Growth of a NationGr 8 SS Canadian History Unit

“400 Years of Challenges”

“His Story” telling = History

Your Tasks WATCH, LISTEN, ASK and DISCUSS Notetaking:

Copy each slide title Add three or more “jot notes” for each

slide topic . Be sure to include important people,

places, events and years Quietly listen to video clips or music

and ENJOY the ride!.

Let’s practice with this slide!

ReadySet

GO!!

Land Bridge Migration Theoryvideo clip

During the last ice age (left), much of Earth's water was locked up in glaciers, exposing vast swaths of seafloor, such as the Bering land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska.

Submerged today (right), the bridge may have been the route followed by the first humans to enter the Americas.Sealevel changes video

Aboriginal myths and legends vary in the telling but all acknowledge their creation as part of the continent rather than a migration. Creation Story

The First North Americans

Aboriginal People of America <video

Aboriginial People include First Nations, Inuit and Metis people who first inhabited the continent upon European arrival.

For centuries they were misrepresented by the term “Indians” and often considered by Europeans as one culture

when in reality there were many different cultural, linguistic and ethnic groups who tended to live with the land according to natural regions.

Many of these groups were bitter enemies and in some cases like the Iriquois extremely organized within a Confederacy of Nations.

The arrival of Europeans has proven disasterous for many of these groups as they lost their traditional lands , life styles and succumbed to disease.

Treaties between these many groups and the government were seen as the solution – however many struggles continue.

Treaties continue to govern our relations as we continue to share the continent

Vikings –First Europeans 1000 AD

Eric the Red was a well known Viking explorer who sailed from settlements in Iceland to discover Greenland – 983 AD

Bjarni Herjólfsson is believed to accidentally discovered North America when he was blown off course in his travels from Greenland in 986 AD.

Eric’s son, Lief (the Lucky) Ericsson has been credit with the re -discovery of North America with early settlements in the land they called Vinland (Newfoundland).

Vikings 980 AD – first Europeans

Who Wants to be a Viking?

European Colonization of America• Although the Vikings first discovered America in 1000 AD

no one knew of their discovery until 1960!

• The popular belief was the Earth was flat – to sail too far could put your ship over the edge of the earth!!

• Early sailors for centuries – sailed, discovered and explored new territories but always within site of the coast.

• The 15th Century, was called the “Age of Discovery” as Europeans had sailed around Africa, discovered India and found the riches of the Orient.

• In 1492 – Christopher Columbus sponsored by Queen Isabella of Spain, sailed west across the “open seas” of the Atlantic Ocean believing the earth was round so he could find a shorter route to India– only to discover America. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pvcb1IK6aw0 5 min

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mw7H-eTCYWI&feature=related

• Over the next 400 years, Europeans began building Colonial Empires – the largest were by the Spanish, British, French and Portuguese. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Colonisation2.gif

John Cabot 1497 claims for England

After Columbus reached the West Indies in 1492 claiming for Spain…

Cabot sailed his ship, the Matthew, on May 2, 1497 in search of East Asia only to discover the mainland of North America – at Newfoundland

He claimed it in the name of King Henry VII for England.

He did discover the Grand Banks of Newfoundland – greatest fishing in world.

He then made the first recorded attempt to find the Northwest Passage, only to find ice-crusted waters.

FYI - It is only in the last few years – with the warming of the polar regions , that the Northwest Passage has become ice free .

The Arctic remains one of the few undiscovered regions on the planet with promise of new resources!

Jacques Cartier – claims for France -1534

Jacques Cartier lands in Gaspé at mouth of St Lawrence River on July 24, 1534,

He raised a cross in claimed possession of the territory in the name of Francis I, King of France.

Cartier is credited with the Naming of Canada as he meets First Nations.

Earliest Settlements 1606-1667

Royal Charter grants all lands draining in to Hudson Bay (Western Canada) to the Hudson Bay Company (1670-1870) first and oldest company in Canada. Notice how First Nations are ignored as Europeans divide up the New World!

Samuel de Champlain“Father of New France”

• was a French explorer, navigator, and mapmaker.

• He explored much of eastern Canada and became known as the Father of New France, which was the French part of Canada.

Samuel Champlain video

In 1604 Champlain made his second trip to North America. Champlain explored the Atlantic coast from the Bay of Fundy down to Cape Cod.

In 1606 established Port Royal as his first attempt at settlement.

In 1608, Champlain founded a settlement and trading post that became the city of Quebec as the first permanent European settlement in Canada.

In 2008, Quebec celebrated it’s 400th birthday as the oldest city in Canada!

In 1603 he travelled up the Saguenay, St. Lawrence, and Richelieu rivers to make a very accurate map of Canada from Hudson Bay in the north down to the Great Lakes.

