 ppt to 1.4 ppt. SAL levelin ground water at Jhuluri is 1.5ppt, at Mirpur Khas North is 1.4ppt, at Mirpur Khas west is 0.4ppt, at Mirpursouth is 0.4ppt, at Sultanabad is 1.4ppt, at Noukot is 0.6ppt, at Tharo Khan is 0.9ppt, at Jhudo is 0.8ppt, atDigri is 1.3ppt, at Mirwah is 0.3ppt, at Kot Ghullam Mohd 0.7ppt (Table.1).Umarkot district has SAL level in the range of 0.4 ppt to 4.7 ppt. SAL level in ground water is measuredatKhno Rangar 2.5 ppt, at Umarkot 2.5 ppt, at Sulmam Rajar 0.5 ppt, at Bare ji mori 0.2 ppt, at Mehar AliLashari 0.4 ppt, at Saat mori 1.3 ppt, at Nauto 0.5 ppt, at Thar Nabisar 1.0 ppt, at Samaro 4.7 ppt andatKunri 0.6 ppt (Table.1).The ground water of Tharparkar district ranges is found in the range of 0.9 ppt to 6.3 ppt. it is noted atVillage Mithi 1.6 ppt, at Saro 1.9 ppt, at Village Bahadur 1.7 ppt, at Diplo city 3.1 ppt, at Islamkot 5.1 ppt, atMithoro Chachar Meghwar para 6.3 ppt, at Mithoro Chachar Bhel para 4.7 ppt, at Nagarparkar 0.8, at


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CHEMICAL PARAM ETERS OF GROUNDWATERIN SINDH

The detail geochemical study of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Aresnic (As) and Zinc (Zn) ingroundwater is determined. Nowadys heavy metal pollution is a great problem to environment. Thegroundwater contamination particularly by the industrial effluents (hevymetals) and their persistence in foodchain has been major concern. As these are bio-accumulative and relatively stable as well as toxic/carcinogenic and there four require close monitering. To asses the Pb, Cd, As, and Zn in groundwatersamples were collected from different locations of Sindh province, due to limited resources three to fourrepresentative samples from every district were collected totling 82 samples. Mr. Muhammad Waseem

PhD., Schlor carriedout analytical work at NCE in Inorganic Chemistry, university of Peshwar on theinstrument Electro thermal Atomic Absorption. The obtained data is discussed below, while the healthaffectsare given in Annexue 1.

Arsenic (As):Arsenic occurs naturally in rocks and soil, water, air, and plants and animals. It can be further released intothe environment through natural activities such as volcanic action, erosion of rocks and forest fires, orthrough human actions. Higher levels of arsenic tend to be found more in ground water sources than insurface water sources. The demand on ground water from municipal systems and private drinking waterwells may cause water levels to drop and release arsenic from rock formations.Human exposure to arsenic can cause both short and long term health effects. Short or acute effects canoccur within hours or days of exposure. Long or chronic effects occur over many years. Long term exposureto arsenic has been linked to cancer of the bladder, lungs, skin, kidneys, and nasal passages, liver andprostate. The maximum allowable limit of As in drinking water is 10 g/l.The concentration of Arsenic is found high above the permissible limits at Maripur Mathelo 24.53 g/l, atRohri city 66.11 g/l, at Sukkur city 46.93 g/l, at Dadu city east 216 g/l, at Tando Mohmmad Khan II74.04 g/l, at Mirpur Bathoro 73.34 g/l, at Diplo 137.8 g/l, at Nagarparkar 20.67 g/l, at Bhalwa 20.42

g/l, at Tandojam 20.31 g/l, at Nawabshah I 17.29 g/l and at Sanghar I 20.19 g/l, and it is alaramingcondition in above areas. However, rest of the groungwater sample showed Arsenic contents within thepermissible limit. The data would be different if the number of sample could be collected more than three orfour from every district.

The obtained data is presented graphicall (Table.2; Fig. 5). The aerial distribution of Arsenic isshown through contour map and relief map in Figure. 6 & 7.

