grundfos technical guide

GRUNDFOS TECHNICAL GUIDE

HVAC

HVAC Technical Data Booklet.qxd 10/2/2002 1:48 PM

12

CONTENTS

Mission

Technical Data

Centrifugal Pumps page 4

Pump Performance page 5

Power Efficiency & Energy page 10

Viscosity page 13

Affinity Laws page 14

Speed Torque Relationships page 16

System Head Curve page 17

Parallel & Series Operation page 18

Min Flow - Temperature Raise page 18

Axial Thrust - Max Flow page 20

Power Consumption and Cost page 22

Frequently used Formulas page 24

Altitude VS. Barometric Pressure

and Boiling Point of Water page 30

Elevations for Various Municipalities page 30

Aqueous Solutions page 32

Velocity Chart

Feet per Second page 34

Pressure Loss Charts page 35

Velocity Charts & Friction of Water

Copper, Brass & S.P.S. page 39

New Steel Pipe page 47

Friction Losses page 56

Hydronic Water Flow Calculator page 57

Heat Losses from... page 58

Typical Symbols page 59

Affinity Laws page 60

Freezing & Boiling Point page 61

ANSI Steel Flange Dimensions page 62

Gasket & Machine Bolt Dimensions page 63

Unit Conversion Tables page 64


MISSION

31

Bjerringbro, Denmark

Fresno, California Olathe, Kansas

Monterrey, Mexico Allentown, Pennsylvania Oakville, Ontario

- to successfully develop, produce, and sell high quality pumps and pumping systems worldwide, contributing to a better quality of life and healthier environment

• One of the 3 largest pump companies in the world with over 11,000 employees worldwide

• World headquarters in Denmark

• North American headquarters in Kansas City - Manufacturing in Fresno, California

• 60 companies in 40 countries

• More than 10 million pumps produced annually worldwide

• North American companies operating in USA, Canada and Mexico

• Continuous reinvestment in growth and development enables the company to

BE responsible, THINK ahead, and INNOVATE


TECHNICAL DATA

24

Centrifugal Pumps. In a centrifugal pump, pumping action is generated by means of centrifugal force. Theessential components of a centrifugal pump are the pump volute, impellers and pump/shaft; all driven by anelectric motor prime mover. A simplified pump diagram is illustrated in Figure 2-3 below:

Centrifugal Pump - Theory of OperationAs the impeller rotates, liquidis taken in at the eye of theimpeller and forced out alongvanes to its tips. The liquidmoves faster at the tips of theimpeller than at the eye. Thefluid is then gathered in thepump volute, where velocityenergy is converted topressure energy inprogressive stages untildischarge. The rapid outwardmovement of fluid from theeye of the impellers creates alow pressure region withinthe eye, which pulls morefluid into the intake at thesame rate as discharged.Pressure and flowperformance of a centrifugalpump is a function ofimpeller diameter, speed,width of internalimpeller/pump house waterpassages and vaneconfiguration.

Impellers are generallyclassified as open, semi-openor enclosed. Enclosedimpellers can be of thefloating or fixed type basedon the industry or applicationrequirements.

Figure 2-3


TECHNICAL DATA

53

Pump Performance Characteristics and CurvesGeneral. Centrifugal pumps have head-flow characteristics, just as motors have speed-torque characteristics. At afixed speed, the head developed by a pump will decrease as the flow is increased. Different pump designs willproduce different characteristics, as illustrated in Figure 2-5 below:

Reading a pumpcurve is fairlystraight forward.Pump/performancecurves consist of asimple graph withflow rates (Q) alongthe horizontal axisand pressures/head(H) along the verticalaxis. The datagraphed on the curveis typically based ona fixed speed.

Performance Characteristics. Performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps are described in curves developedby pump manufacturers. Typical performance curve presentations are illustrated in Figure 2-7 and describes therelationships between (1) capacity and total dynamic head, (2) capacity and efficiency, (3) capacity and brakehorsepower, and in some cases, (4) capacity and net positive suction head (NPSH). Individual curve parameters arediscussed below.

