group 8 - microbiology 1 _bacteriology

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PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOLS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH Prototype Course Syllabus

Course Title: Microbiology 1 (Bacteriology)

Course Description: The course covers the morphology and physiology of bacteria, rickettsiae and other significant atypical bacteria and their role in infection and immunity. Emphasis is made on their isolation and identification and susceptibility testing as an aid in laboratory diagnosis.

Course Credit: 5 units (3 units lecture, 2 units laboratory)

Contact Hours: 3 hours lecture and 6 hours laboratory per week (54 hours lecture and 108 hours laboratory per semester)

Prerequisites: Biochemistry, Human Anatomy and Physiology

Placement: Third Year, 1

st Semester

Terminal Competencies: At the end of this course, the student is able to:

1. identify bacteria according to standard laboratory techniques: microscopic and staining; growth and biochemical characteristics; and antigen typing. 2. perform appropriate antimicrobial susceptibility testing 3. operate common instruments used in Bacteriology 4. participate in quality assurance/quality control program in Microbiology 5. understand the duties and responsibilities of medical technologists in the clinical setting 6. perform proper specimen collection, processing, transport and waste disposal 7. apply concepts in controlling the growth and spread of pathogenic bacteria

References:

1. Alcamo, Edward I. Fundamentals of Microbiology 6th ed. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2001.

2. Bartlet, Margaret A. Diagnostic Bacteriology: A Study Guide. F.A. Davis Co. Philadelphia, USA, 2000. 3. Black, Jacquelyn. Microbiology: Principles and Explorations 7

th ed. USA: Wiley, 2008.

4. Brooks, Geoff. Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology 24th ed. Boston: Mc Graw Hill, 2007.

5. Burton, Gwendolyn and Paul Engelkirk. Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences 8th ed. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2007.

6. Forbes, Betty, Daniel Salm and Alice Weissfield. Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology 12th ed. USA: Mosby, 2007.

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7. Funke, Berdell. Microbiology: An Introduction. USA: Addison Wesley Publishing Co., 2007. 8. Gladwin, Mark and Bill Trattler. Clinical Microbiology Made Ridiculously Simple 4

th ed. USA: MedMaster, Inc., 2007.

9. Hawkey, Peter and Dierdre Lewis. Medical Bacteriology: A Practical Approach 2nd

ed. USA: Oxford University Press, 2004. 10. McClatchey, Kenneth. Clinical Laboratory Medicine 2

nd ed. USA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2002.

11. Mcpherson, Richard A. and Matthew R. Pincus. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods 21st ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc., 2007.

12. Murray, Patrick R. et. al. Medical Microbiology 5th ed. USA: Mosby, 2005.

13. Pommerville, Jeffrey. Alcamo’s Fundamentals of Microbiology 8th ed. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2006.

14. Presscott, L., J. Harley and D. Klein. Microbiology 6th ed. USA: McGraw-Hill Science, 2004.

15. Tortora, G., B. Funke and C. Case. Microbiology: An Introduction 9th ed. USA: Benjamin Cummings, 2006.

16. Vandepitte J., J. Verhaegen and K. Engbaek. Basic Laboratory Procedures in Clinical Bacteriology 2nd

ed. World Health Organization, 2003.

Electronic References:

1. http://connection.lwww.com/go/burton/7e 2. http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/path/00001450.htm 3. http://www.kensbiorefs.com/Microbio.html 4. http://www.microbes.info 5. http://www.splammo.net/JLbactsite.html

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Teaching Strategies Learning Objectives / Intermediate Competencies

Content

T.A.

