growth nation states 17th red

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UNIT 5

NAISBITT/FREILER

ABSOLUTISM THE RISE OF THE ROYAL STATE

The religious anddynastic wars thatdominated the 17th

century had a profoundeffect upon westernEurope

The demand for morecentralized states meantmore and more power forthe monarch andcorrespondingly lessinfluence of traditionalsites of powers like thetowns and nobles

The era of Absolutism was an era of

increased power for the king and his

court

GRANDIOSE CAPITALS

EMERGED By the beginning of

the 17th century,monarchs had setup permanent seatsof governmentattended by vastcourts of officials

The idea of thecapital cityemerged, withMadrid, London,Paris and Vienna asthe models

Great displays ofwealth and

grandeur wereessential to thegreat monarch

Madrid

London

Paris

Vienna

PORTRAITS

CONVEY AWE

Portraits of themonarchs were used toconvey the majesty oftheir rule

Elizabeth I hadnumerous portraitscommissioned to depicther own magnificence

Habsburgs used horsesin their portraits toexude the spirit of the17th century monarch power and self-assurance

SHAKESPEARE ANDKINGSHIP

The role of WilliamShakespeare (1564-1616) in thecelebration ofmonarchy wassignificant

Many of his playswere set at the courtsof princes, and evencomedies such as TheTempest(1611) andMeasure for Measure(1604) centered on thepower of the ruler

Shakespeares

focus on the affairsof rulers reinforced

their dominant role

in the lives of their

subjects

SHAKESPEARES PLAYS

Shakespeares historyplays focused on kings

In Richard II(1597)

and Henry VI(1591-1594) he exposed theharm done by weakmonarchs

In Henry IVand Henry Vhe highlighted thebenefits of strongmonarchs


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SHAKESPEARES TRAGEDIES

Shakespeares tragediesserved to expose the

personal flaws of leaders

and the effect those flaws

had on the world

In Macbeth (1606), the flaw

was ambition as Macbeth

killed to become king andkept killing to remain one

In Hamlet(1602), the tragicflaw was indecision as the

Prince of Denmark failed

to act decisively

DIVINE RULE

In the 17th

century,Monarchs embracedthe concept ofDivine Right transforming thenotion of a kingtreating theirkingdoms andsubjects aspersonal propertyto the idea that therulers embodiedtheir nation andwere imbued byGod to rule

MONARCHY AND LAW

The political theory

of Divine Right of

Kings held that the

institution of

monarchy had been

created by God and

that the king

functioned as Gods

representative on

earth

KING JAMES I AND DIVINE RIGHT

One clear statement of

divine right theory was

written by King James VI

of Scotland, who laterbecame King James I of

England

In the True Law of Free

Monarchies (1598),

James reasoned that

God had placed kings on

earth to rule and He

alone would judge them

in heaven

BODIN AGREED

The notion of divine right was not controversial at the time

Many agreed, including French political theorist Jean Bodin in hisbook, The Six Books of the Commonwealth

He wrote thatkings had the right to impose laws on subjectswithout their consent

THE ROYAL COURT EXPANDS

The day-to-day affairs of the modern state had expandedbeyond the capacity of any monarch to handle

Expanding the court helped monarchs run the state, butwasalso oneway in whichmonarchscontrolled

potential rivalswithin thearistocracy

Those courtiersformed Royalcouncils(leadingofficeholderswho advised the monarch) that assumedgreater and greater power and influence


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MONARCHS CHOSE A FAVORITE

The monarch appointed,promoted, and dismissed

officeholders at will Most monarchs choose a

single individual to act asbest friend, right-hand man,and hired gun

Some favorites, likeCardinal Richelieu of Franceand Spains Count-DukeOlivares, were able totransform themselves intochief ministers completewith a political philosophyand vision of government

Portrait of Count-Duke Olivares,

circa 1638

LOUIS XIIIS (AND HIS MOMS)

FAVORITE: RICHELIEU

Cardinal Richelieu (1585-

1642) was born a noble ofminor distinction andtrained for law and thenbecame a Cardinal basedon family connections in1622

Through his participationin the meeting of theEstates-General in 1614 hewon the approval of LouisXIIIs mom Queen Mariede Medicis

RICHELIEU AMASSES FORTUNE,

WEATHERS PLOTS

Richelieu became a dukeand amassed the largestprivate fortune in all ofFrance

However, he never enjoyeda particularly closerelationship with Louis XIIIand in 1630, Marie deMedicis turned against himand nearly drove him outof office

His last years were filledwith suppressing plots

against his life

KING PHILIP IVS FAVORITE:

OLIVARES

Like Richelieu, Count-Duke Olivares (1587-1645)was born into alesser noble family

By age 20, he was acourtier with a title, acollege grad and had aamassed a large fortune

He soon became thefavorite of Spanish KingPhilip IV and used thiscloseness to gainappointments to the court

for his family members

OLIVARES ATTEMPTS TO

CENTRALIZE POWER Olivares attempted to

further the process ofcentralizing royal power

However, his plan for anationally recruited andfinanced army ended in

disaster His policies mired the

Spanish in warsthroughout the early 17th

century and he waseventually dismissed in1643 and died two yearslater exhausted andmentally insane

Downtrodden

Spanish

soldier

CHARLES IS FAVORITE:

BUCKINGHAM

Englands Duke ofBuckingham (1592-1628)was not of noble birth buthe was handsome andcharming

He used his charm tofirst gain the attention ofQueen Anne, James Iswife, and his rise wasmeteoric

His reform of the Englishnaval administration wasa success, but he foundenemies at every turn


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BUCKINGHAM ACCUMULATES

POWER, THEN IS KILLED

The Dukes position asthe Kings favorite didnot change after James Ideath

He became the ChiefMinister of Charles I andsome have said he wasone of the most powerfulmen of England between1618-1628

In 1628, a disgruntlednaval officerassassinated the Dukeand King Charles I weptopenly upon hearing thenews

The Duke made many powerful

enemies

CENTRALIZING

GOVERNMENTS: LEGALLY

One of the chief means bywhich kings and councilorsexpanded the authority of thestate was through the legalsystem

As legal experts and thedemands for legal servicesincreased, royal law courtsexpanded

For example in France, theParlement of Paris, the mainlaw court of the state, becamea powerful institution thatcompeted with courtiers forthe right to advise the monarch

Members of the Parlement of Paris

were known as theNobility of theRobe

MORE LEGALEASE In Spain, the letrados

(noble lawyers) werethe foundation ofroyal government

Formal legal training was arequirement for many of theadministrative posts in Spain

Members of all of Spainssocial classes used the royalcourts to settle disputes

The expansion of acentralized system of justicethus joined together the

interests of subjects andmonarchy

ENGLANDSLEGAL SYSTEM

InEngland,centralcourts (located in the royalpalace of Westminster)grew in numbers while thelawyers and judgesincreased their power

The lawyers and judgeswere especially active inthe House of Commons

Justices of the Peace thatpresided over local courtswere given power by the

crown to hear and settleminor cases

As the system of justice centralized,

judges power grew

GOVERNMENT

ADMINISTRATION GROWS The monarchs needed

officials to enforce royal

policies locally

By the 17th century, the

French monarchy began

to rely on new centralofficials known as

intendants to perform

many of thetasks of

provincial governors

Richelieu greatly

expanded their role in

royal governmentMany intendants served as taxcollectors

WAR LEADS TO CENTRALIZATION

More than any otherfactor, war propelled theconsolidation of thestate

War taxation was aconstant of the 17thcentury European

nation As much as half of the

entire revenue collectedwent to war

As one observer noted,There can be no peacewithout arms, no armswithout money, and nomoney without taxation


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LOWER CLASSES CANT

SUPPORT WAR The inability of the lower

orders of European societyto finance a century ofwarfare was clear

In Spain and France muchof the wealth was beyondthe reach of tradition royaltaxation

The nobility and many ofthe important towns hadtax exemptions

The financial crisis that theEuropean wars provokedresulted in an expansion ofstate taxation

STATESSEARCH

FORREVENUE

In France, for example, royal expenditures rose 60% during the firsttwo decades of the 17th century, while the yield from the tailleremained constant

The crown was forced to look for additional revenue

Selling offices and then taxing those offices (paulette) was onesolution

The paulette allowed the office holder to sell or bequeath the officeas desired

By the early 1620s, revenue from the sale of offices amounted to1/3rd of the crowns income

The Taille

was a tax on

basic

commodities

SPAIN: A PAIN IN THE TAX

As the greatest militarypower in Europe, Spain hadthe largest military budget,and thus the mostextensive system oftaxation

Despite the influx of goldand silver, Spain fell shortof the needed revenue

In 1590, Philip II introducedthe milliones, a tax onconsumption

The milliones taxed meat,wine, and oil and impactedthe poor more than anyone

The milliones

taxed the basic

elements of the

Spanish diet

TAXATION IN ENGLAND

Wars with Ireland in the 1590sand Spain between 1588-1604

depleted reserves that the crown

had obtained when Henry VIII

dissolved the monasteries

Disastrous wars against France

and Spain in the 1620s initiated

a need for addition revenue

Customs duties, orimpositions,

became a lucrative source of

income for the king

Impositions were taxes on

luxury import goods andimpacted the merchant and

urban classes

Unlike the Spanish milliones,

the impositions impacted

those that could afford it

THE 17TH CENTURY MONARCHIES

SOLIDIFY

The kings authority camefrom God, but his powerfrom the people

Throughout the 17th

century monarchssolidified their position byadministering justice,assembling armies, andraising revenues throughtaxation