• France was a colonial power in North America from founding of Québec in 1608 to the ceding of Canada to Britain in 1763.

• France placed its stamp upon the history of the continent including ACADIA (in Maritimes), the territory of Louisiana, the Mississippi Valley and especially in the St Lawrence Valley, are still full of French culture today.

• Govenor Frontenac was a strong leader who helped the growth of New France through fur trade and defended against British and Iriquois attempts to overtake the colony. Video clip

New France1608-1763

The Fur Trade

video^

Beginning with simple trade between European fishermen and natives eager to obtain metal and cloth goods : iron knives and axes, awls, copper kettles, blankets and trinkets. in exchange for furs and fresh meat..

When the wide-brimmed felt hat came into fashion later in the 16th century, the demand for BEAVER PELTS increased

tremendously.

Beginning in 1670 the Hudson Bay Company begins setting up trading posts along rivers reaching Hudson Bay opening Western Canada to the trade.

After the defeat of France in 1763 French fur traders (courier de bois) were hired by the North West Company out of Montreal beginning a trade war. . Voyageurs

By 1825, the Hudson Bay Company reclaimed a monopoly to become one of Canada’s most successful companies

French English Conflicts

England and France had become traditional rivals as they conflicted in Europe and within their respective colonies over many centuries.

The European Seven Years War became the French & Indian War in North America which saw two decisive British victories.

Battle of Louisburg (1758) saw the defeat of the French Fortress which guarded the St Lawrence River and New France.

Battle of Quebec (1759) (<video) became one of Canada’s most famous battles as the French General Montcalm is defeated by British General James Wolfe with a sneak attack on the Plains of Abraham following the miraculous night climb of the cliffs.

Both generals died in the battle in this final and decisive battle which left Britain in control of the entire eastern coast of North America.

Battle for Canada video 25 min

Royal Proclamation 1763

British Rule Begins

The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued by King George III to establish a basis of government administration in the North American territories formally ceded by France to Britain in the Treaty of PARIS, 1763, following the SEVEN YEARS' WAR.

It established the constitutional framework for the negotiation of Indian treaties with the aboriginal inhabitants of large sections of Canada by recognizing “Indian Country”as an area outside British rule.Video

With British colonial governments in the PROVINCE OF QUEBEC which ended the authority of the Catholic Church and French Civil Law upsettin French settlers.

Quebec Act 1774 Under its terms the boundaries of Quebec were extended as far as the Ohio River valley.

The Roman Catholic church was recognized by the Quebec Act.

Also of enduring importance was the establishment of the French civil law to govern the relations of Canadian subjects in their business and other day-to-day relations with each other.

British criminal law was imposed in all matters having to do with public law and order and offenses for which the punishment might be fine, imprisonment, or in some cases death.

These imaginative gestures won the admiration of the religious leaders in Quebec and to a large extent the goodwill of the people themselves.

Although boundaries were to change – the Quebec legal system and recognition of the Catholic Church remain in modern Quebec!

American Revolution 1776The American Revolution was a war against Great Britain (England) and the the original 13 colonies living in America.

The conflict started when the mother country, England, began to heavily tax the colonists. They also created unfair laws which colonists did not agree with it.

The colonists felt that they deserved a say in the British government (Parliament). This lack of say in the government was called "Taxation without Representation".

More Info

When the colonists began getting angry and protesting the British soldiers came across the Atlantic Ocean to solve the problem. Instead of solving the problem war broke out versus the colonists.

There were many important battles and people that helped the colonists become victorious .

July 4,1776 they establish themselves as an independent country with the Declaration of Independence and American Constitution..

United States of America first “republic in the world” where leaders are elected to represent the citizens –democracy!

American Revolution in 4 minutes

FYIRevoultion Flag of America13 Colonies13 Stars (now 50!)13 Stripes (still)

Why Study History?

US History in 60 seconds

Constitutional Act 1791After the American Revolution – the former region of Quebec was restructured .

The Constitutional Act of 1791 was an Act of the British Parliament creatingLOWER CANADA (Quebec) predominantly French .

and UPPER CANADA (Ontario)which was predominanty English

after the migration of thousands of former New England Loyalists who did not want to become Americans.

FYIUpper Canada was named based on higher elevation than Lower Canada.Established current borders of Ontario and Quebec

FYI- York is the site of Toronto and Bytown becomes Ottawa.

War of 1812

First Nations in War 1812

The causes of this war began between England and France during the European Napoleonic Wars.

When British prevented trade to European ports which led to siezing of American ships and crews – the US declared War on British Canada. Americans believed British colonists in Canada would eagerly join the USA – it was just a matter of “marching North.”