Performance Curves1. Total dynamic head- capacity curves show the total head developed by the pump at a given capacity. Figure 2-6

shows that a pump will operate over conditions ranging from shutoff (no flow) to maximum flow. Maximumtotal head usually occurs at shutoff. As capacity increases, total head developed decreases. Maximum flow willoccur with minimum head.

2. Efficiency-capacity curves describe the relationship between pump efficiency and capacity. Efficiency ismaximized at the design capacity where hydraulic, mechanical, and leakage losses within a pump areminimum. These losses included leakage between impeller and pump house; fluid friction losses in all flowpassages such as rotor chamber, impeller, pump house and thrust bearing friction. If the pump operates atcapacities greater or less than at the design capacity, pump efficiency will decrease.

3. Brake horsepower-capacity curves show the brake horsepower required by the pump at a given capacity withinits performance range. They can be used to select and properly size a motor, as well as quantify the impellerloading characteristic as nonoverloading or overloading. In the nonoverloading case, BHP varies slightly overthe pump s operating range with the maximum BHP occurring at or near the point of maximum efficiency.

Figure 2-5: Pump Characteristic Illustration

Pump B

FLOW

HE

AD

Pump A


A change in operating conditions will not overload themotor if the motor is sized for maximum efficiencyconditions. Overloading curves are characterized by largechanges in BHP over a pump's operating range such that amotor selected for one set of operating conditions maybecome overloaded if changes in these conditions occur.

4. Net Positive Suction Head - Capacity curves show therequired NPSH (NPSHR) for a particular pump design tooperate without cavitation. Pump NPSH requirementsincrease as capacity increases. Pump NPSH requirementsare determined by the manufacturer.

TECHNICAL DATA

46

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Q [US GPM]

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

H [ft]

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Q [m³/h]

0

5

10[ft]

NPSH

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

H [m]2.5 LM 6

60 Hz1750 RPM

/6.9

NPSHR

/6.2

50%

55%

60%

55%

50%

68%

65%

65%

60%

63%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Q [US GPM]0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

2.4P2 [hp]

/6.2

/6.9

TK

02 4

967

1902

Figure 2-7: LM2.5LM6 Performance Curve

Figure 2-6: Elementary H-Q of Performance

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Flow (GPM)

Hea

d (

Fee

t)


TECHNICAL DATA

75

Shape of Pump Curve. There are three types of H-Q curves steep, flat and drooping. Steep curves arecharacterized by a large change in total head between shut off and capacity at maximum efficiency, while asmall change occurs for flat curves. Drooping curves are characterized by an increase in total head to somemaximum value as capacity increases, then a decrease as capacity continues to increase; maximum head doesnot occur at shutoff.

Steep and flat curves are called stablecurves because only one capacityexists for a particular head. Droopingcurves are called unstable curves, astwo operating capacities for givenhead are possible on either side of themaximum head point. The instabilitycreated by the existence of twopossible discharge rates at the samehead can cause a system to huntback and forth between capacities.Performance curves also may haveirregularities or flat regions which cancause unstable performance if thepump operates within the unstableregion.

Hydraulic Characteristic and Curve Standards. The head (in feet of liquid) developed by a centrifugal pump isindependent of the specific gravity. Water at normal temperatures (60°- 70°F) with a specific gravity of 1.0 is theliquid almost universally used in establishing centrifugal pump performance characteristics. If the head for aspecific application is determined in feet, then the desired head and capacity can be read without correction aslong as the viscosity of the liquid is similar to that of water. The horsepower (BHP) curve, which is also based ona specific gravity of 1.0, can be used for fluids other than water (if viscosity is similar to water) by multiplying thehorsepower for water by the specific gravity of the liquid being handled.

The hydraulic characteristics of centrifugal pumps usually permit considerable latitude in the range of operatingconditions. Ideally, the design point and operation point should be maintained close to the best efficiency point(BEP); however, substantial variations in flow either to the right (increasing) or to the left (decreasing) of the BEPare usually permissible, operating back on the curve at reduced flow, or at excessive run out may result in radialthrust, or cavitation, causing damage.