Furthermore, Europeansbegan to identifythemselves as citizens ofa nation and todistinguish themselves inrelation to other nations

17th

17th century monarchs

centralized their government

through justice, defense, and

revenues

SUBJECTS FEEL THE SQEEZE The growth of central government came at the expense of local

rights and privileges formerly held by institutions such as thechurch and towns and individuals

Many upset urban and rural subjects rioted to protest grainprices, increased taxes, and local institutions inefficiency

By the 1640s rebellion was seen throughout the continent and inEngland


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17TH CENTURY POPULATION

DECLINE

Europeans lived more

precariously in the 17th

century than any other

period since the Black

Death

Population decline in

Spain, Italy and

especially Germany (30

Years War) was acute

Northwestern Europe

suffered greatly

particularly in the 1st half

of the century

The robust population figures that we are

so aware are a recent phenomenon

CAUSE OF POPULATION DECLINE

Surprisingly, the hardships

of war represented a smallcomponent of the overallEuropean population decline

However, the indirect effectsof war the negative impacton agriculture and thedisease associated with earlymodern warfare

Spain lost over a millionpeople before mid-centurywhile outbreaks of theplague in 1625 and 1665 hitEngland

Barren fields and disease

were main causes of

population decline

PEASANTS

HIT HARD

All sectors of European economy, from agriculture

to trade, stagnated or declined in the 17th century

Not surprisingly, peasants were hit the hardest

Tens of thousands died during the two great

subsistence crises in the late 1620s and 1640s

Plague, frost, and floods and rising taxes combinedto devastate peasants across Europe

PEASANTS REVOLT ACROSS

EUROPE A series of peasant

revolts in France in the

late 1630s focused on

increased taxes

Revolts followed a

pattern: a local tax

official was murdered,

peasant militia was

organized, rebels forced

temporary concessions,

ended with a

reimposition of order by

the state

Nu-Pieds the barefooted-- rose

up in France in protest of the salt tax

PALERMO UPRISING

The mostspectacular popularuprising occurred inSpanish-occupied Italy

In 1647, the city ofPalermo explodedunder the pressure of abade harvest, risingfood prices andrelentless taxation

Women rioted over bread prices and soon the entirecity was in revolt

For a while they achieved the abolition of Spanishtaxation on food, but their gains were short-lived andthe revolt was crushed

RESISTANCE THEORY

While Luther and Calvinpreached a doctrine of

passive obedience to

civil authority, others like

Philippe Duplessis-

Mornay argued that the

king who violated lawcould be resisted

His book,A Defense ofLiberty Against Tyrants

(1579), implied that a

oppressive monarch was

not ruling by divine right Duplessis-Mornay articulated theconditions by which resistance to

royal authority could occur


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MILTON OUTLINES

COVENANT THEORY

English poet John Milton spokeof a covenant between ruler andruled in his book, The tenure ofKings and Magistrates (1649)

Milton wrote in defense of theEnglish revolution that the kingin his coronation oath promisedto uphold the laws of the landand rule for the benefit of hissubjects

The subjects in turn promised toobey

Failure by either side to meetobligations broke that contract

CATALONIA

AND THE

FRONDE

Two 17th century revolts reflectedthe new rebellion theories

In 1640, Catalonia (eastern Spain)resisted attempts to be

consolidated into the Spanishprovinces

In France an aristocratic rebellionover taxation directly threatenedthe authority of the state

The Fronde, as it was known,accomplished little except that itdemonstrated that the Frencharistocracy remained anindependent force in politics

Both the Catalonia revolt and theFronde revealed the fragile stateof the absolute state

The aristocratic revolt (Fronde)in France meant rebellion was

not limited to the peasantry

MONARCHS SEEK GREATER

CONTROL

Mid-17th century

European rebellions did

provide a temporary

check to royal power but

also compelled

monarchs to strengthen

their power

By the second half of the

17th century, effective

government was the

byword of the royal state

absolutism was on the

riseAbsolute rule responded tomid-century threats

THE NATURE OF ABSOLUTE

MONARCHY

The greatest proponent ofabsolute rule was English authorThomas Hobbes

His book, The Leviathan (1651),Hobbes argued that before civilsociety formed, humans lived ina savage state of nature, in awar of every man against everyman

Without government man wascondemned to a life that wassolitary, poor, nasty, brutish,and short

The solution? Absolute rule!