Cadmium (Cd):Cadmium occurs naturally in Zn, Pb, Cu and other ores which can serve as source to ground and surfacewater. Cd can be relesed in drinking water fron corrosion of some galvanize plumbing and water main pipematerial. Average concentration of cadmium in dinking water is (10 g/l) 0.005mg/l (WHO, 2004). It cancause the health hazards such as nausea, vomitimg, diarrhea, muscle cramps, salivation, semsrydisturbances and renal failure. The long term Cadmium exposure can cause certain effects such as kidney,liver, bone and blood damage problems.The concentration of cadmium in ground water is found higher in all the parts of Sindh province In district


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Fig. 7.Relief map shows the arial distribution of As in survyed area in Sindh

Fig.6 Contour map shows the Arial distribution of Arsenic in different areas of Sindh Province

50

100

150

200

250

g/l


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InMirpurkhas district: it is found at Naukot 0.495 mg/l, at Mirpurkhas North 0.596 mg/l, Sultanabad

0.324 mg/l. In Umarkot district: Umarkot city 0.496 mg/l, Thar Nabisar 0.578 mg/l, Samaro 0.586 mg/l. InSanghar district: Tando Adam 0.529 mg/l, Khadro 0.619 mg/l, at Sanghar I 0.615 mg/l, at Shahpur Chakar0.633 mg/l. in Nawabshah district: at Nawabshah city-I 0.515 mg/l, at New Saeedabad 0.541 mg/l, atSakarand 0.563 mg/l, at Qazi Ahmed 0.301 mg/l is above the permissible limits of WHO (2004). However,the Cd concentration is found within the allowable limits at Mirpur Bathoro -0.392 mg/l (Thatta district),Tharehi -0.279 mg/l (Khairpur district) Vilage Ghindin -0.294 mg/l.

The obtained data is presented graphicall (Table.3; Fig.8). The aerial distribution of Cadmium isshown through contour map and relief map in Figure 9 & 10.

Lead (Pb):Lead is used in lead-acid batteries and alloys. The organolead compounds tetraethyl and tetramethyl leadhave also been used as anti knock and lubricating agents in petrol. This use is now in a decline and theexposure from the air is declining but source from drinking water constitutes the major proportion. Lead is ageneral toxicant and accumulates in the skeleton. It is toxic to both central and peripheral nervous systems(Gomara et al., 2007). Most of the lead in drinking water arises from the plumbing systems in the buildings.The measures to control the corrosion may reduce the amount of lead in drinking water. Allowable limit ofPb concentration in water by WHO (1975) is 0.01mg/l - 0.05 mg/l.

Lead concentration in groundwater is found high in at Nousharo Feroz II 0.087 mg/l, Badin I 0.076mg/l, Lakho pir 0.092 mg/l, Mithoro Chachar (Meghwar para) 0.068 mg/l, Mithoro Chachar (Bhel para)0.078 mg/l, Nagarparkar 0.08 mg/l, Nagarparkar 0.062 mg/l, Bhalwa 0.071 mg/l, Mithi 0.065 mg/l, TandoAllahyar 0.074 mg/l, Umarkot, 0.084 mg/l, Sakarand 0.07 mg/l, Samaro 0.064 mg/l, Mirpur Khas North0.069 mg/l (Table. 3), this concentration of Pb can be attributed to the Lithology of land and percolation ofagricultural and municipal waste.However, Pb concentration at Ali Abad, Sunn, Shwan, Bubak, Bhan Saeedabad II, Boriri, Naseerabad-I,K.N shah, Mehar, Larkana city west, Larkana city center , Larkana city north, Fateh Pur, Bungul Dero,Garhi Yaseen, Shikarpur, Khanpur, Ghospur, Kandh kot, Kashmore, Guddu, Maripur, Obauro, Daharki,

Pano Aqil, Ghotki, Sukkur I, Rohri I, Sukkur II, Sukkur III, Sukkur IV, Sukkur VI, Babar loi,Tharehi,Ramzanpur, Abad, Jacobabad city east, Jacobabad city center, Khairpur Mirs II, Kot Deji, Kumb, Ranipur,Bhehlani, Dadu east, Dadu City center, Johi, Kakar, Matli, Talhar, Tando Mohmmad Khan II, MirpurBathoro, Tari III, Kadhan, Diplo, Tandojam, Matiari, Tando Adam, Nawabshah I, New Saeedabad, TharNabisar, Khadro, Halla, Sanghar I, Shahpu Chakar, Qazi Ahmed, Sultanabad and at Village Ghindinm isfound within the permissible limits of WHO.

The obtained data is presented graphicall (Table.1; Fig. 12). The aerial distribution of Lead isshown through contour map and relief map in Figure.13 & 14.

Zinc (Zn):Zinc, like magnesium and selenium, is also an essential trace element. It is found in all foods and potablewater. The levels of zinc in surface and ground water normally do not exceed 0.01 mg/l and 0.05mg/lrespectively (WHO, 1996). Concentration in tap water may increase due to dissolution from the pipes(WHO, 2004). For any water to qualify as potable, these constituents must be below the specified limits.A di t WHO (1975) th i ibl li it f i i ll th t l i 5 /l 500 /l Zi


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Fig.10. contour map shows the Arial distribution of Cadmium in different areas of Sindh Province

Fig. 9. Relief map shows the arial distribution of Cd in surveyed area in Sindh Province

0 1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

mg/l


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Fig.12. Shows the Arial distribution of Pb in different areas of Sindh Province

Fig.13. Relief map shows Pb in different areas of Sindh Province

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

mg/l


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Fig.16. Shows the Arial Distribution of Zn in Different Areas of Sindh Province

Fig.15. Relief Map Shows Arial Distribution of Zn in Different Areas of Sindh Province

4

6

8

10

12

mg/l


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Fig 9. Map shows the distribution of ground water and its

quality in Sindh Province. (after Panwhar, 1964).