Lecture Laboratory

Skills Values Evaluation/Assessment

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 3. Define terms. 4. Enumerate the development of

science with emphasis on person/scientists and their contributions

5. Explain the divisions of Microbiology

6. Discuss general considerations regarding proper handling, processing, storage of specimens and disposal of wastes

7. Discuss the roles of a medical technologist in a microbiology laboratory

I. Introduction to Microbiology Lecture: 1. Definition of terms:

1.1. Bacteriology, bacteria, pathogenecity, virulence etc.

2. Historical Development 3. Divisions of Microbiology Laboratory: 1. Expectations/requirements Microbiology

Laboratory: 2. Rules to follow in handling, processing,

disposal of specimens/waste in Microbiology laboratory

3. Barrier precautions 4. Proper use of different apparatus,

materials and equipment: Petri Dish, inoculating loop and needle

5. Review use and care of microscope

2 hrs 6 hrs

Large group discussion PowerPoint presentation

Demonstration & return demonstration Performance of tests

Technical Skills: Use of Microscope Safety precautions in the laboratory Specimen handling Waste disposal

Adherence to rules Responsibility Accountability Cooperation

Oral and Written Exam Participation during discussions Quality of assignment submitted Performance checklist

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Define terms 2. Discuss concepts, principles&

significance of infection control & laboratory safety

3. Discuss various methods of sterilization & disinfections with emphasis on temp, time, principles/mechanism involved, when to use; advantages & disadvantages

4. Classify the different biosafety cabinets

5. Explain the significance of pathogenic and virulence factors in the development of infections

6. Perform correctly sterilization & disinfection practices

7. Explain the concepts behind Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing

8. Differentiate between the two

II. Laboratory Safety and Infection Control Lecture: 1. Sterilization

1.1. Physical (Heat) 1.1.1. Autoclave 1.1.2. Direct Heat 1.1.3. Oven 1.1.4. Incineration 1.1.5. Pasteurization 1.1.6. Boiling

1.2. Filtration 2. Disinfection

2.1. Chemicals: 2.2. Alcohol 2.3. Chlorine 2.4. Others

3. Antimicrobial agents 4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing

4.1. Automated 4.2. Diffusion 4.3. Dilution

5. Use of bio-safety cabinets 6. Barrier precautions 7. Control of nosocomial infections

3 hrs

Lecture with demonstration Discussion Board work Case Presentation

Performance of Tests Demonstration and return demonstration

Technical Skills Multi-tasking

Honesty Commitment Responsibility Accountability Adherence to rules Cooperation Teamwork Concern for others and the environment

Oral and Written Exam Participation during discussions Quality of assignment submitted Performance checklist Practical Exam

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types of antimicrobial susceptibility testing

9. Discuss significance advantages and disadvantages of each method of sensitivity test

10. Interpret test results 11. Explain the concepts of

nosocomial infections 12. Outline the roles of med tech in

prevention & control of nosocomial infections

Laboratory: 1. Sterilization:

1.1. Autoclaving 1.2. Direct heating 1.3. Filtration

2. Cleaning of working area with Clorox & other chemicals

3. Proper hand washing techniques 4. Lab exercises on the effects of chemicals

& temperature on bacteria 5. Proper working attire in a Bacteriology

laboratory

6 hrs

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Describe bacteria according to:

physiology, replication, morphology, classification

2. Identify the growth requirements for each particular group of bacteria

3. Illustrate and discuss the growth curve with emphasis on the events happening per stage

4. Discuss specimen collection, transport, storage, and processing

5. Perform correctly specimen collection: Swabs, Nasal, Throat, Wound, Urine; transport & labeling, processing & waste disposal

6. Correlate specimen with common pathogens isolated

7. Perform correctly hanging drop and wet mount techniques.

8. Describe the results of hanging drop and wet mounts

9. Discuss concepts and principles of the techniques by which bacteria are identified in the laboratory

10. Correlate methods with test results

11. Prepare a general schema for identification of bacteria in the laboratory

III. Bacterial Structure and Function, Growth and Nutrition Lecture: 1. Characteristics of Bacteria according to:

1.1. Physiology: Structure, Function 1.2. Bacterial morphology 1.3. Classification 1.4. Replication 1.5. Growth requirements