HOBBES ADVOCATES

ABSOLUTISM

To escape the savagestate of nature,individuals pooled theirpower and granted it to aruler

For Hobbes it was

simple; rulers agreed torule and subjects agreedto obey

When the contract wasintact, people ceased tolive in a state of nature;when it was broken, theyreturned to it

According to Hobbes, without a

strong government man would

live in chaos

EUROPE EMBRACES

ABSOLUTE RULE

With some notable exceptions,

Europe in the later 17th century

embraced absolute rule as not

only a necessity but an ideal

The consolidation of power in the

hands of the divinely ordained

monarch who ruled according to

the principles of laws and justice

was seen as the perfect form of

government

Hobbes was thrilled . . .Absolute Monarchy was

viewed as a stable

alternative to arbitrary rule


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RELIGIOUS ISSUES

COMPLICATE POLITICS

Throughout Englanddemands to reform theEnglish church were heard

One of the mostcontentious issues involvedEnglish Puritans demandingthe end of the system ofhierarchy of archbishopsand bishops in the church

Puritans wanted to removeall remnants of the Catholicchurch from the church ofEngland

SCOTTISH PRAYER BOOK

IMPOSED, RIOTS RESULT King Charles I and

Archbishop William Laudwanted to establish amore consistent divineservice in the kingdom,and to that end theyintroduced the newScottish book of prayerin 1637

The resulting riots wereput down by Scottishtroops as Charles Iregarded an attack onthe church as an attackon the monarchy

CHARLES I CALLS ON PARLIAMENT

When Charles I needed funds to repel Scottish troopsfrom England, he called on Parliament in November of1640 (this Parliament was known as theLongParliamentbecause they met for nearly 13 years)

The Parliament refused to grant Charles I money untilhe address their grievances

Long Parliament

1640-1653

LONG PARLIAMENT FLEXES

THEIR MUSCLES

The Long Parliament won manyconcessions from Charles I,including mandatory Parliamentmeetings at least once every 3years, due process in common lawwould be observed, and the ancienttaxes that the crown had revivedwould be abolished

To show they were serious,Parliament tried and executedCharless leading political adviser,the Earl of Strafford, and

imprisoned Archbishop WilliamLaud

Earl

Laud

CHARLES LOSES PATIENCE

By the end of 1641, Charless patience had worn thin Parliament had no intention of providing him the funding he

wanted and they had begun negotiating with t he Scottishthemselves

In the summerof 1642, Charlesfled

London having

declared theleaders ofParliament rebelsand traitors

The EnglishCivil War hadbegun

Parliament

was now atwar with

the king

PARLIAMENT VS. THE KING

Parliament believed it

was fighting to

defend their religion,

their liberties, and

the rule of law

Royalists believedthey were fighting to

defend their

monarch, their

church, and social

stability

VS.


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PARLIAMENT WEARS DOWN

ROYALISTS BY CONTROLLING

LONDON AND COASTAL REGIONS

PARLIAMENT

PREVAILS After 3 years of inconclusive

fighting, Parliament won adecisive victory at Naseby(1645)

The king was in captivity,bishops had been abolished,a Presbyterian church hadbeen established, and severelimits were put on royal power

However, the king had nointention of surrendering hisreligion or his authority

Despite the Parliamentaryvictory, they could not rulewith the king

The war left many questionsunanswered

MANY FACTIONS WANT SAY IN

GOVERNMENT In the Civil War the

Parliament had help fromthe Scots and fromvarious governors ofLondon, and so-calledIndependents whodesired a moredecentralized church

Each of these factionshad their own objectivesin a final settlement ofthe war

Charles I happily played

both sides against themiddle

Parliament was walking a tightrope after thewar and Charles was willing to let them fall

CHARLES KIDNAPPED,

MILITARY TAKES CONTROL

In June 1647, soldiers kidnapped the king and demandedParliament pay their arrears, protect them, and recognizetheir service

The Civil War had now become a military revolution

Military forces under the control of Sir Thomas Fairfax

and Oliver Cromwell crushed the last vestige of royalresistance and seized control of Parliament

CHARLES I BEHEADED

When the Parliament was

subsequently purged of

those who did not

support the army, the

remaining parliamentary

members (called theRump Parliament)

brought the king to trial

for crimes against his

subjects, and executed

him on January 30, 1649


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COMMONWEALTH DECLARED

After the execution,England was declareda Commonwealth

The monarchy andHouse of Lords wasabolished

England was to begoverned by what wasleft of the House ofCommons

Within four years, OliverCromwell, with thesupport of the armyssenior officers, forciblyseized control Cromwell quickly dissolved the