For pumps in the centrifugal range of specific speeds the relationships between capacity, head and horsepowerwith changes in impeller diameter and speed can be predicted using the affinity laws.

The most crucial application parameters to be established for the proper selection and sizing of pumpingequipment are capacity (Q), total head (H) and Power-Horsepower (HP) requirements. Additional factors to beconsidered when selecting a pump and motor are:

1. Downthrust: The thrust bearing of an electric motor for pumps is designed to carry the weight of the rotatingelements of the pump and motor assembly, as well as the hydraulic thrust created by the pump while it isoperating. Each manufacturer has a specific method for determination of hydraulic thrust loads. Themaximum hydraulic thrust plus the pump rotating element weight should not exceed the thrust capacity ofthe motor.

2. Upthrust: Upthrust may occur when pumps are operated at flow rates greater than those suggested by themanufacturer. If the pump is to be operated under these conditions, consult the pump or motor manufacturerfor recommendations.

Figure 2-9: Pump Characteristic Curve Shapes

Flat rising

DISCHARGE

HE

AD

Steep rising

Steep drooping


TECHNICAL DATA

68

This is not an attempt to present a course in Hydraulics, but rather a review of the terms and formulae commonlyencountered in the centrifugal pump industry. The science of hydraulics is the study of the behavior of liquids atrest and in motion. We are interested in the information and data necessary to aid in the solution of problemsinvolving the flow of liquids commonly pumped by electrically driven centrifugal pumps.

The fluid of primary interest is water in the temperature range of 32 -300°F, other selective fluids are glycol/watermixtures. In most hot water pumping applications, variations in water viscosity and density associated withtemperature variations must be accounted for if proper system sizing and pump/system operation is expected.

In order to move (pump) water against gravity or to force it into a pressure vessel, and/or to simply overcome pipefriction and associated losses, work must be expended. The various hydraulic and pumping application principalsrelative to this objective are discussed throughout this section.

DDeennssiittyy,, SSppeecciiffiicc GGrraavviittyy aanndd SSppeecciiffiicc WWeeiigghhtt

DDeennssiittyy.. The density of a liquid is its weight per unit volume. Fresh water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubicfoot (lbs./cu. ft.) or 8.34 pounds per gallon (lbs./gal.). A liquid has many different numerical terms to describe itsdensity but only one specific gravity (sg).

SSppeecciiffiicc GGrraavviittyy.. Specific gravity (sg) is a relative measure of a fluid's density as compared with water at astandard temperature (most often 60°F). The sg of water at 60°F is 1.0. If the density of the fluid is greater thanwater, its specific gravity will be greater than 1. A sg of 1.2 means its density is 20% greater than water. The sg ofliquid does not affect the performance of a pump except for the horsepower which is required.

SSppeecciiffiicc WWeeiigghhtt.. The specific weight of a fluid can be determined by multiplying the fluid density by the sg ofthe fluid relative to the density of water (8.34 lbs./gal.). Gasoline with a sg = .72, weighs approximately 6.0lbs./gal. (.72 x 8.34 lbs./gal.)

PPrreessssuurree aanndd HHeeaadd

PPrreessssuurree.. Pressure is a force per unit area and is commonly expressed in terms of pounds per square inch (psi).The pressure existing at any point in a liquid at rest is caused by the atmospheric pressure exerted on thesurface, plus the weight of liquid above the point in question and/or any externally applied pressurization. Thepressure is equal in all directions and acts perpendicularly to any surface in contact with the liquid.

Head and pressure are related in a very simple and directmanner. Since water has known weight, we know that a 231foot long, one-inch square pipe holds 100 pounds of water.At the bottom of the one-inch square pipe we refer to thepressure as 100 pounds per square inch (psi). For anydiameter pipe 231 feet high, the pressure will always be 100psi at the bottom. Refer to Figure 8-F.

HHeeaadd.. Is usually expressed in feet and refers to the height, orelevation, of the column of water. In Figure 8-F we see that acolumn of water 231 feet high creates a pressure reading of100 psi. That same column of water is referred to as having231 feet of head. Thus, for water, 231 feet of head isequivalent to 100 psi. Or, 2.31 feet of head equals 1 psi.

