growth of the city
TRANSCRIPT
Lure of the City
Migration – jobs, transportation, conveniences, entertainment, cultural experiences
-women no longer needed on farm
-blacks took low paying jobs and were pushed out of the South
Ethnicity – ghettos, culture vs. progress, mostly rural society living in city
-”Old World” people from Europe
-tried to re-create old world with newspapers, food, etc...
-focus on political power (Irish/Boston, German/Milwaukee)
Lure of the City
Assimilation – Moody, Addams, Social Gospel Movement, YMCA, Cardinal Gibbons, Rerum Novarum, Salvation Army, Christian Science (Mary Baker Eddy)
-preach American unity
-religious social doctrine
Americanization – schools, marriage, stores, religion
Exclusion – American Protective Society, Nativism, xenophobia
-Chinese, taxes, undesirables
-Comstock Laws – Anti-Vice
-Anti-Catholic (Henry Bowers)
City Design
Public Space – orderly design, parks
-Central Park, Mall in D.C.
Great White City – philanthropy, museums, concert halls, libraries
-Rockefeller/Carnegie
-Metropolitan Museum of Art
-Centers of learning
Reclamation Projects – Back Bay
-drain swamps and build
-annex nearby land - megalopolis
Suburbia and the City
Tenements – Dumbbell Tenements, Florence Kelley, Hull House, street Arabs, Jacob Riis
-crappy neighborhoods
-women & child care
-”How the Other Half Lives”
Urban Transportation – electric Trolley, bridges
-Statue of Liberty
-Boston has 1st Subway
-Brooklyn Bridge
Skyscrapers – Otis, Louis Sullivan, Daniel Burnham
-Renting becomes mass demand
-triple-decker homes (poor construction)
-sleek design of skyscrapers/large windows/limit ornaments
-City Beautiful Movement – City Reclamation
Problems of the City
Fire & Disease – great fires, rebuilding (order out of disorder), fire departments
Environmental – poop, respertory infection (coal), typhoid, sewage issues
Crime – pickpockets, con artists, murder rate, gangs, organized police (patronage), discriminatory practices (profiling)
Fear of the City – “Sister Carrie”, Gilded Age Politics, loss of identity, Alice Hamilton (doctor who detected lead poisoning, chemical waste, & ceramic dust as deadly along with TB and Carbon Monoxide)
Mass Consumption
Rising Income – 1/3 pay increase, more family members work
Chain Stores/Mail Order/Department Stores – Montgomery Ward, Sears & roebuck, A & P, Woolworths, 5 & 10, Macy’s, Filenes's
Women as “New” Consumers – better products, new styles, new employment, Charlotte Perkins Gilman (day care allows women to work)
-canned food (Borden), refrigerated rail cars, iceboxes, improved diet, clothes closets, mass wardrobes, secretaries, waitresses
Leisure “Rest on the Sabbath….no more”
Less Hours & More Money
Coney Island
Spectator Sports – Baseball, Boxing, Basketball
Leisure Sports – dancing, bicycling, parks (wealthy – quiet/poor-play)
Music & Theatre – Vaudeville, Ziegfield Follies
Movies – D.W. Griffith “Birth of a Nation”
4th of July – separate celebration by ethnic groups
Private Leisure – Dime Store Novel, Parlor Instruments, Ragtime, Snobby Sports
Shopping
Saloons & Pubs – ethnic, very “working class” & political, male dominated, Anti-Saloon League, WCTU, Carrie Nation
Circus – Barnum & Bailey
Mass Communication
Press – Hearst, Pulitzer, Yellow
Journalism, Ladies Home Journal
Magazines – Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s
Weekly, Progress & Poverty (Henry
George promotes single tax and
graduated tax)
High Culture
Literature – Twain, Stephen Crane (Maggie, Girl of the Streets), Henry James (The American), Jack London (Call of the Wild), Frank Norris (The Octopus), Horatio Alger
Art – Whistler, Ashcan School of Art (Realism, realistic scenes of ordinary life)
Education – philanthropy, Morrill Act, Chautauqua Movement, Carlisle Indian School (kill the Indian, save the man)
Philosophy – pragmatism (find truth through experimentation), Henry George, Josiah Strong (Our Country, cities are centers of anarchy)
Science – Pasteur, Lister, Darwin
Social – higher divorce rate