Rump and became the leader of

the revolutionary government

OLIVER CROMWELL Cromwell was given the

title ofLord Protectorwasto rule along side a freelyelected Parliament and anadministrative councilknown as the Council ofState

A devout Puritan,Cromwell held therevolutionary governmenttogether through the forceof his personality

He believed Gods handwas helping Englandmove toward a gloriousfutureCromwell refused the title of

monarch, believing the authorityshould rest in the Parliament

THE NEW MODEL ARMY

Members of the New Model

Army were well-disciplined

and were promoted on merit

For the first time it became

possible for working-class

men to become army

officers

He recruited men who, like

him, held strong Puritan

views and the Army wentinto battle singing psalms,

convinced that God was on

their side

THE REVOLUTION DIES WITH

CROMWELL

When Cromwell died in

1658, the revolution fell

apart

The military again

intervened by

dismissing the recently

elected Parliament and

calling for the

restoration of the

monarchy

Soon after, the Stuarts

were restored in theperson of Charles IIThe Stuart Restoration 1660

EFFECTS OF 20 YEARS OF CIVIL

WAR IN ENGLAND As a result of 20 years of

turmoil and revolution, the

Parliament became a

permanent part of civil

government

Royal control of taxationand religion were curtailed

England was a reformed

Protestant state

Absolute monarchy had

become constitutional

monarchy with the threat

of revolution still looming

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION The threats of revolution

proved viable whenJames II (1685-1688)came to the throne

A declared Catholic,James II used his powerto promote Catholics tohigh positions

When he attempted topack the new Parliamentwith Catholics, leadingProtestants begannegotiations withWilliam, Prince ofOrange, husband of MaryStuart, James eldestdaughter

James II


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WILLIAM LANDS FORCES IN

ENGLAND

In 1688, William landedforces in England

With little support, James II

flees to France

With the throne vacant,

William and Mary were

proclaimed King and Queen

of England

With little bloodshed, the

event came to be known as

the Glorious Revolution

DECLARATION OFRIGHTS

The Declaration of Rightswas created in 1689 andpresented to William andMary before they took thethrone

The Declaration reassertedmany of the Parliamentarygains made over the lasthalf century

Additionally, the Tolerationof Act(1689)grantedreligious freedom to nearlyall Protestant groups

The liberties and rights ofthe subject and sovereignwere in balance

Draft of the

Declaration

of Rights

LOCKE COUNTERS HOBBES

Locke was an Englishtheorist who wasclosely tied to theEnglish Revolution

His ideas of resistancelent credibility to therevolt

In his influence work,The Two Treatises onCivil Government, hedeveloped thecontract theory of

government

LOCKE INFLUENCES OTHERS For Locke, society was a

contract between rulersand subjects whereby thepower to rule is offset bythe protection of naturalrights

When rulers actedarbitrarily, they were tobe disposed by theirsubjects (preferablypeacefully)

Later, Lockes ideas wereincorporated during theAmerican Revolution andhas impacted many otherwestern nations

Locke

1632-1704

The accession of James I and the end of the war with Spain

Queen Elizabeth dies 1603 ( Tudor)

The Stuarts 1603 - 1713The Gunpowder Plot 1605

New colonies and trading posts 1607

King James' Bible 1611Sailing of the Mayflower 1620

Charles I and Parliament 1625 - 1640

Prayer Book riots, National Covenant and Bishops' Wars 1637 - 1638Irish Rebellion 1641

English Civil War 1642

Charles I's surrender and execution 1649Cromwell and the Commonwealth 1649 - 1660

Charles II and the restoration of the monarchy 1660

'Glorious' Revolution 1688

William of Orange, Mary II and the Declaration of Rights 1689John Lockes Two Treatises Published 1690

TIMELINE

TIMELINE

TIMELINE 17th CENTURY ENGLAND ABSOLUTISM

IN THE EAST:

FREDERICK

SHOWS THE

WAY

Frederick William, the Great Elector ofBrandenburg-Prussia (1640-1688), was oneof the European leaders who made the mosteffective use of the techniques of absolutism

In 1640, he inherited a loose collection of territoriesdevastated by the Thirty Years War and turned it into anrobust state with a strong, discipline army and effectivebureaucracy


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FREDERICK AND HIS ARMY From his experience as a

youth, Frederick William,

the Great Elector, wasconvinced a strong armyand a viable revenue baseto support that army, werecritical elements of statebuilding

When he inherited Prussiain 1640 he had neither

An army of 2,500 withterritories that had notradition of militarytaxation

Frederick was not impressed when he

surveyed his troops in 1640

FREDERICK WILLIAM

CREATES STRONG

ARMY After successfully introducing an

excise tax, Frederick William

created one of the most capable

standing armies of the age

A highly disciplined force, the new

army was the model of efficiencyas the government created a

department to oversee all of the

details including; housing,

supplies, training and taxation

Frederick was also able to create a

highly effective state bureaucracy

PETER THE GREAT TRANSFORMS

RUSSIA

The Russian Tsar Peter I(1682-1725) was enamoredwith the west at an early age;the technology, the culture,the military, the food, thefashion, etc.