It should be noted that head and pressure readings for non-flowing water depend on the elevation of the water and noton the volume of water nor the size or length of piping.

Figure 8-F: Relationship between head & pressure.


TECHNICAL DATA

97

In the vernacular of the pump industry, when the term pressure is used it generally refers to units in psi;whereas, head refers to feet of the liquid being pumped.

Head and pressure are related mathematically by the formula:

The head (expressed in feet) at the base of a given column of liquid will always be the same, regardless ofwhat liquid is used. The pressure (expressed in psi) at the bottom of the column will vary with the specificgravity of the liquid. Pressure and head are simply a different way of expressing the same value in themost advantages form for the hydraulic application.

GGaauuggee aanndd AAbbssoolluuttee PPrreessssuurree.. “ppssiigg” and “ppssiiaa” are the abbreviations for pounds per square inch - gaugeand pounds per square inch - absolute. Respectively Zero psig is the pressure above atmospheric pressure,which is 14.7 psia at sea level. Zero psia is the absolute pressure above a perfect vacuum. A pressure gaugecalibrated to read in psia would show a reading 14.7 psi greater than a gauge calibrated in psig. A throughunderstanding of this difference is essential for calculating involving NPSH, suction lift, siphons, etc. Whenthe term psi is used alone, it refers to psig.

VVeelloocciittyy HHeeaadd.. Velocity head expressed by the formula V2/2g can be defined as the equivalent head,measured in feet or meters, of a stream of liquid with velocity ( V ) , if the kinetic energy involved werecompletely converted to head. Hv losses are a factor in caluculating the total dynamic head (TDH). Theirvalue is relatively small and in most cases can be neglected when velocity is less than 10 feet per second(fps) (ie. Hv = .10 @ 10 fps). Hv losses are normally ignored in calculation of total dynamic head (TDH) inmost applications; however, they re often included in compiling manufacturer test data.

FFlluuiidd FFlloowwWater is practically incompressible with a compressibility of approximately .33% volume reduction for every1000 psi. Because of the relative incompressibility of water, there is a definite relationship between thequantity of liquid flowing in a conduit and the velocity of flow. The relationship is known as the continuityequation and is expressed as follows:

Where;

QQ = Capacity in cubic feet per second (cfs)AA = Area of conduit in square feet (sq. ft.)VV = Velocity of flow in feet per second (fps)IIDD = Internal diameter of circular conduit/pipe (in.)

VVoolluummee.. The standard volume unit for water pumping application in the U.S. in the gallon (gal.) and to alesser degree the cubic foot (cu. ft.). The rate of flow is expressed in gallons per minute (gpm) and in cubicfeet per second (cfs) where large volumes of water is being moved.

Volume flow rates in gpm can be converted to a heat output rate in BTUs per hour (BTUs./hr.) utilizing theformula:

Note: 1. * One gallon of water weighs 8.43 lbs./gal. @ 60°F; therefore, 60 x 8.34 = 500 BTU s

Head (ft.) = psi x 2.31 specific gravity_..

Q = AV or V = Q/A = 0.410 (gpm)/(ID)

gpm = (lbs./hr.) /* 500 (sg)


TECHNICAL DATA

810

FFrriiccttiioonn LLoossssWhen water moves through a pipe, it must overcome resistance to flow caused by friction as it moves along thewalls of the pipe as well as resistance caused by its own turbulence. Added together, these losses are referred toas friction losses and may significantly reduce system pressure.

Figure 8-G illustrates the relationship of flow and friction loss. For any flow through a level pipe the gaugepressure at the pipe inlet will be greater than the gauge pressure at the pipe outlet. The difference is attributedto friction losses caused by the pipe itself and by fittings.

In general, friction losses occur or are increased under the following conditions:

1. Friction losses result from flow through any size or length of pipe (Figure 8-G).

2. Friction losses increase as the flow rate increases or as the pipe size decreases (if the flow rate doubles for a given pipe size, friction losses quadruple, Figure 8-G).