Disscussion and Conclusion Lower Indus plain formed by thealluvial deposits of the Indus River as

well as of Hakra River (Lambrick,1964; Pithawala, 1976; Kalyanaraman,2003; Panhawar, 2002). The entire surfaceis furrowed and cross-furrowed by beds ofolder river channels, which have left theirfertile meanders in many pieces.

Hydrologically the entire province

is irrigated by water originating from Guddu,Sukkur and Kotri barrages; however, thegroundwater is 28% fresh.

According to pipper (1944) waterclassification scheme the groundwaters ofSindh provence are generally prevailing(hydrogen) Carbonatic type and prevailingsulfatic

There is a greater variation in thepH of the waters of all the area. It isranging from neutral (pH = 7.2) to slightlyalkaline (pH = 8.5). however it is foundwithin the pemissible limits of WHO (2004).

The total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductance (EC) in the ground waters of the studyarea are genrally within the permissible limits of US-EPA (1978) and WHO (2004) and considered as freshwater in Dadu, Jamshoro, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Ghotki, Kashmore, Jacobabad, Thatta, BadinMirpur Khas, sanghar, Umarkot and Hyderabad district. However, all the sample collected from Tharparkar

district showed very high concentration of TDS and EC in groundwater (Table.1).The heavy and trace elements (i.e., As, Cd) in the subsurface waters of Sindh area are generally

above the permissible limits of US-EPA (1978); WHO (2004). The Arsenic contents are found higher atMaripur Mathelo, Rohri, Sukkur VI, and Dadu east, Tando Mohmmad Khan II, Mirpur Bathoro, Diplo,Nagarparkar, Bhalwa, Tandojam, Nawabshah I, Sanghar I.

The Lead concentration in groundwater is found high at Nousharo Feroz II 0.087 mg/l, Badin I0.076 mg/l, Lakho pir 0.092 mg/l, Mithoro Chachar (Meghwar para) 0.068 mg/l, Mithoro Chachar (Bhelpara) 0.078 mg/l, Nagarparkar 0.08 mg/l, Nagarparkar 0.062 mg/l, Bhalwa 0.071 mg/l, Mithi 0.065 mg/l,

Tando Allahyar 0.074 mg/l, Umarkot, 0.084 mg/l, Sakarand 0.07 mg/l, Samaro 0.064 mg/l, Mirpur KhasNorth 0.069 mg/l. This may be due to Lithology, agricultural waste, municipal waste water percolation. Thelack of proper outlet to rain water to its natural courses can not be ignored, because due to this water tableraises which it brings soluble minerals with it, which never goes back after the water table fall down.However, Cadmium is within the permissible limit in groundwater.

The concentration of Zinc is also found within the allowable limits of WHO (2004) except thesamplecollectedfromSakrandwhichshowedhighercontentsofZn


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Table 1 . Phys ica l paramet ers a t var ious locat ionsDist r ic t DaduSample

No Area pH

TDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-4 Khudabad 7.5 765 1545 0.5 24.4

GWS-1 Dadu City 7.4 1250 2500 1.3 29.6

GWS-2 Dadu east 8.2 633 1266 0.6 29.5

GWS-3 Dadu City center 7.3 1290 2580 1.3 30.1

GWS-8 Johi 8.1 1020 2030 1.4 28.2

GWS-5 Chini 8.3 1360 2700 1.4 25.8GWS-6 Wahi pandhi 7.7 867 1721 8.0 26.7

GWS-8 ChandanMori 8.3 1315 2638 1.2 26.8

GWS-10 Makhdoom Bilawal 7.7 1120 2248 0.8 28.4

GWS-10 Dur Mohd Abro 7.4 859 1723 0.4 28.1

GWS-16 Chodagi 7.5 487 1075 0.5 27.9

GWS-11 Kakar 8.2 412 821 0.4 28.8

GWS-12 Boriri 7.5 332 659 0.3 28.5

GWS-13 K.N shah 7.8 2210 4440 2.3 27.8

GWS-14 Kolachi 8.1 264 531 0.3 27.4

GWS-15 Mehar 7.5 512 1110 0.5 28.4

Dist r ic Jamshoro

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Jamshoro Phatak 7.7 877 1777 0.9 24.4