1.5.1. Physical 1.5.2. Nutritional

2. Bacterial Growth Curve 3. Bacterial Identification

3.1. Microscopy: Morphology 3.2. Cultural/Colony Characteristics 3.3. Staining Characteristics 3.4. Biochemical 3.5. Serological: Antigen testing 3.6. Molecular Techniques

4. Quality Assurance-Quality Control Laboratory: 1. Acceptable specimens for bacterial

identification 1.1. Swabs 1.2. Blood 1.3. Urine 1.4. Stool 1.5. Tissue 1.6. Aspirates 1.7. Others

2. Specimen collection, handling, transport, processing and preservation

3. Hanging Drop Method and Wet Mounts

3 hrs 9 hrs

Computer-aided Lecture /Discussion Case studies Problem solving

Actual performance Demonstration/return demonstration Discussion of test results Making conclusions & guidelines Multi-tasking

Technical Skills Multi-tasking Problem-Solving Skills Communication skills

Honesty Commitment Responsibility Accountability Adherence to rules Cooperation Teamwork


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12. Describe microscopic morphology

13. Identify correctly bacterial reaction to staining and morphology

14. Describe staining and morphological characteristics

15. Differentiate staining techniques according to: stains used, purpose, principles, advantages, disadvantages, and procedures

16. Perform laboratory exercises correctly

17. Write a report based on accepted standard format

4. Role of Microscopy in Bacterial Identification 4.1. Bright field 4.2. Phase contrast 4.3. Electron 4.4. Dark-field 4.5. Fluorescent

5. Preparation of Bacterial Smear for staining from: 5.1. Directly from specimen (throat swab

or any swab) 5.2. Colonies growing in culture media

6. Staining Techniques: 6.1. Simple stain 6.2. Differential stain

6.2.1. Gram stain 6.2.2. Acid fast stain

6.3. Special stains 6.4. Others

7. Laboratory Safety 8. Laboratory Waste Management

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Discuss the concepts of

bacterial genetics and its importance in the study of bacteria.

2. Appreciate the role of medical technologists in the control and prevention of microbial resistance

IV. Bacterial Genetics Lecture: 1. Basic Concepts

1.1. Bacterial DNA & RNA 1.2. Plasmids & Microbial Resistance 1.3. DNA exchange in bacteria:

1.3.1. Transformation 1.3.2. Transduction 1.3.3. Conjugation

2 hrs

Computer-aided Lecture /Discussion Case studies Problem solving Output presentation and critiquing

Multi-tasking Problem-Solving Skills Presentation Skills Time management Communication skills

Honesty Commitment Responsibility Accountability Adherence to rules Cooperation Teamwork Prudence

Oral and Written Exam Participation during discussions Quality of assignment submitted

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Define terms. 2. Discuss the mode of

transmission of bacterial infections

3. Correlate factors of pathogenecity and virulence

V. Pathogenesis and Epidemiology Lecture: 1. Basic Concepts 2. Mode of Transmission 3. Factors associated with pathogenecity

and virulence 3.1. Toxins 3.2. Enzymes 3.3. Capsules 3.4. Others

2 hrs

Computer-aided Lecture /Discussion Case studies Problem solving

Multi-tasking Problem-Solving Skills Presentation Skills Time management Communication skills

Honesty Commitment Responsibility Accountability Adherence to rules Cooperation Teamwork Prudence


At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Define terms 2. Identify body sites with normal

flora 3. Discuss the predominant normal

VI. Normal Flora Lecture: 1. Basic Concepts 2. Body Sites with Normal Flora 3. Predominant flora 4. Beneficial and harmful effects of normal

2 hrs

Large group discussion PowerPoint presentation

Demonstration & return demonstration Performance of tests

Technical Skills: Use of Microscope Safety precautions in the laboratory

Adherence to rules Responsibility Accountability Cooperation

Oral and Written Exam Participation during discussions Quality of assignment submitted Performance checklist

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flora in each body site 4. Explain the beneficial and

harmful effects of normal flora

flora Laboratory 1. Isolation of normal flora 2. Laboratory Safety 3. Laboratory Waste Management