Power is required to push water to a higherelevation, to increase outlet pressure, toincrease flow rates, and to overcome frictionlosses. Good system design and common senseindicate that friction losses should beminimized whenever possible. The costs oflarger pumps, bigger motors, and increasedpower consumption to overcome friction lossesmust be balanced against the increased cost oflarger, but more efficient, system piping. Ineither case, unnecessary valves and fittingsshould be eliminated wherever possible.

VVaappoorr PPrreessssuurreeThe best way to understand vapor pressure is toconsider a container which is completely closedand half filled with liquid. If the container iscompletely evacuated of air, a portion of theliquid will vaporize and fill the upper half of thecontainer with vapor. The pressure of the vapor

in the upper half of the container, is by definition, the vapor pressure of the liquid at that liquid temperature. Theconcept of vapor pressure is illustrated in Figure 2-13.

Vapor pressure is measured in pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and is generally a function of thetemperature of the liquid. It can be thought of as the pressure at which the liquid molecules begin to separate,forming a vapor. At 60°F, the vapor pressure of water is approximately 0.3 psia. At the boiling point of water,(212°F), the vapor pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure, 14.7 psia.

Figure 8-G: As Shown in these illustrations friction losses increasewith additional flow rates and the addition of valves and fittings.


TECHNICAL DATA

119

Figure 2-14: NPSHA and Suction Conditions

Totalhead

Dischargehead

Suctionhead

Totalhead

Suctionlift

Statichead

A. Flooded Suction B. Suction Lift

NPSH = Ha + Hs - Hvp - Hf NPSHA = Ha -Hs - Hvp - Hf

PPoowweerr,, EEffffiicciieennccyy aanndd EEnneerrggyyPower. Power is defined as a time-rate of doing work. Horsepower (Hp) is the most common unit used to expresspower requirements for pumping equipment in the United States. One Hp is equal to the work performed overtime when a weight of 33,000 lbs. is lifted on foot in one minute (ie. 1 Hp = 33,000 ft.-lbs./min. or 550 ft.-lbs./sec.).

Water Hp (WHp). Horsepower in pumping applications is a function of the fluid density, flow (Q or m) and totalhead (TH or H) or differential pressure to be developed. Taking water as the basis for calculation at 70°F andatmospheric pressure (sg = 1.0 and density = 8.34 lbs./gal.), the following formulas can be used to expresshydraulic/theoretical Hp (usually called water Hp (WHp):

where; mm = mass flow (lbs./min.)or, QQ = flow (gpm)

HH = TTHH = total head (ft.)

Note: (1) 3960 gal.-ft./min. = (33,000 lbs.- ft./min.) / (8.34 lbs/gal.) = 1.0 Hp(2) WHp = (gpm x psi) / 1714

WHp = m x H

33,000

WHp = Q x H x sg

3960


TECHNICAL DATA

1012

BHP. The actual or brake horsepower (BHP) of a pump will be greater than the WHp by the amount of lossesincurred within the pump through friction, leakage and recirculation. Such losses are accounted for by the pumpefficiency (PE). The BHP (shaft Hp - power delivered to the pump) can be expressed as:

where;or PPEE = Pump efficiency

Note: (1) PE = WHp / BHP,(2) BHP = gpm x psi / (1714 x PE)

EHp. Electrical Hp input (EHp) to the motor is used for calculating the overall efficiency (OE) of a pumping unit andmotor.

where;or, or, EEmm = motor efficiency

Note: 1 Hp = 0.746 kW

Note: If a variable frequency drive (VFD) is used between the pump and motor, the VFD efficiency should beincluded in the numerator. Typical VFD efficiencies range from 90-98%.

EEffffiicciieennccyy.. The efficiency concepts developed previously in the discussion of Horsepower are summarized asfollows:

Pump efficiency (PE). PE is the ratio of energy delivered by the pump to the energy suppliedto the pump shaft.

Overall efficiency (OE). OE is the ratio of the energy delivered by the pump to the energysupplied to the motor input terminals, and takes into account motor and pump efficiency(ie. OE = PE x ME).