GWS-2 Kotri city 7.6 658 1418 0.7 29.6

GWS-3 Mangio Shoro 7.5 771 1485 0.8 29.4

GWS-4 Luni Kot 7.9 661 1425 0.7 28.1

GWS-5 Thano Bula Khan 7.7 1525 3065 1.6 28.2

GWS-6 Thano Ahmad Khan 7.8 866 1840 0.8 25.8

GWS-7 Petaro 7.5 1435 3040 1.4 26.7

GWS-8 Unerpur 7.5 765 1485 0.8 26.8

GWS-9 Ali Abad 7.8 872 1777 0.9 28.4

GWS-10 Manghand 7.5 651 1418 0.7 28.1

GWS-11 Sunn 7.5 765 1485 0.8 27.9

GWS-12 Aamri 7.5 655 1425 0.7 28.8

GWS-13 Lucky 8.2 5150 10280 5.8 28.5

GWS-14 Shwan 8.1 860 1840 0.8 27.8

GWS-15 Jhangara 7.6 1390 3040 1.4 27.4

GWS16 B b k 75 377 735 05 284


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GWS-3 Wagan 7.9 1300 2590 1.3 29.6

GWS-2 Naseerabad-I 7.6 851 1707 0.9 29.4

GWS-4 Shahdadkot 8.3 1730 3450 1.8 28.1

GWS-5 Larkana city west 8.1 624 1250 0.6 28.2

GWS-6 Larkana city center 8.1 432 864 0.4 25.8

GWS-7 Larkana city north 7.5 771 1544 0.8 26.7

GWS-8 Fateh Pur 7.7 401 799 0.4 26.8

GWS-9 Bungul Dero 7.9 1230 2470 1.3 28.4

GWS-10 Rato Dero 8.1 771 1541 0.8 28.1

GWS-11 Miro Khan 8.2 757 1513 0.8 27.9

GWS-12 Drakhan 7.9 433 867 0.4 28.8

GWS-13 Khanpur 7.9 1233 2476 1.3 28.5GWS-14 Qambar 8.2 851 1707 0.9 27.8

Dist r ic t Shikarpur

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Garhi Yaseen 7.8 496 990 0.5 27.4

GWS-2 Shikarpur I 8.0 553 1105 0.5 28.4

GWS-3 Shikarpur II 7.5 329 659 0.3 27.9GWS-4 Khanpur 7.8 1920 3830 2.0 27.8

GWS-5 Habibkot 7.8 886 1772 0.9 28.1

GWS-6 Lakhi 7.9 270 540 0.3 27.9

Dis t r i c t Kashmore

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Ghospur 8.2 1645 3365 1.7 29.4GWS-3 Kandh kot 8.1 1510 3020 1.6 28.1

GWS-2 Kashmore 8.3 1280 2970 1.3 28.2

GWS-4 Kashmore 8.3 1280 2550 1.3 25.8

GWS-5 Guddu 8.1 141 311 0.1 26.7

GWS-6 Darkhan 7.8 1170 2360 1.2 26.8

GWS-7 Risaldar 7.8 1178 2376 1.2 28.4

Dis t r i c t Gho tk iSample

No Area pH

TDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Mureedki Shakh 7.6 199 480 0.2 25.8

GWS-3 Maripur 7.8 324 715 0.3 26.7

GWS2 Obauro 78 886 1772 09 268


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Dis t r i c t Sukkur

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Sukkur I 7.7 881 1760 0.9 24.4

GWS-3 Sukkur II 7.8 2110 4210 2.2 29.6

GWS-2 Sukkur III 7.9 3440 6870 3.8 29.4

GWS-4 Rohri I 8.1 280 559 0.3 28.1

GWS-5 Rohri II 7.9 270 540 0.3 28.2

GWS-6 Sukkur IV 7.8 186 370 0.2 25.8

GWS-7 Sukkur V 7.8 926 1852 0.9 26.7

GWS-8 Sukkur VI 8.2 206 414 0.2 26.8

GWS-9 Babar Loie 8.3 825 1647 0.8 28.4

GWS-10 Sultanpur 7.2 434 871 0.4 28.1

GWS-11 Shahpur 7.9 818 1635 0.8 27.9

GWS-12 Dubbar Wahan 7.2 177 353 0.2 28.8

GWS-13 Khandahu 8.2 414 831 0.4 28.5

GWS-14 Tando Mir Imam Talpur 8.1 284 569 0.3 27.8

GWS-15 Pano Aqil 8.2 523 1042 0.5 27.4

Dist r ic t Kha i rpur

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Tharehi 8.2 827 1650 0.8 24.4

