group 4 team 8 - nuclear energy
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
1/42
NuclearEnergy!
Team 8:
Claudia Ciesielski-Listwan,
Japjeet Mangat,
Prabhjot Mukkar,
Vineet Penumarthy,
Vicky Wang.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
2/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
3/42
Nuclear Power
o increasingly popular form of energy
production
o Uranium-235 usually used as fuel
o unlike traditional form of energyproduction where fossil fuels such
as coal are burned, rather, energy
is produced from the controlledsplitting, or fission, of uranium
atoms
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
4/42
o this is a nuclear reaction, occurring atthe atomic level, thus nuclear power
o energy from this process is then usedto heat water to produce steam,which then generates electricity
o advantages & disadvantages will bediscussed
o advantages: clean, affordable,reliable
o disadvantages: non-renewable,negative effects of radiation, difficultyin waste disposal, possibility ofnuclear disaster
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
5/42
Nuclear Reactions
o nuclear energy is produced naturally, e.g.the heat and light of the sun are producedfrom nuclear fusion at its core
specifically, merging of hydrogen atoms that
have lost their electrons, i.e. protonso in nuclear reactors, the fission process is
man-made
nuclei of U-235 atoms are unstable thuseasily split when bombarded by neutrons
once the nucleus is split, multiple neutronsare released which then collide withother nuclei
this is a chain reaction, and is self-sustaining
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
6/42
o nuclear reactions follow Einsteins
Mass Energy Formula, thatE = mc
where E = energy released, m = massdefect and c = speed of light
thus, energy released is directlyproportional to the mass defect
small masses can produce large
amounts of energy, as m is multipliedby the huge number 3 x 108 m/s
squared
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
7/42
The Uranium Atom
o heaviest naturally occurring element, isfound on Earth's crust
o found in different isotopes, i.e. differentnumber of neutrons in the nucleus
o naturally occurring mostly as U-238(making up 99.3% of the reserves) and U-235 (the other 0.7%); rarely U-234 (lessthan 0.001%)
o deposits of Uranium ore are mined;Australia has the largest orebody
o due to potential misuse for weaponsdevelopment, Uranium is only sold andexported to countries that are a part of theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
8/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
9/42
o The S i the rl l r est supplier f
er i l uclearpowerplants
o It hasover licensedplantsand in 6,s ( uclear owerplants) produced
about of thecountr sener
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
10/42
o France has the second most
nuclear power plants in the
world with around 50 plants that
produce about 79% of its
electricity output
o There are 5 countries thatoperate a total of 430 nuclear
reactors of which, 250 are used
for research and the other 180are used to power ships,
submarines, etc
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
11/42
o 440 commercial nuclear reactors
operating in 30 countries with 37 , 000
MWe (Megawatt electrical) total capacity
o All the nuclear power plants in the world
produce about 17% of the worlds
electricity
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
12/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
13/42
o Nuclear power plantsproduce about 50% of
Ontarios electricityo Two of the plants that
produce the mostelectricity are owned byOPG (Ontario PowerGeneration). Theseplants are PickeringNuclear and DarlingtonNuclear
o Together, these twostations are capable ofproducing , 00megawatts
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
14/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
15/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
16/42
The Distribution of Costs in a Nuclear Power Plant and
How it Attains its Profits
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
17/42
Expenseso Construction Costs
o The cost of building a nuclear power plant is 1 billiondollars because of the employment of 20,000 workers,a design team, and a license.
o Operating Costs
o Because nuclear energy has proven to be cost
effective in production, nuclear power plants arecharge about 0.2 cents KW/H
o Waste disposal costs
o Because nuclear waste has proven to be a threat to theenvironment, the cost of disposing nuclear waste hasclimbed to about 10% of the construction cost/year
o The cost of decommissioning the plant
o This is when the nuclear plant decides to shut down,the cost is approximately 300 million dollars.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
18/42
Profits
o Profits are made through contracts of
nuclear energy
o The more contracts and production
level, the stock price of nuclear energyrises.
o Thus, investors have a first hand at
rising profits in these nuclear powerplants.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
19/42
Consumption of Nuclear Energy
Used in Ontario
Nuclear energy
was the most
used type of
energy inOntario
About 52% of
energy
consumptioncomes from
Nuclear energy
Nuclear Coal
Hydroelectric Gas
Source: Ontario Power Generation
http://www.opg.com/power/nuclear/
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
20/42
Consumption of Nuclear Energy
Used Internationally
In contrast however, in
the world, nuclear
energy is one of the
lowest This is
changing, however, as
nuclear energy is
becoming anincreasingly popular
and environmental
energy source.
Source: European Energy forum
http://www.europeanenergyforum.eu/archives/european-
energy-forum/nuclear-matters/countering-climate-
change-nuclear-energy-as-an-element-of-the-solution
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
21/42
What is a Nuclear Reactor?o
A NuclearReactor is adevice wherenuclear chainreactions are
initiated,controlled andsustained.
o It converts
nuclear energyinto heat andgenerateselectrical power.
Source: Softpedia
http://news.softpedia.com/newsImage/Nuclear-Reactor-Opens-for-Study-2.jpg/
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
22/42
Types of Nuclear Reactors
1. Pressured Water Reactorsy Controlled by high pressure liquid water, this reactor
releases steam to generate turbines. This is the mostpopular and most reliable.
2. Boiling Water Reactorsy uses a pressure vessel at a lower pressure
but also creates steams. This is more stablebecause the thermal efficiency is higher.
