Polyalphaolefin Synthetic Basestocks

Group IV BasestocksPolyalphaolefins

Synthetic high performance basestocks

Hydrogenated (saturated) olefin polymers

Manufactured by the catalytic oligomerization of linear alphaolefins

Wax-free combination of molecules of predetermined chain length

What are Poly Alpha Olefins (PAO)?

Alpha Olefins+

Catalyst

Oligomerisation Distillation Hydrogenation

Hydrogen+

Catalyst

PAO

Monomer

Distillation

PAO Manufacturing Process

Conventional PAO- prominent “backbone” and relatively

uniform structure provides superior lubricating performance versus mineral oils

SpectraSyn Ultra™ High VI PAO- very uniform, comb-like structure- absence of short side chains results in

rheological advantages providing unique lubricant benefits

H2C

CH

H3C

H2C

CH

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

CH3

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

CH2

CH2

H2C

CH

H2C

CH3

H2C

CH3 CH3

H2C

CH2

CH3

2 2 2 2 2

Backbone Uniform Structure With Longer Branches

H2C

CH

H3C

H2C

CH

CH

CH2

H2C

CH

CH

CH2

H2C

CH

CH

CH2

H2C

CH2

CH

CH2

H2C

CH2

H2C

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH3

CH3

H2C

CH2

H2C

CH3 H2C

CH2

H2C

CH2

CH2

H2C

CH2

CH3

CH3

H2C

CH3

H2C H3C

CH2

H2C

CH3

CH3

Many Short Branches

SpectraSyn™ PAO – Structure

Dedicated reactor trains

Full range of viscosity grades (2 - 1000 cSt@100°C)

Manufacturing Facilities:USA - Beaumont, TexasFrance - Port-Jerome Gravenchon

Port-Jerome GravenchonFrance

Beaumont, TXUSA

ExxonMobil PAO Manufacture

Higher viscosity index

Lower temperature fluidity

Lower volatility

Better oxidative stability

Greater thermal stability

Lower traction force

Compared to conventional mineral oils, PAOs have

PAO Key Features

Compared to Group III oils, PAOs haveMuch wider viscosity range

Slightly higher viscosity index

Lower temperature fluidity

Similar or lower volatility

Better oxidative and thermal stability 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Gp III

PAO

Viscosity Range (cSt@100C)

Visc

osity

Temperature, oC

Higher viscosity at high temperature: Offers improved oil film thickness.

Lower viscosity at low temperatureOffers increased fluidity.

PAO

Mineral Oil

Equivalentviscosity

PAOPAO’’s s typciallytypcially have ahave a higher viscosity indexhigher viscosity index than mineral oil.than mineral oil.

1000 150

Viscosity Index – Viscosity change with Temperature

SpectraSyn Ultra

PAO PIB

Mineral Oil

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1 10 100 1000 10000

Kinematic Viscosity @100°C, cSt

Visc

osity

Inde

xSpectraSynUltra™

PAO

Mineral Oil

At equivalent viscosity, SpectraSyn Ultra™ is 40 VI higher than high viscosity PAO, enabling formulations with better protection at high temperatures and reduced energy losses and easier starting at low temperatures

Gp III

SpectraSyn™ PAOs Have High Viscosity Indices

40 oC

Viscosity in cSt

HVI-PAO PAO Mineral Oil

ISO VG 220 Fluids with

0 oC

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

0

50

100

150

200

250100 oC

05

101520253035

Thicker hydrodynamic

film at high temperature

Better protection

Lower Viscosity at

low temperature

Better fluidity & energy savings

SpectraSyn™ PAO High VI Effect

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

SpectraSynSpectraSyn™™ PAOPAO’’s have s have lower pour pointslower pour points than mineral oil.than mineral oil.

Trends based on typical data points from product data sheets

Kv@100°C (cSt)

Pour

Poi

nt, °

C

PAO

Group IIIGroup II

Low Temperature Fluidity – Pour Point

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

1 10 100 1000

Kinematic Viscosity @100°C, cSt

Pou

r Po

int,

°C

SpectraSyn Ultra™

SpectraSyn™ PAO

Typical Mineral Oil

Range

Spectrasyn™ PAOs flow easily at low temperatures.

SpectraSyn™ PAOs Have Low Pour Points

SpectraSyn Plus™ PAO offers improved Low Temperature Fluidity

05

10152025

500 1500 2500 3500CCS@-35ºC, cP

Noa

ck, w

t%

SpectraSyn Plus™

Conventional PAO

Low Temperature Fluidity – Cold Cranking Viscosity

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

2 4 6 8 10 12 14

SpectraSynSpectraSyn™™ PAOPAO’’s generally have s generally have lower volatilitylower volatility than mineral oil.than mineral oil.