GWS-3 Hot Khan Magsi 8.2 845 1725 0.9 29.6

GWS-2 Khairpur Mirs I 7.7 396 792 0.4 29.4

GWS-4 Khairpur Mirs II 7.8 269 538 0.3 28.1

GWS-5 Khairpur Mirs III 8.3 1740 3470 1.8 28.2

GWS-6 Tando Masti 8.1 790 1578 0.8 25.8GWS-7 Sorvan 8.1 1850 3750 1.9 26.7

GWS-8 Kot Bunglo 7.8 787 1576 0.8 26.8

GWS-9 Kot Deji 7.8 887 1774 0.9 28.4

GWS-10 Kot Deji 7.6 231 463 0.2 28.1

GWS-11 Kumb Near MRDO office 7.8 702 1405 0.7 27.9

GWS-12 Kumb 7.8 1170 2360 1.2 28.8

GWS-13 Ranipur 7.6 173 345 0.2 28.5

GWS-14 Thari 7.8 395 788 0.3 27.8GWS-15 Hingorga 8.2 285 568 0.3 27.4

Dist r ic t Nosharo Feroz

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC


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GWS-8 Moro City 8.2 845 1690 0.8 26.8

GWS-9 Mithiani 7.8 472 947 0.5 28.4

GWS-10 Phul 7.9 557 1117 0.6 28.1

GWS-11 Shahpur Jahania 8.3 2870 5740 3.1 27.9GWS-12 Darbelo 8.1 431 863 0.4 28.8

GWS-13 Khan Wahan 8.2 307 317 0.4 28.5

GWS-14 Dehat 7.9 433 865 0.4 27.8

GWS-15 Kotri Kabir 8.1 284 516 0.3 27.4

Dis t r i c t Jacobabad

SampleNo Area pH

TDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Ramzanpur 7.5 1354 2708 1.6 29.4

GWS-3 Abad 7.6 988 1976 0.9 28.1

GWS-2 Mirpur 8.1 533 1069 0.5 28.2

GWS-4 Maulabad 8.4 271 545 0.3 25.8

GWS-5 Jacobabad city east 8.0 1500 2990 1.5 26.7

GWS-6 Jacobabad city center 8.6 262 525 0.3 26.8

GWS-7 Jacobabad city North 8.2 877 1754 0.9 28.4

GWS-8 Thul 7.4 230 461 0.4 28.1GWS-9 Karim Bux 7.9 269 479 0.4 27.9

Dist r ic t Hyderabad

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Saeeri 8.2 230 465 0.2 27.4

GWS-3 Tando Saindad 7.8 314 627 0.3 29.4

GWS-2 Tando Mohmmad Khan I 7.8 503 1008 0.5 28.1GWS-4 Tando Mohmmad Khan II 8.3 1030 2070 1.1 28.2

GWS-5 Mulla Katyar 8.1 398 801 0.4 25.8

GWS-6 Rahmatullah Jokhio 7.8 622 1251 0.6 26.7

GWS-7 Tando Mohammad Khan IV 7.8 208 417 0.2 26.8

GWS-8 Nau maile 8.1 809 1614 0.8 28.4

GWS-9 Tando Allahyar 7.6 1450 2890 1.5 28.1

GWS-10 Tando Allahyar 7.8 1420 2810 1.5 27.9

GWS-11 Tandojam 7.9 203 408 0.2 29.4GWS-12 Tandojam city 7.8 366 731 0.4 28.1

GWS-13 Gul Mohammad 7.7 567 1132 0.6 28.2

GWS-14 Matiari 7.4 1650 3830 1.7 25.8

GWS-15 Satyani 7.6 286 575 0.3 26.7

GWS-16 Khybar 76 679 1360 07 268


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No mg/l Sm/cm ppt oC

GWS-1 Chuhar Jamali 7.8 1320 2650 1.4 26.7

GWS-3 Shah Karim 8.0 729 1461 0.7 26.8

GWS-2 Mirpur Bathoro 7.8 1190 2390 1.2 28.4

GWS-4 Mirpur Bathoro- Sujawal road 7.9 707 1417 0.7 28.1

GWS-5 Sujawal 7.8 1290 2580 1.3 27.9

GWS-6 Thatta 8.2 233 463 0.2 26.8

GWS-7 Thatta 7.7 610 1224 0.6 28.4

GWS-8 Thatta Bridge 8.2 1360 2720 1.4 28.1

GWS-9 M. Ibrahim Baran 8.2 526 1052 0.5 27.9

GWS-10 Pijari Mori 7.6 943 1891 0.1 29.4

GWS-11 Jheruck 7.6 807 1612 0.8 28.1GWS-12 Jungshahi 7.6 150 301 0.1 28.2

GWS-13 Gharo 7.6 513 1179 0.5 25.8

GWS-14 Mirpur Sakro 7.9 230 381 0.2 26.7

GWS-15 Ghullamullah 8.2 1360 2720 1.4 26.8

GWS-16 Jati 7.8 1320 2650 1.4 28.4

Dist r ic t Bad in

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Khorwah 7.8 1120 2240 1.1 26.8