He launched a campaign towesternize Russia includingputting the church under statecontrol

He ordered men to shave theirbeards, he lauded the benefits

of dentistry, and he promotedwine and new food products

PETER MODERNIZES ARMY

Peters greatest reforms

were military

He quickly modernized

his military in hopes of

reestablishing Russian

control in the Baltic ports

He created military

schools, introduced

conscription, promoted

based on merit, andbrought technology from

the west

By the end of Peters reign in 1725, theRussian monarchy was among the

strongest in Europe

PETER GOES AFTER

SWEDES, WINS His first efforts at dislodging the Swedes from the Baltic region

were not successful

However, through perseverance and preparation, Peter achieved hisambitions in 1709 with a victory over the Swedes at the Battle ofPoltava

After that victory, Russia gradual replaced Sweden as the dominantpower in the Baltic

Battle of Poltava as painted by

Denis Martens the Younger in 1726


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THE ORIGINS OF FRENCH

ABSOLUTISM Nowhere in Europe was

absolutism so successful asin France

Its origins can be found in

Louis XIIIs rule (1610-1643)

The young king was only 8

years-old when he assumed

power and he grew into his

role under the tutelage of

Cardinal Richelieu

It was Cardinal Richelieus

vision that the greatness of

France depended on royal

power (read absolutism)

The boy king and hismentor

RAISON DETAT

Richelieu, the chief

minister for Louis XIII,preached a doctrine of

raison d etat reason of

the state the

subordination of all else to

the needs and wants of the

state

Richelieu sought to

eliminate all threats to

royal power including

Huguenots, nobles, and

local governors

RICHELIEU SUBDUES NOBLES

Richelieu insisted on nointernal threats to royaldominance

The nobles were the mostdifficult to subdue becauseof their long tradition ofindependence

The ancient nobility (thenobility of the sword) andthe new nobility (nobility ofthe robe lawyers and stateofficials) were limited byRichelieus appointment oflocal officials and intendants

who brought more regionsunder direct royal control

RICHELIEU GOES AFTER

HUGUENOTS Richelieu was less

interested in challenging

the Huguenots religion

than their autonomy

In 1627, when the English

sent a force to aid the

Huguenots against the

government, Richelieu

abolished the Huguenots

privileges altogether

They were allowed to

maintain their religion,

but not their specialstatus

The HuguenotCross

RICHELIEU AND LOUIS XIII

Louis XIII and Richelieu died within six months of each other in1642 and 1643

Richelieus aggressive policies curbed the nobility and precipitatedthe Fronde (aristocratic tax rebellion)

Both of the above had a profound impact on the new King LouisXIV who would domesticate and pacify the nobles like no otherabsolute monarch

MAZARIN AND LOUIS XIV

Like his father, LouisXIV came to the throneas a kid (5 years-old in1643)

He was tutored byCardinal Jules Mazarin(1602-1661),Richelieus successor

as chief minister A gambler by nature,

Mazarin died with thelargest personalfortune ever amassedby a French citizen

Mazarin was anexcellent administratorwho learned well fromhis predecessor

Portrait of a

young King

Louis XIV

The Kings

powerful mentor,

Cardinal Mazarin


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LOUISS MONEY MAN: COLBERT

Louis XIV had a dynamic

Financial Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Louis credits Colbert with

the building of the French

Navy, reforming legal

codes, and the

establishment of the

National Academies of

Culture

Colbert turned French

debt into surplus without

raising taxesUntil Louis embarked on a series of

costly wars, Colbert had the French

state solvent

LOUISS WAR MAN: LOUVOIS

In matters of war, Louis

counted on the Marquis deLouvois

Louvois reformed the Frenchmilitary who during the Frondewere barely able to defeat themakeshift forces of the nobility

By the end of the reign, royalforces had been thoroughly re-organized and had grown to400,000

Merit promotion and up-to-datetechnology made the Frencharmy a superior fighting force

LOUIS MAINTAINS HUGE

BUREAUCRACY

Louis XIV furthered thepractice of relying onprofessional administratorsto supervise maindepartments of state

