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Team CohesivenessTeam Cohesiveness

Ravi WadhawanRavi Wadhawan

PGEXP/071PGEXP/071

Praveen MishraPraveen Mishra

Group - DefinitionGroup - Definition

A collection of people who must interact A collection of people who must interact with one another; be socially attracted to with one another; be socially attracted to one another; share goals or objectives; one another; share goals or objectives; and have shared identity which and have shared identity which distinguishes them from other groups.distinguishes them from other groups.

Definition :- Definition :-

A dynamic process that is reflected in A dynamic process that is reflected in the tendency of a group to stick together the tendency of a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of its and remain united in the pursuit of its instrumental objectives and/or for the instrumental objectives and/or for the satisfaction of member effective needs” satisfaction of member effective needs” 22

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CohesivenessCohesivenessthe extent to which members are loyal and committed the extent to which members are loyal and committed to the group. to the group. Cohesiveness can be summed up as :--The strength of bonds between group members.-The unity of a group.-The feeling of attraction between group members and the group itself.-The degree to which members coordinate their efforts to achieve goals.-Cohesive teams are unified, allowing members to work together in productive harmony. -True cohesiveness is only possible when members cooperate with each other, acting together to further the team's goals. -Cohesion also requires mutual respect and trust, and it has effective communication at its base. 

Types of GroupTypes of Group Different people join groups with various purposes or due Different people join groups with various purposes or due to the forces of different factors. – Hence different types of to the forces of different factors. – Hence different types of groups are formed groups are formed Formal Group: when two or more individuals join together Formal Group: when two or more individuals join together as a grp due to the official job structure and relationship in as a grp due to the official job structure and relationship in a org. ex: group of production managers, materials a org. ex: group of production managers, materials manager, quality control manager,etc.manager, quality control manager,etc. Informal Group: when two or more individuals join Informal Group: when two or more individuals join together as a group in order to satisfy their social needs together as a group in order to satisfy their social needs but not due to official job structure and organisation but not due to official job structure and organisation requirements. These are formed out of the common requirements. These are formed out of the common interests, aptitudes, values, opinions, ideas and interests, aptitudes, values, opinions, ideas and characteristics of the people. Ex: qlty circles. Command characteristics of the people. Ex: qlty circles. Command Group: a grp of the superior and his/her subordinates. i.e., Group: a grp of the superior and his/her subordinates. i.e., it is a grp of individual employees and their manager to it is a grp of individual employees and their manager to whom they report. Ex: finance managers and asst. finance whom they report. Ex: finance managers and asst. finance managers.managers.

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Types of GroupTypes of Group Task Group: people working together in order to Task Group: people working together in order to

accomplish a particular task. accomplish a particular task. Interested Group:Interested Group: Friendship Groups: people with common characteristics Friendship Groups: people with common characteristics

like hard working, work avoiding, smart working, status like hard working, work avoiding, smart working, status seeking, family orientation, risk taking, etc. seeking, family orientation, risk taking, etc.

Primary Groups: individuals with a feeling of Primary Groups: individuals with a feeling of comradeship, loyalty and a commonsense of values comradeship, loyalty and a commonsense of values form into a group. Ex: group of family members such as form into a group. Ex: group of family members such as father, mother, brother and sister. father, mother, brother and sister.

Coalitions: individuals from different groups form into an Coalitions: individuals from different groups form into an ad hoc group in order to achieve a specific task or goals. ad hoc group in order to achieve a specific task or goals. Here the individuals have dual membership, i.e., one in Here the individuals have dual membership, i.e., one in the original grp and another in the coalition. - the the original grp and another in the coalition. - the coalition gets dissolved once the goal is attainedcoalition gets dissolved once the goal is attained..

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Theories of Group FormationTheories of Group Formation 1. Propinquity theory: individuals affiliate with one another because 1. Propinquity theory: individuals affiliate with one another because

of spatial or geographical proximity. ex: in the org, emp.es working of spatial or geographical proximity. ex: in the org, emp.es working in the same area would more probably form into groups than those in the same area would more probably form into groups than those who are not physically located together.who are not physically located together.

2. Homan’s theory: George C. Homans “the more activities persons 2. Homan’s theory: George C. Homans “the more activities persons share , the more numerous will be their interactions and the share , the more numerous will be their interactions and the stronger will be their shared activities and sentiments; and the more stronger will be their shared activities and sentiments; and the more sentiments persons have for one another, the more will be shared sentiments persons have for one another, the more will be shared activities and interactions.” activities and interactions.”

it is based on three concepts: activities, interactions and sentiments it is based on three concepts: activities, interactions and sentiments which are directly related to each other. which are directly related to each other.

the members share activities and interact with one another not just the members share activities and interact with one another not just because of physical proximity, but also to accomplish group goals.because of physical proximity, but also to accomplish group goals.

the key element is interaction because which they develop common the key element is interaction because which they develop common sentiments for one another. sentiments for one another.