Kv@100°C (cSt)

% V

olat

ility

SpectraSyn™ PAO

Group III

Group II

Projected trends based on typical data points from product data sheets

High Temperature Volatility – Noack

05

10152025

3.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.4

KV@100ºC, cSt

Noa

ck, w

t% Group III

Conventional PAOSpectraSyn Plus

High Temperature Volatility – Noack

SpectraSyn Plus™ PAO offers improved Noack Volatility

• Good oxidative stability is essential for applications at elevated temperatures with air contact

• PAO’s show excellent oxidative stability when formulated with suitable antioxidants

• PAO’s are more responsive to antioxidants than mineral oil.

Oxidation Stability TestPAO Vs. Mineral Oil (2% Antioxidant)

Test Conditions: 163oC (325oF), 72 hours

Product

% Vis Change @ 100°CTAN change, mgLead loss, mgSludge

Mineral OilGroup II

215.714.5160.7

moderate

100 cStPAO

1.81.10.2

trace

6 cStPAO

3.50.10.9nil

40 cStPAO

2.60.080.1nil

SpectraSynSpectraSyn™™ PAOPAO’’s have s have better oxidative stabilitybetter oxidative stability than mineral oil.than mineral oil.

Oxidation Stability

•Panel Coker Thermal Stability Test 310oC aluminum panel splashed by test oil for 6 minbaked for 1.5 minPanels rated for cleanliness, where 10 = clean.

Cleanliness*(10 = Clean)

0

8.0

9.5

Base Fluid

4.0 cSt Mineral oil

4.0 cSt PAO

4.0 cSt PAO / polyol ester

PAO withstands high temperatures with minimum decomposition.

Thermal Stability

The low traction of SpectraSyn™ PAOs may increase allowable gear loading / reduce

scuffing & improve gear durability

Scuffing Hypothesis:Scuffing occurs when Frictional Power Intensity (FPI) exceeds critical limit.

FPI = (Traction)*(Power)*(V2 - V1)2*A*λ

Maximum Contact Stress (psi)

Max

imum

She

ar S

tres

s (p

si)

Lower Traction

Mineral OilConventional PAOSpectraSyn Ultra PAO

100000 150000 200000 250000

5000

10000

15000

20000

0

Note: Maximum shear stress is the maximum traction force divided by the contact area

Traction

SpectraSyn™ 40 SpectraSyn™ 100

Specific Gravity @15.6/15.6ºCViscosity @ 100ºC, cStViscosity @ 40ºC, cStViscosity IndexFlash Point, Open Cup, ºCPour Point, ºCTotal Acid Number (TAN), mg KOH/g

0.85039

396147281-36

<0.10

0.8531001240170283-30<0.10

Brookfield Viscosity @ -26ºC, cPFire Point, ºCDemulsibility @ 82ºC, 40-40-0, min

102,0003180

745,0003300

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO Characteristics

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO

ISO / Wt % VG 100 VG 150 VG 220 VG 320 VG 460 VG 680SpectraSynTM 6 53 42 31 21 11 1SpectraSynTM 100 32 43 54 64 74 84Adipate Ester 15 15 15 15 15 15

ISO / Wt % VG 100 VG 150 VG 220SpectraSynTM 6 33 17SpectraSynTM 40 47 63 80SynessticTM 5 20 20 20

ISO / Wt % VG 150 VG 220 VG 320SpectraSynTM 6 37 27 16SpectraSynTM 100 43 55 64SynessticTM 5 20 20 20

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO are the key basestock in formulating wide viscosity grade industrial lubricants.

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO are the key basestock in formulating wide viscosity grade industrial lubricants.

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAOs have Higher VI, Lower Pour Points and Higher Flash Points than PIBs of

Comparable Viscosity

Kinematic Viscosity@ 100ºC, cSt@ 40ºC, cSt

Viscosity Index (VI)Pour Point, ºCFlash Point, ºC

521,225

87-23

>150

39396147-36281

3159075-35

>141

1001,240170-30283

1083,300

98-13

>190

SpectraSyn™40

PIB A

SpectraSyn™100

PIBB

PIBC

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO comparison to PIB

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO performance advantages extend to low temperature viscosity and shear stability.

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO performance advantages extend to low temperature viscosity and shear stability.

Outstanding Low Temperature Viscosity

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

180000

200000

Bro

okfie

ld V

isco

sity

@ -4

0°C

, cP

PIB

Spec

traS

yn™

100

Spec

traS

yn™

40

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

% V

isco

sity

Ret

entio

n, 2

0 ho

urs

PIB Sp

ectr

aSyn

™10

0

Spec

traS

yn™

40

Excellent Tapered Roller Bearing Shear Stability

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO comparison to PIB

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 20 40 60 80 100

Percent of SpectraSyn 40 in Blend

KV@

100C

cha

nge

0

40

80

120

160

Lead

loss

mg/

Tan

in

crea

se m

gKO

H/g

KV@100C Change Lead Loss, mg TAN Change

Additions of SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO to mineral oils improve the oxidation stability of the blends

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO in Mineral Oil

SpectraSyn™ PAO in Automotive Gear FormulationSAE Grade 75W-140Additive Package, wt % 6.02SpectraSyn™ 4, wt % 16.94SpectraSyn™ 100, wt % 57.04Adipate Ester, wt % 20.00

Viscosity @ 100 oC, cSt 24.8

Viscosity @ -40 oC, cP 120,200Viscosity Index 172

Flash Point, oC 210

Pour Point, oC -48

Channel Point, oC <-45

Copper Corrosion, 3 h @ 121 oC 1bFoaming Tendency, Seq. I, II, III, mL 0, 0, 0Storage Stability & Compatibility PassShear Loss after Tapered Roller Bearing Test 20 hr, % 0

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO can be formulated in wide cross grade automotive gear oil with good shear stability.