3. Pressured Heavy water reactorsy a single large pressure vessel is replaced
with hundreds of smaller pressure tubes andis fueled by natural uranium
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
23/42
Types of Nuclear Reactors
Cont.4. Gas Cooled Reactor
y graphite moderated and CO2, this is highlythermal efficient
5. Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactory produces more fuel than its consumed and a
high pressure not required to run thepressure system.
. High Power Channel Reactor
y Uses cool water and a graphite moderatorbut is very unstable and large (caused theChernobyl accident)
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
24/42
Environmental Damage
and the Effect on People
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
25/42
Three Mile Island
The Three-Mile Island accident was the second greatestaccident in history
In 1979, a cooling malfunction caused part of the core to melt in
the second reactor
Some radio-active gas was leaked a few days after the incident,
but not enough to cause harm to local residents or theenvironment
No injuries or adverse health effects were caused from the
Three Mile Island accident
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
26/42
Chernobyl The greatest accident regarding nuclear energy to have ever
occurred 198 It was the result of a flaw in the reactor design and was
monitored by personnel inadequate in training
The steam explosion that resulted released 5% of the radioactive
reactor core into the atmosphere
Two plant works died on the day of the accident. 28 other peopledied within a few weeks as a result of radiation poisoning.
Increase in thyroid cancers in local population
Resettlement of areas needed
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
27/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
28/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
29/42
Types of Radiation
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
30/42
Radiation
1902 -Frederick Soddy stated that
radioactivity is the result of a
natural change in atoms, more
specifically, the change of isotopeof one element into an isotope of
another element
The three most common types ofradiation are; Alpha, Beta, &
Gamma
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
31/42
Alpha Radiation A heavy, short-range particle an ejected Helium nucleus
Most alpha radiation is unable to penetrate human skin
Harmful to humans if the material emitting the radiation is
inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through open wounds
It is only able to travel a short , a few inches in air
Alpha radiation is unable to penetrate clothing
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
32/42
Beta Radiation A light, short range particle an ejected electron
It can travel several feet in air
It is able to penetrate human skin. If the contaminate stays
on the skin for a prolonged period of time, it can cause injury
It is harmful internally to the body
Clothing provides some protection against beta radiation
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
33/42
Gamma Radiation Highly penetrating
electromagnetic radiation
Able to travel many feet in
air, and several inches in human
tissue
Dense materials are needed for
protection
Excited atoms release photons
photons are packets of energy
The release of energy brings the
atom to a more stable state
Gamma radiation often triggersrelease of Alpha and Beta
radiation
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
34/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
35/42
What is it?o Social movement that opposes the use of Nuclear
Technologies The United States used nuclear weapons against Hiroshima
and Nagasaki in 1945. Since then, despite calls for their use inthe Korean and Vietnamese conflicts and concerns about theiremployment during the Cuban missile crisis, no nuclearweapon has been fired in anger.
Although the victors of World War II regarded the atomic bomb
as the winning weapon and expected it to keep the peace,many people considered it an immoral weapon.
o Direct action groups, environmental groups andprofessional organizations have identified themselveswith the movement at the local, national andinternational level.
o Groups include: Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Friends
of the Earth, Greenpeace, International Physicians for thePrevention of Nuclear War, and the Nuclear Information andResource Service.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
36/42
How did the Anti-Nuclear
Movement come to be? As Cold War tensions escalated in the 1950s,
many women within the peace movement
became involved in the anti-nuclear campaign.
One area of concern was the creation ofnuclear and foreign military bases in Australia.
Twenty years later in central Australia, 700
Indigenous and white women from across the
country established a peace camp at Pine Gap
to protest against the US intelligence base.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
37/42
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
38/42
Americans favornuclearenergy.
The long-term transformation in publicopinion on nuclear energy is striking:Those in favor moved from 49 percentin 1983, when the question was first
asked, to 74 percent today. Those whostrongly favor nuclear energy nowoutnumber those who are stronglyopposed by more than three to one
33 percent strongly favor comparedwith 10 percent who are stronglyopposed.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
39/42
The public is increasingly confident in
the safety of nuclear power plants.
In 1984, 35 percent gave high ratings (5-
to-7) to the safety of nuclear power
plants on a 1-to-7 scale. Today thatnumber is 73 percent more than
double with just 10 percent giving
nuclear power plants a low safety rating
(1-to-3).
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
40/42
Opinions by Political PartyAlthough Republicans are more
favorable to nuclear energy than
Democrats, both believe that their ownpartys representatives are the most
favorable to building more nuclear
power plants.
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
41/42
Bibliography "Chernobyl | Chernobyl Accident | Chernobyl Disaster."
World Nuclear Association | Nuclear Power - a SustainableEnergy Resource. N.p., n.d. Web. .
"OECD: Nuclear Waste."OECD: Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web..
"What Types of Radiation Are There?."Health PhysicsSociety. N.p., n.d. Web..
"What is Nuclear Waste?."wiseGEEK: clearanswers forcommon questions. N.p., n.d. Web..
"Three Mile Island | TMI 2 |Three Mile Island Accident.."World Nuclear Association | Nuclear Power - a SustainableEnergy Resource. N.p., n.d. .
-
8/6/2019 Group 4 Team 8 - Nuclear Energy
42/42
World Nuclear University, (2007, September). The Need for
Nuclear. Retrieved July 1 , 2009, from World Nuclear
Association Web site: http://www.world-nuclear.org/ Donald, Achive. (2003, April 1 ). Economics of nuclear
energy. Retrieved from http://www.world-
nuclear.org/info/inf02.html
Bacon, Eva. "The Anti-Nuclear Campaign."The University of
Queensland. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Jan. 2011..
"Nuclear Energy Institute - Perspective on Public Opinion,
June 2010 ."Nuclear Energy Institute - Clean-Air Energy.
N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Jan. 2011.
.