Despite superior US numbers poor tactics and terrible leadership led to repeated British victories.

British success was due largely to leadership of Sir Isaac Brock who set up effective defenses and also led the successful capture of Detroit .

Brock’s strategic victory at QueenstonHeights proved fatal and he dies as ‘the hero who saved Canada’

Recognizing the need to unite First Nations to defend Indian Country- the great Shawnee Chief Tecumsah led a confederation First Nations against the invading Americans.

American victories were few – however they did sack British capital at Fort York (Toronto) –twice!

In retaliation the British sacked Buffalo and burned the Whitehouse in Washington DC.

Although insignificant to most British – Americans and Canadians both claim victory – although little changes resulted -followed by 200 years of peacealong the longest unfortified border in the world. Battle of New Orleans War of 1812 Canadian Version

It is agreed however that the First Nations lost the War of 1812 loosing large number and never regaining status. Laura Secord Story

NapoleonsEmpire 1807

1837 Rebellions With similar frustrations with the British

colonial government as the New England colonies -Lower (Quebec -1837-38) and Upper (Ontario-1838)Canada exploded into seperate armed rebellions.

Major leaders of the rebellion included Joseph Papinau in Lower Canada and

William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada. American sympathizers supported their efforts against the British.

British suppress both rebellions fearing another Revolution overpowering the rebels.

There would be no Canadian Revolution!!

PapinauMackenzie

Durham Report Act of Union 1840

Lord Durham

The Durham Report 1839 recommended the Act of Union 1840 uniting Upper and Lower Canada into a single province Canada under one parliament leading to responsible government which was the aim of the Rebellion.

Durham plan however was to assimilate the French into the more dominant British culture –reigniting French-English conflict.

The British successfully overpowered the rebels avoiding their fears of another American Revolution.

John George Lambton, the Earl of Durham was appointed Governor General to study and solve the causes of the Rebellion .

FYI – Alaska owned by Russia in 1840 until bought by US in 1867.

Canadian History Overview

American Civil War^Music Video^

American Civil War (1861–1865) was a major war between the Northern United States ("Union") led by President Abraham Lincoln and Southern states ("Confederacy")led by President Jefferson Davis.

With a culture and economy based on plantations and slavery the Confederate States proposed sucession (independence) when the Northern Union States demanded the end to slavery.

After four bloody years with unprecedented loss of life and property the Union defeated the Confederacy

Many slaves escaped to Canada through the “Underground Railway”

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American History in 4 Min

Canadians are convinced of the need for a strong federal government to prevent such devastating civil wars in Canada

Fenian Raids 1866Rather than returning home after Civil War, a group of battlehardened Irish Americans known as the Fenians independently attack British Canada in support of Ireland’s conflicts with Great Britain,

With superior numbers, weapons and experience they sack the town of Fort Eerie and go on to defeat the Canadians at the Battle of Ridgeway.

Although the Fenians raids were successful – they quickly returned to the US for safety only to be arrested by American forces who did not want another war.

Combined with the recent US purchase of Alaska and possible expansion of the west coast,the Fenian Raids became the proof needed to unite the colonies into an independent Canada

Fathers of Confederation Charlottetown Conferernce

Confederation – July 1,1867Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

John A Macdonald First Prime Minister of Canada

Under the leadership of John A Macdonald who leads the colony of Canada (Ontario and Quebec) to convince Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick into joining in Confederation forming the new Dominion of Canada. Newfoundland and PEI refuse.

Fears of American annexation after Civil War and desires to stay loyal to Britain were major drivers.

British North America Act is signed by British Parliament creating the new nation on July 1, 1867

Confederation plaque on outside wall of House of Commons in Parliament Building today.Confederation

Rap Video

Original Flag of Canada

“Land of the Beaver” -Rupert’s Land becomes the North West Territories

The year 1870 ends the Rupert’s Land 200 year lease with Hudson Bay Company creating the huge North West Territories.

Battleford (Sk) becomes Territorial Capital but later moves to Regina.

The Hudson Bay Company maintains its fur trading traditions and eventually grows into one of Canada’s largest Department Store chains.

North West Mounted Police begin training in Regina to bring law and order to Western Canada.

Today all RCMP still train at the Regina “Depot”!

Manitoba and North West Territory 1870 Seeds of French and Metis Conflict Video (2:32)

Father of Manitoba

Louis Riel

At Red River Colony (Winnipeg) Louis Riel frustrated with lack of support from the new Canadian government forms a Provisional government establishing a Metis Nation to negotiate terms for Confederation. -

Following a short rebellion including an execution of Thomas Scott from Ontario -Prime Minister Macdonald reaches agreement with Riel and the tiny new province of Manitoba is formed as Canada’s fifth province.