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO can be formulated in wide cross grade automotive gear oil with good shear stability.

ISO VG* 46 68 100 150

SpectraSyn™ 6 . wt % 74 63 53 42

SpectraSyn™ 100, wt % 11 22 32 43

Synesstic™ 5, wt % 15 15 15 15

PROPERTIES

Viscosity @ 100 °C, cSt 7.9 11.1 15.1 20.8

Viscosity @ 40 °C, cSt 45.3 69.9 104 156 Wide ISO grade

Viscosity Index 145 150 153 156 Better efficiency

Specific Gravity @ 15.6/15.6 °C 0.840 0.842 0.846 0.846

Flash Point, °C 236 236 239 240

Fire Point, °C 268 270 271 268

Pour Point, °C -57 -51 -45 -39 Good low temperature performance

Reduce risk of ignition

SpectraSyn™ 100 in Industrial gear /Compressor Oil Formulations

* Examples of basestock combination only. Will require appropriate additives and testing.

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO can be formulated into wide ISO grade industrial gear/compressor oils that have high VI, high flash/fire

points, and good low temperature performance.

SpectraSyn™ High Viscosity PAO can be formulated into wide ISO grade industrial gear/compressor oils that have high VI, high flash/fire

points, and good low temperature performance.

• Low toxicity

• Hydrolytically stable

• Excellent additive response

• Compatible with mineral oils, Esters and Alkylated Napthalene

• All SpectraSynTM grades are registered worldwide

• Meet FDA Requirement under 21 CFR 178.3620(b) Technical White Mineral Oil

• Can be used to formulate lubricants for incidental food contact• Kosher approved• Halal approved

• NSF Approval For Incidental Food Contact (USDA H1)(except SpectraSyn™ 5)

• Listed in the NSF White Book (http://www.nsf.org/usda/Listings.asp)

Other Key Features of PAO

EMCC Product Names Gaso

line

& Di

esel

En

gine

sAu

tom

atic

Tra

nsm

issi

ons

Indu

stria

l/Aut

omot

ive

Gear

s &

Tran

smiss

ions

Hydr

aulic

sys

tem

sIn

dust

rial B

earin

gsRo

tary

Air

and

Gas

Com

pres

sor

Hydr

ocar

bon

Refri

gera

tion

Com

pres

sor

Grea

se

Turb

ines

Heat

Tra

nsfe

r Flu

idAu

tom

otiv

e Hy

drau

lic

Flui

dsM

ist L

ubric

ant

SpectraSyn 2™ n • n • • n n

SpectraSyn 4™ n n n n • • • n • n

SpectraSyn 5™ n n n • n •SpectraSyn 6™ n n n n n • n n n

SpectraSyn 8™ n • • • n • • • •SpectraSyn 10™ • • • n • • • •SpectraSyn 40™ n n n n n • n n •SpectraSyn 100™ n n n n n n •SpectraSyn Plus™ 3.6 n n n n • • •SpectraSyn Plus™ 4 n n n n • • • • •SpectraSyn Plus™6 n n n n n • • • •SpectraSyn Ultra™ 150 n n n n n n n

SpectraSyn Ultra™ 300 n n n

SpectraSyn Ultra™ 1000 n

n Most common application uses

n Less commonly used

PAO Typical Applications

Very high viscosity PAO with high viscosity index, good shear stability, improved low temperature properties, enhanced oil film thickness & lower traction

Low viscosity PAO with enhanced volatility and low temperature fluidity

Low and high viscosity PAO with excellent oxidative & thermal stability, low volatility and low temperature performance

Description

≥ 265

≥ 265

≥ 265

246

228

224

283

281

266

260

246

240

220

157

COC Flash point oC

-481376610.0SpectraSynTM 10

-18307100001000SpectraSyn UltraTM 1000

-272413100300SpectraSyn UltraTM 300

-332181500150SpectraSyn UltraTM 150

-5414330.35.9SpectraSyn PlusTM 6

-6012617.23.9SpectraSyn PlusTM 4

-6511715.43.6SpectraSyn PlusTM 3.6

-301701240100SpectraSynTM 100

-3614739639SpectraSynTM 40

-48139488.0SpectraSynTM 8

-57138315.8SpectraSynTM 6

-57138255.1SpectraSynTM 5

-66126194.1SpectraSynTM 4

-66-51.7SpectraSynTM 2

Pour Point oCVIkV@40oC kV@100oC Product

SpectraSyn™ PAO Product Line Summary

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