6 hrs

Specimen handling Waste disposal

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Describe Micrococcaceae &

Streptococcus in terms of their general properties and pathogenesis

2. Discuss the identification characteristics of Micrococaceae in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test, and serological test

3. Explain the principles/concepts of different identification techniques used

4. Different pathogenic from non-pathogenic members of the genus

5. Enumerate the appropriate specimen submitted in the laboratory for isolation

6. Prepare a schematic diagram for identification

7. Classify culture media according to: indications for use, contents, purpose, etc.

8. Prepare culture media 9. Perform quality control of

culture media before use. 10. Identify Staphylococcus,

Micrococcus and Streptococcus from specimens

VII. Micrococcaceae and Streptococcaeae 1. Micrococcaceae

1.1. Staphylococcus 1.2. Micrococcus

2. Streptococcaceae 2.1. Streptococcus 2.2. Entererococcus

Lecture:

1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification

3.3. Specimen used for Isolation 3.4. Morphology & Staining Reaction 3.5. Culture media and colony

characteristics 3.6. Biochemical tests 3.7. Antigen typing/serology

4. Prevention and control Laboratory: 1. Culture media

1.1. classification 1.2. composition 1.3. preparation 1.4. storage 1.5. quality assurance/control

1.5.1. spore strip test 1.5.2. sterility test

2. Preparation of culture media 2.1. Nutrient Agar 2.2. Blood Agar Plate 2.3. Chocolate Agar Plate

3. Identification of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus from specimens, prepared slides and visual aids


3.5 hrs 6 hrs

Lecture with demonstration Multimedia presentation Discussion Board work Case Studies





At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Describe the members of

VIII. Neisseriaceae Lecture: 1. Neisseriaceae

Lecture with demonstration Multimedia

Performance of Tests Demonstration and

Technical Skills: Use of Microscope

Honesty Commitment Responsibility

Oral and Written Exam Participation during discussions

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Neisseriaceae in terms of their general properties and pathogenesis

2. Discuss the identification characteristics of Neisseriaceae in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test, and serological test



5. Enumerate the appropriate specimen submitted in the laboratory isolation & identification



8. Perform correctly inoculation techniques and tests

9. Summarize, based on results of identification techniques, bacterial flora in a human person and environment

1.1. Pathogenic Neisseria 1.2. Non-pathogenic Neisseria 1.3. Moraxella catarrhalis

Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification



4. Prevention and control Laboratory: 1. Identification techniques for:

1.1. Pathogenic Neisseria 1.2. Non-pathogenic Neisseria 1.3. Moraxella catarrhalis

2. Identification of species using prepared slides and visual aids


3.5 hrs 6 hrs

presentation Discussion Board work Case Studies

return demonstration Safety precautions in the laboratory Specimen handling Waste disposal

Accountability Adherence to rules Cooperation Teamwork Concern for others and the environment

Quality of assignment submitted Performance checklist Practical Exam

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Discuss the process of

identification of Enterobacteriaceae in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test, serological test



4. State the pathogenic and

IX. Enterobacteriaceae 1. True Intestinal Pathogens

1.1. Salmonella 1.2. Shigella 1.3. Yersinia 1.4. Escherichia

2. Opportunistic pathogens 2.1. Escherichia 2.2. Citrobacter 2.3. Proteus 2.4. Edwardsiella 2.5. Morganella 2.6. Hafnia 2.7. Providencia 2.8. Enterobacter 2.9. Serratia






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virulence factors present in bacteria belonging to the group and disease caused by them




8. Properly inoculate specimen on culture media

9. Summarize, based on results of identification techniques, bacterial flora in a human person and environment

10. Perform identification techniques

11. Identify the isolate

2.10. Klebsiella. 2.11. Others




4. Prevention and control Laboratory: 1. Isolation and identification of members of

Enterobacteriaceae using urine or stool 2. Identification of species using prepared

slides and visual aids 3. Laboratory Safety 4. Laboratory Waste Management

3.5 hrs 6 hrs


identification of the members of the non-enteric gastrointestinal pathogens in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test (plus positive and negative results), serological test