GWS-3 Tando Bago 8.2 1880 3750 2.0 28.4

GWS-2 Matli 8.1 607 1213 0.6 28.1

GWS-4 Talhar 8.1 4170 8370 4.6 27.9

GWS-5 Khorwah Chouk 8.2 319 636 0.3 29.4

GWS-6 Golarchi I 8.1 1460 2930 1.5 28.1

GWS-7 Golarchi II 7.9 494 992 0.5 28.2GWS-8 Guni 7.5 842 1683 0.9 25.8

GWS-9 Tarai 7.2 1240 2630 1.3 26.7

GWS-10 Tarai II 7.2 1325 2724 1.4 26.8

GWS-11 Tari III 8.2 875 1746 0.9 28.4

GWS-12 Badin I 8.1 820 1643 0.8 28.1

GWS-13 Badin II 8.2 1240 2480 1.3 27.9

GWS-14 Kadhan 8.1 301 600 0.3 29.4

GWS-15 Pangrio 7.9 664 1534 0.7 26.8GWS-16 Pir Fateh shah 7.8 1120 2252 0.9 28.4

GWS-17 Bhugra Memon 8.1 899 1798 0.9 28.1

GWS-18 Ahmed Rajo 8.1 2680 5360 2.9 27.9

GWS-19 Lakho Pir 7.8 1120 2252 0.9 29.4


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GWS-5 Islamkot 7.3 2880 6335 5.1 27.9

GWS-6 Mithoro Chachar Meghwar para 7.6 5580 8430 6.3 29.4

GWS-7 Mithoro Chachar Bhel para 7.2 4260 1613 4.7 26.8

GWS-8 Nagarparkar 7.3 807 1693 0.8 28.4GWS-9 Nagarparkar 7.3 845 3080 0.9 28.1

GWS-10 Nagarparkar 7.4 1540 3080 1.6 27.9

GWS-11 Dano Dandal 7.3 1540 3080 1.6 29.4

GWS-12 Bhalwa 8.1 1540 4425 1.6 28.1

GWS-13 Marvi jo Khuh 8.1 2210 1722 1.9 28.2

GWS-14 Bhalwa II 7.2 860 5770 0.9 25.8

GWS-15 Mithi 7.2 2880 5788 3.1 26.7

GWS-16 Mithi II 7.4 2890 3180 3.1 26.8GWS-17 Nau Kot 7.3 1590 1307 1.7 28.4

GWS-18 Khario 7.4 1653 3242 1.7 28.1

Dis t r i c t Umarko t

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Khno Rangar 7.8 2370 4760 2.5 26.8

GWS-3 Umarkot 7.9 2350 4710 2.5 28.4GWS-2 Sulmam Rajar 7.8 479 791 0.5 28.1

GWS-4 Bare ji mori 7.9 159 315 0.2 27.9

GWS-5 Mehar Ali Lashari 8.2 366 731 0.4 29.4

GWS-6 Saat mori 8.1 1290 2590 1.3 28.1

GWS-7 Nauto 7.8 479 791 0.5 28.2

GWS-8 Thar Nabisar 7.5 950 1935 1.0 25.8

GWS-9 Samaro 7.6 4260 8430 4.7 26.7

GWS-10 Kunri 7.5 603 1207 0.6 26.8

Dist r ic t Mirpur Khas

SampleNo

Area pHTDSmg/l

ECSm/cm

SALppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Jhuluri 7.8 1410 2810 1.5 29.4

GWS-3 Mirpur Khas North 7.8 1350 2710 1.4 26.8

GWS-2 Mirpur Khas west 7.7 416 826 0.4 28.4

GWS-4 Mirpur south 7.5 431 864 0.4 28.1GWS-5 Sultanabad 8.1 1350 2700 1.4 27.9

GWS-6 Noukot 7.5 603 1207 0.6 29.4

GWS-7 Tharo Khan 7.8 877 1756 0.9 28.1

GWS-8 Jhudo 7.7 824 1653 0.8 28.2

GWS-9 Digri 75 1243 2489 13 258


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GWS-3 Shahdadpur 7.4 372 741 0.4 26.8

