group dynamics. definitions social unit of two or more people number of people interacting to...
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Group Dynamics
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Definitions
Social unit of two or more people
Number of people interacting to achieve a goal
Interdependent individuals More than the sum of its parts Combination of above
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Groups
Social identity is tied to membership
In-group bias affects leadership
Many leader skills are necessary
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Forces Acting on Groups
Internal Characteristics of individuals in the group
External Elements outside of the group
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Groups and Culture
Collectivist Focus is on the group as a cohesive entity
Members share group norms Members share group goals Cooperative structure is evident
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Groups and Culture
Individualist Individuals in group are the primary focus
Members often have to be reminded of shared goals
Competitive in-group behaviors are evident
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Groups: Good and Bad Good
High productivity Effective decisions
Other-orientation Emotional bonds Synergy influences change
Bad Take unneeded risks
Extreme positions No responsibility Anonymity Outsiders depersonalized
Group-think becomes barrier
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Why People Join Groups
Social reasons Learn new skills Self-enhancement Achieve intimacy Coercion Make a statement Develop self-identity
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Group Goals
Shared among members Represent a standard of excellence
Justify group existence Serve to clarify relationships
Require commitment from members
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Goals Influenced by…
Desirability of goals Likelihood of success Goals are moderately challenging
Members expect satisfaction Participants active in goal setting
Level of group cohesiveness
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Goal Types
Cooperative Personal goals help to achieve group goals (and vice versa)
Competitive Personal goals conflict with group goals (or vice versa)
Independent Personal and group goals are not related
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Group Membership
Individual members Individuals unique Parts of a whole Expertise, biases, ‘baggage’
Identification with others
Each group has its own personality
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Group Cohesion
Social Interpersonal glue
Task Focus on common direction/goal
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Group Participation
Observable Verbal Physical Emotional
Indicates commitment Influenced by group members Cultural differences
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Group Influence
Influence Positive/Negative
Styles of Influence Logical argument Bullying Manipulation Positive motivation
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Group Norms
Unwritten rules Beliefs, values and actions of the majority
Explicit (stated, written)
Implicit (hidden, expected)
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Group Atmosphere
Climate/Personality of the group
Fluctuates between positive and negative tone
Leader strongly influences group atmosphere
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Group Leadership
Differences in… Experience Competence Style preferences
Clearly impacts group success
Emerges from and changes within the group
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Group Task Functions
Taking initiative Staying on task Specific to the group goals
Outcome-oriented
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Group Maintenance
Maintenance function Group relationships Checking in with members Ensures involvement by all
Helps with social cohesion
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Decision Making
All group members needed for effectiveness
Leader and group accountability necessary
Social skills are utilized Expect and accept group conflict Use creativity Group acceptance of decision needed
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Decision Making
Decision-making enhanced Positive interdependence Individual accountability within group
Members support one another Members are socially skilled Group issues are processed Controversy is viewed as positive High motivation exists among members
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Decision Making
Decision-making hindered Poor group skills Social loafing exists Egocentrism is evident Power struggles occur Lack of time Lack of commitment Lack of knowledge
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Group Judgment “Know what you know and know what you don’t know”
Situational skills are important Self-confidence is necessary Selflessness and other-orientation valuable
Commitment to the task and group needed
Efficiency in actions Experience helps ensure good judgment
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Group Conflict
Necessary for group development
Task conflict Related to group work Disagree on process, goals
Emotional conflict Personal Can result in loss of trust
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Behavior Styles
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Behavior Styles: Director
Logical thinker Quick worker Competitive Results oriented Prefers control Independent Decisive
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Behavior Styles: Socializer
Persuasive Impulsive Not into details
Likes change Enthusiastic Creative
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Behavior Styles: Relater
Routine is good Likes rules Strives for security
Seeks appreciation
Wants facts Seeks consensus
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Behavior Styles: Thinker
Low risk-taker Perfectionist Cautious Detail-oriented Needs order Is deliberate Needs to be right
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Beware of Labels
Labels can help understanding
Labels can constrain. limit
Use information to Recognize Acknowledge Make decisions
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Group Development
Groups evolve and change Internal and external forces act on group development
Development is cyclical Several models exist
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GROUPD: Getting to know…
Members seek clarification Mutual respect exists Group identity is beginning Leader provides structure Leader ensures belonging Leader must be dependable Leader provides expertise Is important to purposefully establish tone
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GROUPD: Relationships
Members determine the “pecking order”
Members quickly agree to norms
Members are looking for niche Leader role has been established
Leader has credibility
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GROUPD: Opposition/Conflict
Struggle for power and control between leader and followers
Members challenge the leader Task may be neglected Leader sets tone of acceptance Open communication is vital
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GROUPD: Unity Leader and followers are coming together
Group recognizes and works toward common goal
Focus is on the task Informal leaders emerge and fluctuate
Pride in affiliation is evident Loyalty is strong Leader can step back
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GROUPD: Productivity Work toward goals is efficient and effective
Group members understand one another
Challenges to the leader may reappear
Creative thinking is apparent Group is self-regulating behaviors Leader serves as ‘devil’s advocate’
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GROUPD: Dissolution
Adjourning stage Emotionally laden May see over-optimism Members may be in denial Group conflict re-emerges Members may withdraw Leader serves as facilitator
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Effective Groups Share goals Engage in open communication Demonstrate caring for all Strive for strong cohesion Are committed to one another Engage in appropriate challenges
Practice solid leader/follower skills
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Ineffective Groups
Show a lack of commitment Exhibit selfishness Have poor group skills Have no common goal Are too much alike Are overly diverse
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Group Roles
Positive Clarifier Compromiser Encourager Gatekeeper Harmonizer Initiator Etc…
Negative Blocker Clown Digressor Disassociator
Instigator Scapegoat
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Team Building
Team = Group of interdependent people
Have a good deal of cohesion Team identity visible to all Share common goals Have similar ideas for strategies to achieve goals
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Good Team Members
Participate fully
Are self-motivated
Are open to new things
Are sensitive to other views
Cooperate Know own and others’ limitations
Resolve conflicts
Celebrate success
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Team Essentials
Care for Self Each other Facilities Equipment
Have balance in personal life
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Team Essentials cont’d
Give the benefit of the doubt to others
Bring their best to each situation
Put others first Think “we”
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Team Essentials cont’d
Goals Meld personal goals with team goals
Appreciate others for their… Strengths Limitations Diversity