He excluded the nobility ofthe sword from the innercircle of government andincreased the role ofintendants

It was through intendantsthat the wishes of the centralgovernment were madeknown to the provinces

THE COURT OF VERSAILLES

Majesty was central toLouis XIV rule and noblecontrol

His residence atVersailles was the mostglittering court in all ofEurope, renowned for itsbeauty and splendor

When the court and kingmoved there permanentlyin 1682, Versaillesbecame the envy of thecontinent

PROTOCOL AT VERSAILLES

Louis established asystem of court etiquetteso complex that nobleshad to constantly study itto avoid humiliation

It was considered a greathonor for a noble to be

chosen to hand Louis hisshirt while dressing

Where people sat atdinner was a huge deal seniority issues abound

If the Kings dinner wereto pass you in the hallyou had to bow and say,The Kings Dinner . . .

LIFE AT LOUISS HOUSE: THE

METHOD BEHIND THE MADNESS

One never knocked on adoor; one scratched afingernail why thismadness?

When the nobility studieddecorum they could not

plot rebellion

Thus, Versailles servedmany roles; resident ofking; reception hall;office building; home tomany, many preoccupiednobles all hoping to winthe kings favor


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FRENCH CULTURE DURING

LOUIS S REIGN

Massive royalpatronage of art,science, and thoughtbrought Frenchculture to new heights

During Louiss reign,France replaced Spainas the greatest nationin Europe

The French languagereplaced Latin as thelanguage of Europe


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FRENCH CLASSICISM

Systematic purchases of

treasures from ancientand modern cultures theworld over enhanced theregime's prestige

The need to reignsupreme in culturalmatters also spawnedFrench Classicism, thecrowning culturalachievement of France'sgolden age under LouisXIV

Artists Jacques- LouisDavid and NicholasPoussin were twoleading artists of the era

Jacques- Louis Davids Oath of Horatii

is an example of the classical subject

matter French Classicism embraced

Jacques-Louis Davids Death of Marat

Davids Mars Disarmed by Venus

and the Three Graces

Davids Napoleon Crossing the

Saint Bernard

Nicholas Poussin Ashes of

PhocianPoussin Shepherds of Arcadia


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Poussins Rape of the Sabine

WomenFRANCE REVOLVES

AROUND THEIR SUN

During Louis XIVs longreign (1643-1715), Franceachieved greatesteconomically, politically,and culturally

They became aeconomic power rivalingthe Netherlands

They became a navalpower rivaling England

They were a militarypower without peer

LOUISS FAULTS AND FAILURES

Louiss reign had a downside; economic collapse and religiouspersecution

His aggressive foreign policy ultimately bankrupted the crown andcosts thousands of French lives

However, the greatest failure of his tenure was his persecution of the

Huguenots For Louis, the Huguenots represented an affront to his authority

LOUIS REVOKES

EDICT OF

NANTES

From the beginning, Louispersecuted Protestants,despite their protectionfrom the Edict of Nantes(King Henry IV of Franceissued the Edict of Nanteson April 13, 1598 to grantFrench Protestants, alsoknown as Huguenots,substantial rights in aCatholic nation)

Finally, in 1685 Louisrevoked the Edict of Nantesin his Edict ofFontainebleau

All forms of Protestantworship was outlawed asthousands fled France

CONCLUDING THOUGHTS OF

ABSOLUTISM

Louis XIV, Peter the Great,and Frederick William theGreat Elector were alltowering figures whose styleof rule revealed the royalstate at its height

The king, his advisors, and aburgeoning statebureaucracy ruled the day

A delicate balance betweenthe will of the king and thewill of the state was crafted. . . destined to be thrown offkilter

EMPIRES OF GOODS

By the end of the 16th

century, a worldwidemarketplace for theexchange of commoditieshad been created

First the Dutch and then theEnglish had establishedmonopoly companies in theEast

Colonies across the Atlantichad been established withhopes of economic gain

Trade enhanced the materiallife of all Europeans


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THE DUTCH: FIRST GREAT

COMMERCIAL POWER

The Dutch ledthe way basedon theirinnovativetechniques and management,combined with a social,political, and culturalenvironment that supportedmercantile activities

Dutch society was open tonew ideas and freer thanmost European nations

The Dutch created the idea ofthe Entrepot; a storage sitefor goods before they areexchanged

Today, the entrepot is standard

procedure for large companies

DUTCH TREAT The Dutch pioneered in

finance by establishing theBank of Amsterdam

They led in shipbuilding bydeveloping the flyboat along-flat-hulled vesseldesigned to carry bulkygoods