GWS-2 G. Murtaza Junejo 8.3 830 1647 0.7 28.4

GWS-4 Tando Adam 7.8 325 655 0.3 28.1

GWS-5 Tando Adam II 8.1 2650 5320 2.8 27.9GWS-6 Wali Dad Gaho 8.1 1320 2650 1.4 29.4

GWS-7 Daloor mori 8.1 266 532 0.3 26.8

GWS-8 Village Bachayo 7.9 2120 4240 2.2 28.4

GWS-9 Jhole 7.8 1460 2930 1.5 28.1

GWS-10 Vilage Ghindin 7.5 484 971 0.5 27.9

GWS-11 Sanghar I 7.7 438 874 0.4 29.4

GWS-12 Khadro 8.1 1260 2530 1.3 28.1

GWS-13 Mir Hussain Talpur 7.8 774 1551 0.8 28.2GWS-14 Shahpur Chakar 7.8 753 1506 0.8 25.8

GWS-15 Khipro 7.8 518 1035 0.5 26.7

GWS-16 Sindhri 7.8 1468 2941 1.5 26.8

GWS-17 Gujri 7.5 494 981 0.5 28.4

Dis t r i c t Nawabshah

Sample

No Area pH

TDS

mg/l

EC

Sm/cm

SAL

ppt

TempoC

GWS-1 Sheer Mohd Jamali 7.7 362 724 0.4 28.2

GWS-3 Nawabshah I 7.8 1120 2280 1.2 25.8

GWS-2 Nawabshah II 7.8 194 386 0.2 26.7

GWS-4 Nawabshah III 8.1 1380 2760 1.4 26.8

GWS-5 Nawabshah IV 7.7 437 876 0.4 28.4

GWS-6 Dahil Dero 7.8 536 1074 0.5 28.1

GWS-7 Sakarand 7.6 558 1116 0.5 27.9

GWS-8 Saabo Raho 7.5 425 851 0.4 29.4GWS-9 New Saeedabad 7.8 348 694 0.3 26.8

GWS-10 Maroocha Magh 7.7 435 871 0.4 28.4

GWS-11 Lettar 7.8 351 701 0.3 28.1

GWS-12 Thul 7.8 1194 2412 1.4 27.9

GWS-13 Qazi Ahmed 8.1 810 1623 0.4 29.4

GWS-14 Sukhpur 7.7 437 876 0.4 28.4

Table 2 . Chemica l parameters in groundw ater in S indh prov ince

S. No Sample No AreaPb

mg/lAsg/l

Cdmg/l

Znmg/l

1 GWS 1 Ali Abad 0001 7189 003 001


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9 GWS -9 Mehar -0.009 -2.894 0.144 0.42310 GWS -10 Larkana city west -0.041 0.547 0.119 0.017

11 GWS -11 Larkana city center -0.031 -1.174 0.122 0.028

12 GWS -12 Larkana city north -0.029 -0.973 0.13 0.01313 GWS -13 Fateh Pur -0.035 -0.945 0.149 0.004

14 GWS -14 Bungul Dero -0.012 0.338 0.166 0.015

15 GWS -15 Garhi Yaseen -0.007 0.925 0.165 0.012

16 GWS -16 Shikarpur I -0.037 0.573 0.169 0.27417 GWS -17 Khanpur -0.038 1.467 0.62 0.006

18 GWS -18 Ghospur -0.016 3.468 0.204 0.005

19 GWS -19 Kandh kot 0.039 2.192 0.19 0.008

20 GWS -20 Kashmore 0.004 0.15 0.21 0.09121 GWS -21 Guddu -0.045 3.764 0.197 0.005

22 GWS -22 Maripur Mathelo -0.013 24.53 0.207 0.01223 GWS -23 Obauro -0.011 9.538 0.223 0.007

24 GWS -24 Daharki -0.046 5.066 0.203 0.009

25 GWS -25 Pano Aqil 0.011 -1.906 0.255 0.009

26 GWS -26 Ghotki -0.047 2.251 0.238 0.00327 GWS -27 Sukkur I 0.029 -0.951 0.247 0.444

28 GWS -28 Rohri I -0.019 66.11 0.249 0.02229 GWS -29 Sukkur II 0.044 -1.336 0.275 2.49130 GWS -30 Sukkur III 0.051 -1.998 0.314 0.762