As new Canadian settlers flood into Manitoba - many Metis move to Saskatchewan while Riel flees to Montana for safety.

The Canadian Government begins land surveying preparing for the new railway and settlement ignoring existing First Nations and Metis settlements

British Columbia 1871

- Strong British loyalty repulses American attempts to annex the west coast territory linking to their recent Alaska purchase from Russia.

- British Columbia agrees to join Confederation with Macdonald’s promise of transcontinental railway.

Prince Edward Island 1873

-PEI agrees to join Confederation in return for paying off debts and development of a railway.

National Dream – Building a Railway from Sea to SeaCanadian Railway Trilorgy – Lightfoot Video

Choo-Choo Boogie

Prime Minister John A Macdonald began what became know as his “National Dream” keeping his promise to British Columbia by building the Canadian Pacific Railway.

This was enormous task of not only building the largest transcontinentral railway but meeting the geographical challenges – including the Rocky Mountains!

With huge work gangs – often consisting of European immigrants the railway quickly crossed the prairies.

The most dangerous and difficult challenge across the Rockies was left to Chinese immigrants (video) – many who lost their lives in the effort.The long awaited “Last Spike” completed the railway in 1885

Northwest Rebellion 1885 <video

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Conflicts with the new government and the Metis and First Nations led to the North West Rebellion 1885 in the area of Saskatchewan . Metis again look to Riel to return as their leader. Macdonald still angry over Red River is determined to prevent this emerging Canadian Civil War sends troops on CPR.

Chief Poundmaker and Big Bear were two influential First Nations leaders whose people were struggling to survive under new treaties.

Canadian Militia were supported by British army and Northwest Mounted Police and led by British General Fredrick Middleton.

Major battles were at Duck Lake, Fish Creek, Frenchman Butte, Battleford and Cutknife .

The final battle at Batoche saw the defeat of the Metis and their leaders Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont after three days of battle.

Riel is brought to trial in Regina and hanged -pleasing Ontario but leads to outrage of French Canadians. Video Metis Anthem

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Louis Riel

Gabriel Dumont

Metis Flag

General Middleton

Poundmaker-video

Yukon & North West Territory Districts 1898

Northwest Mounted Police (Dawson City)

Sam Steele

Most Famous Mountie

North West Territory divided into Districts – Mackenzie, Keewatin, Ungave, Assiniboia , Alberta and Saskatchewan

Klondike Gold Rush (video) sees large migration to new territory of the Yukon.North West Mounted Police led by men like Sam Steele (video) bring law and order to the untamed western territories..

Saskatchewan & Alberta 1905

Sir Fredrick HaultainFirst and Only Premier of NWT

• Proposed one province Sask + Alta =>”Buffalo”

• Eastern Concerns that this single province would challenge Ontario led to two new provinces emerge in 1905.

• Both provinces grow rapidly with immigration policies focussed on agriculture.

• Over 800,000 immigrate to Sask between 1901-31.

• Sask has third largest population in Canada before “Dirty Thirties Depression – over 70% rural!

Sir Clifford Sifton “Minister of the Interior”• Starts Agricultural

Immigration in Western Canada.

• Encourages skilled farmers from USA Eastern Europe, and Russia (including Menonites, Ukrainians, Doukabors and Hutterites). under the Dominion Land Act promising landownership for labor.

• Starts the newspaper the Manitoba Free Press and later the Regina Leader and Saskatoon Star Phoenix.

Farm of A. Buhler Warman, Saskatchewan, 1910

Newfoundland 1949 Premier Joey SmallwoodFirst Premier

Although the site of the first Europeans on the continent – Newfoundland remains a British colony until 1949.

Developing around a maritime economy focussed on fishing the Grand Banks they are able to remain independent.

Newfoundland sends troops to defend Britain in both World Wars making huge sacrafices.

With the decline of the maritime economy in sight - Joey Smallwood convinces Newfoundlanders to join Canada.

In 2006 they adopt the name Newfoundland and Labrador

Nunavut 1999

Paul Okalik

First Premier of Nunavut

In 1999, the territory of Nunavut is created.• With it’s capital in

Iqaluit – it’s population is primarily Inuit.

• The territorial government is designed for “Inuit self government”.

• The “Inukshuk” has become the symbol of Nunavut.

Inukshuks are stone markers in human formIndicating significant and traditional locations in the Arctic such as good fishing or hunting or simply you are on the path and not lost!

Canada Today

Rick Mercer: Canada Explained Canada History in 2 Min

Canada Eh! Rick Mercer:Talking to Americans