They traded around theworld with the largestmercantile fleet

It was not until the 17th

century that England andFrance surpassed theDutch (How? By passinglaws to eliminate Dutchcompetition)

Flyboats were cheap to build and could

be manned by small crews

16th CENTURY TRADE ROUTES

EVOLE, POWER SHIFTS NORTH

The Spanish moved back andforth between the New and OldWorld across the Atlantic

The Dutch and Portuguese sailedaround Africa to the IndianOcean

The Baltic trade connected theeastern raw materials with thewestern manufactured goods ofEurope

The Mediterranean Sea stillsurvived as an intercontinentalhub, but commercial power wasshifting to northern Europe justas dramatically as political and

military power

Major Global Trade Routes, 1400-1800

TRIANGULAR

TRADEDEVELOPS

The Triangular trade created a larger pool of desirablegoods than the bilateral trade it replaced

British manufactured goods could be traded to Africa forslaves, slaves could be traded in the West Indies forsugar, and sugar could be consumed on Britain

Supply and demand were a better match


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TriangularTrade

NEW FORMS OF BANKING The Bank of Amsterdam was established in 1609 to

create a uniform rate of exchange for the various

currencies From there, a system of transferring bills and accounts

was developed (called giro banking)

Next, bills of exchange (a crude form of checking) werecreated to settle international transactions

Bill of

Exchange

EASTERN TRADEHEATS UP

The chief commodity

imported to the East was

bullion; tons of South

American silver

In return came spices, silk,

coffee, jewels, porcelain

and dyes

By 1650, the Dutch

dominated the spice trade

The Dutch enjoyed a

virtual monopoly in

cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg,mace and pepper

By mid-17th century, Europeans were

consuming 7 million pounds of pepper

COTTON MARKET THRIVES

The Dutch were the first torealize the enormouspotential of the cottonmarket

Until about 1650, cottonand cotton blended withsilk were used in Europeonly for wall hangings andtable coverings

Shortly thereafter, cottonreplaced linen as thematerial of choice forundergarments

The fashion caught on andthe Dutch soon beganimporting calicoes (Indiancotton) to the continent

The

emergence of

cotton would

fundementally

alter the

economy

ENGLAND SOON DOMINATES

COTTON TRADE

By 1750, the English

dominated the cotton

trade

They shipped more than

a million cloths a year

into London

The calicoes craze was

so great that both France

and England attempted

to ban their import to

protect domestic cotton

industries

EYE OPENING NEW BEVERAGE:

COFFEE Coffee became a

fashionable drink in

Europe by about 1700

Coffeehouses sprang up

in major urban areas of

northern Europe The Dutch and the

English established

themselves in the coffee

trade which was centered

in the Middle Eastern

seaport of MochaBy 1700, strong middle easterncoffee was very popular in

Europe


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TEA STILL KING

Despite the increasingpopularity of coffee, tea was

still the basic beverage

It was probably mostprevalent in England where

a mix of Chinese tea and

West Indian sugar was all

the Tea soon became the

dominate cargo of English

ships

Paid for in bullion, it wasnt

until the Chinese started

consuming opium that a true

triangular trade developed

COLONIAL TRADE: SWEET

The success of tea waslinked to the growth of thesugar trade in EuropesAtlantic colonies

Widespread cultivation ofsugar began in thePortuguese colony of Brazil

The English had aninsatiable appetite forsugars sweetness hot,sweet tea provided energyfor millions of Englishmen

By 1730, over 100 millionpounds of sugar wereconsumed by the British

Sugar went from luxury item

to staple item

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

The Triangular Trade of manufactures mostly re-exporting calicoes and rum to Africa for slaves,who were exchanged in the West Indies for sugar,became the dominant form of English overseas trade

Colonial production depended on the enforced laborof hundreds of thousands of Africa slaves

AFRICANS IN THE NEW WORLD

More than 6 million black slaves were imported into theAmericans during the 1700s

Every colonial power participated in the lucrative slave trade The English eventually came to control the trade as the sweet

tooth of Europe was fed by the sweat of black Africans

DUTCH MASTERS OF TRADE

The Dutch economygrew significantly in 17th

century

Their advantagesincluded Protestant

immigrants that brought

with them capital and

manufacturing skills

The Dutch had excellent

craftsmen and

successful farmers

Their greatest attribute

was trade

HOLLAND #1

Although the Dutch Republic comprisedseven separate political entities, with apopulation of 2 million, the province ofHolland was preeminent among them

The port city of Amsterdam, Holland, was one of the

greatest cities in Europe The city rose dramatically in population and

prominence in the 17th century

growth nation states 17th red

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