31 GWS -31 Sukkur IV -0.016 2.918 0.248 0.002

32 GWS -32 Sukkur VI 0.043 46.93 0.284 0.00333 GWS -33 Babar loi 0.016 -1.894 0.304 0.034

34 GWS -34 Tharehi -0.001 2.723 0.279 0.001

35 GWS -35 Ramzanpur 0.446 0.137 0.299 0.008

36 GWS -36 Abad -0.004 1.804 0.301 0.00137 GWS -37 Jacobabad city east -0.01 1.209 0.324 0.055

38 GWS -38 Jacobabad city center 0.005 32.74 0.294 0.128

39 GWS -39 Khairpur Mirs II -0.006 1.41 0.314 0.01640 GWS -40 Kot Deji 0.031 1.432 0.33 0.008

41 GWS -41 Kumb 0.021 3.295 0.344 0.010

42 GWS -42 Ranipur 0.033 0.66 0.341 0.07643 GWS -43 Nousharo Feroz II 0.087 3.083 0.352 0.023

44 GWS -44 Bhehlani 0.011 0.066 0.361 0.019

45 GWS -45 Dadu east 0.024 216.0 0.368 0.00846 GWS -46 Dadu City center 0.027 1.463 0.383 0.232

47 GWS -47 Johi 0.105 4.501 0.371 0.096

48 GWS -48 Kakar 0.041 -0.663 0.383 0.019

49 GWS -49 Matli 0.036 3.953 0.377 0.018


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58 GWS -58 Mithoro Chachar Meghwar para 0.068 0.621 0.459 0.01459 GWS -59 Mithoro Chachar Bhel para 0.078 -0.736 0.481 0.054

60 GWS -60 Nagarparkar 0.08 -0.078 0.444 1.423

61 GWS -61 Nagarparkar 0.062 20.67 0.456 0.00662 GWS -62 Bhalwa 0.071 20.42 0.49 0.008

63 GWS -63 Mithi 0.065 3.008 0.49 0.01

64 GWS -64 Naukot 0.016 8.017 0.495 0.012

65 GWS -65 Tando Allahyar 0.074 -3.64 0.488 0.01266 GWS -66 Tandojam 0.045 20.31 0.524 0.004

67 GWS -67 Umarkot 0.084 0.976 0.496 0.009

68 GWS -68 Matiari 0.111 -0.269 0.503 0.588

69 GWS -69 Tando Adam 0.035 1.539 0.529 0.04570 GWS -70 Nawabshah I 0.054 17.29 0.515 0.050

71 GWS -71 New Saeedabad 0.044 9.212 0.541 0.20072 GWS -72 Sakarand 0.07 -1.272 0.563 10.95

73 GWS -73 Samaro 0.064 -0.738 0.586 0.060

74 GWS -74 Mirpur Khas North 0.069 -1.012 0.596 0.135

75 GWS -75 Thar Nabisar 0.043 0.339 0.578 0.09676 GWS -76 Khadro 0.051 0.705 0.619 0.620

77 GWS -77 Halla 0.05 -0.897 0.602 0.05778 GWS -78 Sanghar I 0.003 20.19 0.615 0.13079 GWS -79 Shahpu Chakar 0.001 3.91 0.633 0.006

80 GWS -80 Qazi Ahmed -0.042 -0.416 0.301 0.747

81 GWS -81 Sultanabad -0.009 0.339 0.324 2.67782 GWS -82 Vilage Ghindin -0.046 0.705 0.294 0.053


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US. Environmental Protection Agency., 1978. Manual Treatment Techniques from Meeting the InterimPrimary Drinking Water Requlations. Office of Research Laboratory, Water Supply ResearchDivision, EPA. 600/ 8-77-005, Cincinnati, OH:73. and other supporting information. Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.World Health Organization, Geneva.

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Annex ure 1Contaminants, their maximum admissible limit and health effects

Characteristics MCL OF US-EPA MCL OF WHO

Total dissolved solids (TDS) 1000 mg/l 1000 mg/l

pH 7.0 - 8.0 6.5 - 8.5

Note:1 Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) - The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water.2 Units are in milligrams per liter (mg/L) unless otherwise noted. Milligrams per liter are equivalent to parts per million.

ContaminantMCL

(mg/L)2

Potential Health Effects from Ingestion of Water Sources of Contaminant in Drinking Water

Arsenic (As)10 g/l Skin damage or problems with circulatory systems, and may have

increased risk of getting cancer

Erosion of natural deposits; runoff from orchards,

runoff from glass & electronics production wastes

Cadmium (Cd) 0.005 Kidney damage

Corrosion of galvanized pipes; erosion of natural

deposits; discharge from metal refineries; runoff from

waste batteries and paints

Lead (Pb) 0.015

Infants and children: Delays in physical or mental development;

children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning

abilities

Adults: Kidney problems; high blood pressure

Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of

natural deposits

Zinc 0.1 - 5Zinc deficiencies are tastelessness and loss of appetite. Children's

immune systems and enzyme systems may be affected

groundwater quality in sindh

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