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Theories of Group FormationTheories of Group Formation Balance Theory: Theodore Newcomb “persons are Balance Theory: Theodore Newcomb “persons are

attracted to one another on the basis of similar attracted to one another on the basis of similar attitudes towards commonly relevant objects and attitudes towards commonly relevant objects and goals. Once a relationship is formed, it strive to goals. Once a relationship is formed, it strive to maintain a systematical balance b/w the attraction maintain a systematical balance b/w the attraction and the common attitudes. If an imbalance occurs, and the common attitudes. If an imbalance occurs, attempts are made to restore the balance. If the attempts are made to restore the balance. If the balance cannot be restored, the relationship balance cannot be restored, the relationship dissolves.” dissolves.”

both propinquity and interaction play a role in the both propinquity and interaction play a role in the balance theory.balance theory.

there must be a balance in the relationship b/w the there must be a balance in the relationship b/w the group members for the group to be formed and for its group members for the group to be formed and for its survival.survival.

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Theories of Group FormationTheories of Group Formation

Exchange Theory: based on reward-cost outcomes of Exchange Theory: based on reward-cost outcomes of interaction b/w people. interaction b/w people.

to be attracted towards a group, a person thinks in terms of to be attracted towards a group, a person thinks in terms of what he will get in exchange of interaction with the group what he will get in exchange of interaction with the group members.members.

a minimum +ve level (reward > cost) of an outcome must a minimum +ve level (reward > cost) of an outcome must exist in order for attraction or affiliation to take place. exist in order for attraction or affiliation to take place.

rewards gratify needs and costs incur anxiety, frustrations, rewards gratify needs and costs incur anxiety, frustrations, embarrassment, etc. embarrassment, etc.

propinquity, interaction and balance theory all have roles in propinquity, interaction and balance theory all have roles in the exchange theorythe exchange theory..

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Four Stages of Group Development

Forming

Storming

Norming

Conforming (Performing)

Four Stages of Group Four Stages of Group FormationFormation Forming – Group members are uncertain of the group’s Forming – Group members are uncertain of the group’s

structure and its goals or a strategy for achieving structure and its goals or a strategy for achieving them; they will as a result be quite dependent on the them; they will as a result be quite dependent on the leaderleader

Storming – Conflict and disagreements between the Storming – Conflict and disagreements between the group members and the leader will arise, as well as group members and the leader will arise, as well as between various sub-groups; there will be a tendency between various sub-groups; there will be a tendency to rebel against the rules which have been establishedto rebel against the rules which have been established

Norming – The group becomes more mature and Norming – The group becomes more mature and cohesive; group norms develop beyond any formally cohesive; group norms develop beyond any formally established rulesestablished rules

Conforming (Performing) – Conflicts between Conforming (Performing) – Conflicts between individuals are resolved; the group works individuals are resolved; the group works constructively on problem-solving and energy is constructively on problem-solving and energy is directed towards the taskdirected towards the task

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Cohesiveness - FactorsCohesiveness - Factors

Open CommunicationOpen Communication When team members are showing signs of When team members are showing signs of good communication, they're willing to work together as a team and good communication, they're willing to work together as a team and they value each other's skills and abilities. Instead of being offended they value each other's skills and abilities. Instead of being offended by ambiguous comments, they assume the best intentions and by ambiguous comments, they assume the best intentions and respond positively.respond positively.

Cooperation Cooperation Poor cooperation is evident when people do things Poor cooperation is evident when people do things they like and try to avoid tasks they dislike. To deal with lack of they like and try to avoid tasks they dislike. To deal with lack of cooperation in the team, you should encourage members to adopt a cooperation in the team, you should encourage members to adopt a more collaborative approach, pointing out that what's good for the more collaborative approach, pointing out that what's good for the team is good for each individual as well.team is good for each individual as well.