5. Construct a schematic diagram for identification.

X. Non-enteric Gastrointestinal Pathogens 1. Vibrio 2. Campylobacter 3. Helicobacter 4. Aeromonas 5. Pleisomonas 6. Others Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification




non-enteric gastrointestinal pathogens 2. Identification of species using prepared

slides and visual aids

3.5 hrs 6 hrs






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At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Discuss the process

identification of the non-fermentative group in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test(plus positive and negative results), serological test





6. Perform correctly inoculation techniques and tests

XI. Non-fermentative Gram Negative Bacilli and Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli 1. Non-fermentative Gram Negative Bacilli

1.1. Pseudomonas 1.2. Acinetobacter 1.3. Flavobacterium 1.4. Burkholderia 1.5. Alcaligenes 1.6. Achromobacter 1.7. Stenotrophomonas 1.8. Others

2. Aerobic Gram Positive Bacilli 2.1. Bacillus 2.2. Listeria 2.3. Corynebacterium 2.4. Erysipelothrix 2.5. Nocardia 2.6. Streptomyces 2.7. Others





non-fermentative gram negative bacilli and aerobic gram positive bacilli



3.5 hrs 6 hrs







identification of small pleomorphic gram negative

XII. Small, Pleomorphic Gram Negative Bacilli 1. Hemophilus 2. Bordetella 3. Brucella 4. Francisella

Lecture with demonstration Multimedia presentation Discussion


Technical Skills: Use of Microscope Safety precautions in

Honesty Commitment Responsibility Accountability Adherence to


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bacilli and the aerobic gram positive bacilli in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test (plus positive and negative results), serological test



4. State the pathogenic and virulence factors present in bacteria belonging to the group and disease caused by them

5. Determine the appropriateness of the different specimens submitted in the laboratory for isolation & identification


7. To distinguish the species of the aerobic gram positive bacilli from other bacteria

8. Identify members from submitted sample

5. Gardnerella 6. Legionella 7. Others





small, pleomorphic gram negative bacilli 2. Identification of species using prepared


3.5 hrs 6 hrs

Board work Case Studies

the laboratory Specimen handling Waste disposal

rules Cooperation Teamwork Concern for others and the environment

Performance checklist Practical Exam


identification of Mycobacteria in terms of morphology, culture media, colony characteristics, biochemical test (plus positive and negative results), serological test



4. State the pathogenic and virulence factors present in bacteria belonging to the group and disease caused by them

XIII. Mycobacterium Group 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex 2. Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria 3. Mycobacterium leprae Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification



4. Prevention and control 4.1. TB-DOTS

Laboratory:

3.5 hrs 6






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5. Determine the appropriateness of the different specimens submitted in the laboratory for isolation & identification


7. To distinguish the species 8. Identify members from of the

gram positive bacilli from other bacteria submitted sample

1. Isolation and identification of members of Mycobacteria 1.1. Culture 1.2. Staining

1.2.1. Acid Fast Staining 1.2.2. Other Staining Techniques

1.3. Others 2. Identification of species using prepared


hrs

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Enumerate the characteristics of

the anaerobic bacteria in terms of metabolism/physiology

2. Explain precautions of the collection, processing, handling, disposal of specimen

3. Discuss the clinically significance anaerobic in terms of morphology, isolation techniques, biochemical tests

4. Perform the set-up of anaerobic bacteriology

5. Discuss the importance of the components in the set-up

XIV. Anaerobic Bacteria 1. Clostridium 2. Bacteroides 3. Actinomyces 4. Fusobacterium 5. Peptostreptococcus 6. Porphyromonas 7. Bifidobacterium 8. Lactobacillus 9. Veilonella 10. Megasphaera 11. Acidominococcus 12. Others Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification

3.1. Specimen collection and processing 3.2. Anaerobic set-up and culture media


anaerobic bacteria 1.1. Anaerobic culture 1.2. Anaerobic set-up 1.3. Microscopic identification



3.5 hrs 6 hrs







identification of medically

XV. Spirochetes 1. Treponema 2. Borrelia 3. Leptospira

Lecture with demonstration Multimedia presentation


Technical Skills: Use of Microscope Safety

Honesty Commitment Responsibility Accountability

Oral and Written Exam Participation during discussions Quality of assignment

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important Spirochetes 2. Correlate appropriate specimen

with isolates 3. Characterize the organisms

according to morphology and pathophysiology

4. Perform the set-up of anaerobic bacteriology

5. Discuss the importance of the components in the set-up

6. Perform correctly staining techniques for Spirochetes

7. Describe Spirochetes observed under the microscope

Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification 4. Prevention and control Laboratory: 1. Staining techniques for Spirochetes 2. Identification of species using visual aids 3. Laboratory Safety 4. Laboratory Waste Management

3 hrs 6 hrs

Discussion Board work Case Studies

precautions in the laboratory Specimen handling Waste disposal

Adherence to rules Cooperation Teamwork Concern for others and the environment

submitted Performance checklist Practical Exam


identification of unique bacteria 2. Explain the pathogenesis and

spectrum of diseases caused by unique bacteria

3. Discuss the mode of transmission of the microorganisms

4. Explain the principles behind the tests employed to identify unique bacteria

5. Perform tests to identify unique bacteria

XVI. Unique Bacteria 1. Rickettsiaceae

3.1. Rickettsia 3.2. Ehrlichia 3.3. Orientia

4. Mycoplasmataceae 4.1. Mycoplasma 4.2. Ureaplasma

5. Chlamydiaceae 5.1. Chlamydia 5.2. Chlamydophila

Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification 4. Prevention and control Laboratory: 1. Laboratory work-up on the identification of

unique bacteria

3 hrs 6 hrs







identification of miscellaneous bacteria

2. Explain the pathogenesis and spectrum of diseases caused by miscellaneous bacteria

3. Discuss the mode of transmission of the microorganisms

4. Explain the principles behind

XVII. Miscellaneous Bacteria 1. Eikinella 2. Kingella 3. Streptobacillus 4. Bartonella 5. Spirillum 6. Others Lecture: 1. General characteristics 2. Pathogenesis & spectrum of disease 3. Laboratory Identification

3 hrs






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the tests employed to identify miscellaneous bacteria

5. Perform tests to identify miscellaneous bacteria


miscellaneous bacteria 2. Identification of species using prepared

slides and visual aids

6 hrs

At the end of this unit, the student is able to: 1. Prepare media for the finale

examination 2. Perform correctly the

procedures in water, food and milk analysis

3. Interpret the results of the analysis

XVIII. Applied Bacteriology Lecture: 1. Applied Bacteriology

1.1. Water Bacteriology 1.2. Food Bacteriology 1.3. Milk Bacteriology 1.4. Environmental Bacteriology

Laboratory: 1. Lab. Identification of Unknown Bacteria

as Practical Examination 2. Laboratory Safety 3. Laboratory Waste Management

3 hrs 15 hrs






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Technical Working Group for Prototype Course Syllabi Development (2007-2008)

Zennie Aceron Petrona Benitez Sergia Cacatian Zenaida Cajucom Edwin Cancino Jacinta Cruz De Carlos Leon Oliver Shane Dumaoal Bernard Ebuen Nini Lim

Frederick Llanera Carina Magbojos Gregorio Martin Fe Martinez Josephine Milan Ferdinand Mortel Magdalena Natividad Rodolfo Rabor Ma. Teresa Rodriguez Celia Roslin

Anacleta Valdez Rowen Yolo and other PASMETH members not cited in this page who in one way or another has contributed greatly to the success of this endeavor…

group 8 - microbiology 1 _bacteriology

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