TrustTrust The third element of cohesiveness is trust. When your team The third element of cohesiveness is trust. When your team has trust, members exchange ideas freely and appreciate each has trust, members exchange ideas freely and appreciate each other's skills and contributionsother's skills and contributions

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Cohesiveness - FactorsCohesiveness - Factors

IncreaseIncrease

Intergroup Intergroup competitioncompetition

Personal attractionPersonal attraction

Favorable evaluationFavorable evaluation

Agreement on GoalsAgreement on Goals

InteractionInteraction

DecreaseDecrease

Large group sizeLarge group size

Disagreement on goalsDisagreement on goals

Intragroup competitionIntragroup competition

DominationDomination

Unpleasant Unpleasant experiencesexperiences

Cohesiveness – Factors MatrixCohesiveness – Factors Matrix

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The Team-Building StrategyThe Team-Building Strategy

Team StructureTeam Structure LeadershipLeadership Conformity to StandardsConformity to Standards Team EnvironmentTeam Environment Team ProcessesTeam Processes

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Team Structure – involves role clarity and acceptance, Team Structure – involves role clarity and acceptance, such as when group members clearly understand their such as when group members clearly understand their roles in the grouproles in the group

Leadership – should coincide with type of individuals Leadership – should coincide with type of individuals or vise versaor vise versa

Conformity of Standards – is when conformity to group Conformity of Standards – is when conformity to group social and task norms contribute to enhanced social and task norms contribute to enhanced cohesioncohesion

Team Environment – consists of togetherness, when Team Environment – consists of togetherness, when group members area repetitively put in close physical group members area repetitively put in close physical proximity, feeling of cohesion increases.proximity, feeling of cohesion increases.

Team Processes – group goals are more strongly Team Processes – group goals are more strongly associated with team success than with individual associated with team success than with individual goals, cooperative behavior is superior to goals, cooperative behavior is superior to individualistic behaviorindividualistic behavior

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Effective Contributors to a Effective Contributors to a Group:Group:

Get to know members of the groupGet to know members of the group Help group members whenever possibleHelp group members whenever possible Give group members positive Give group members positive

reinforcementreinforcement Are responsibleAre responsible Communicate honestly and openly with Communicate honestly and openly with

the coach or leaderthe coach or leader Resolve conflicts immediatelyResolve conflicts immediately Give 100% effort at all timesGive 100% effort at all times

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The more cohesive a group is, the The more cohesive a group is, the greater an influence it will have greater an influence it will have on individual members to on individual members to conform to the group’s norms, conform to the group’s norms, thus lessening the possibility of thus lessening the possibility of having ‘loafers’. Loafing is the having ‘loafers’. Loafing is the tendency for individuals to lessen tendency for individuals to lessen their effort when they are part of their effort when they are part of a group – also known as the a group – also known as the Ringelmann effect.Ringelmann effect.

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Teamwork is something that one Teamwork is something that one hears about more and more today hears about more and more today in the business world, in sports, in in the business world, in sports, in school and essentially in our daily school and essentially in our daily lives. For teamwork to be lives. For teamwork to be effective, however, the “group”, effective, however, the “group”, whether it consists of two or ten, whether it consists of two or ten, must be able to possess a type of must be able to possess a type of cohesiveness.cohesiveness.

Closing StatementClosing Statement

HypothesisHypothesisVarious studies and researches were done on Effective Group Various studies and researches were done on Effective Group cohesiveness. More or less the following major hypothesis were cohesiveness. More or less the following major hypothesis were derived out :-derived out :-

-Group cohesion develops and significantly increases over time.-Group cohesion develops and significantly increases over time.

-Cohesion has a negative relationship to early or lower stages of -Cohesion has a negative relationship to early or lower stages of group development.group development.

-Cohesion has a positive relationship to later or higher stages of -Cohesion has a positive relationship to later or higher stages of group development.group development.

-There is a negative relationship between group cohesion and -There is a negative relationship between group cohesion and group size.group size.

-There is a positive relationship between cohesion and group -There is a positive relationship between cohesion and group effectiveness.effectiveness.

The more cohesive a team is, the more it encourages peak The more cohesive a team is, the more it encourages peak performance in its members. If cohesion is lacking it can often performance in its members. If cohesion is lacking it can often prevent the team from reaching its’ potentialprevent the team from reaching its’ potential..

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Group InterationGroup Interation

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Ricky Griffin, author of the text, Ricky Griffin, author of the text, Fundamentals of ManagementFundamentals of Management, , states that “in a highly cohesive states that “in a highly cohesive

team, members work well team, members work well together, support and trust one together, support and trust one

another, and are generally another, and are generally effective at achieving their effective at achieving their

chosen goal.”chosen goal.”

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Two types of Cohesion:Two types of Cohesion:

Task Cohesion – the degree to Task Cohesion – the degree to which members of a group work which members of a group work together to achieve common goalstogether to achieve common goals

Social Cohesion – reflects the Social Cohesion – reflects the degree to which members of a degree to which members of a team like each other and enjoy team like each other and enjoy each other’s companyeach other’s company