EEnneerrggyy.. Energy is normally expressed in terms of kilowatt - hours (kWh) per unit volume. Typical units of measureand the associate calculations are presented as follows.

or

BHP = WHp/PE BHP = Q x H x sg

3960 x PE

EHp = WHp

OE

EHp = BHP

Em

EHp = Q x H x sg

3960 x PE x Em

PE = WHp/BHP

OE = WHp/EHp

kW = Ehp x 0.746 kW = BHP x 0.746

ME


TECHNICAL DATA

1311

VViissccoossiittyyThe viscosity of a fluid (liquid or gas) is that property which offers resistance to flow due to the existence ofinternal friction within the fluid.

Pumping viscous liquids can present difficult problems for centrifugal pumps. Fortunately, the viscosity changesrelative to water in the temperature range commonly encountered in hot water applications pose no problemsfor centrifugal pumps.

Water is classified as Newtonial fluid, which exhibits decreasing viscosity with temperature. Viscosity changesover the temperature range of interest do have impact on pump performance; however, pipe friction lossesdecrease from a maximum value at 32°F by approximately 40% over the temperature range of 32 - 212°F. Pipingfriction loss tables for water are typically based on a reference temperature of 60°F and require correction forviscosity for water at higher temperatures.

A fluid can be broadly classified as Newtonian, where viscosity remains constant regardless of changes in shearrate or agitation. As pump speed increases, flow increases proportionately. Liquids displaying Newtonianbehavior include water, mineral oils, syrup, hydrocarbons and resins.

Viscosity is described in terms of absolute (dynamic) or kinematic values. Absolute viscosity is technicallydescribed as the shear stress (force) divided by the shear rate (velocity gradient minus max fluid velocity dividedby the distance from pipe wall). Kinematic viscosity is a product of the absolute viscosity divided by density ofthe fluid and is the most common viscosity reference in the pump industry.

One of the most common units of measure of kinematic viscosity is Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) This refersto the length of time it takes for a measured quantity of fluid at a specific temperature to drain from a containerwith a measured orifice in the bottom. Water has a viscosity of approximately 31 Saybolts seconds universal(SSU) at 60°F. Kinematic viscosity is also commonly expressed in metric units as stokes or centistokes.

PPuummppiinngg VViissccoouuss LLiiqquuiiddss wwiitthh CCeennttrriiffuuggaall PPuummppss.. Centrifugal pumps are generally not suitable for pumpinghighly viscous liquids. They can be used to pump liquids with viscosities less than 2000 SSU. The volume andpressure capabilities of the pump will be reduced with increasing viscosity. Table 2-2 lists the percent increase inpower required along with the percent reduction in flow and head when pumping liquids of increasingviscosities.

Table 2-2: Viscosity Affect on Pump Performance

Viscosity (SSU) > > > > 30 100 250 500 750 1000 1500 2000

Flow reduction (gpm) % – 3 8 14 19 23 30 40

Head reduction (feet) % – 2 5 11 14 18 23 30

Horsepower increase % – 10 20 30 50 65 85 100

Note: Fluid should be corrected for specific gravity prior to applying viscosity corrections


TECHNICAL DATA

1214

AAffffiinniittyy LLaawwss - PPuummpp SSppeeeeddIn a standard centrifugal pump the characteristic curve for the pump can be changed by either (1) keeping thespeed constant and varying the impeller diameter or by (2) keeping the impeller diameter constant and varyingthe speed. The relationship between these variables are known as the affinity laws and can be expressedmathematically as shown in Table 2-3 below:

Table 2-3: Affinity Laws - Speed / Diameter Relationships

(1) Imp. Dia. Constant / Speed Variable

Q1 / Q2 = N1 / N2

H1 /H2 = (N1)2 /(N2)2

BHp1 / BHp2 = (N1)3 / (N2)3

(2) Speed Constant / Imp. Dia. Constant

Q1 / Q2 = D1 / D2

H1 / H2 = (D1)2 / (D2)2

BHp 1 / BHp2 = (D1)3 / (D2)3

Q1, H1, BHp1, D1 and N1 = Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.), Brake Horsepower (Hp), Diameter (in.) and

Speed (rpm).

Q2, H2, BHp2, D2 and N2 = New Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.), Brake Horsepower (Hp), Diameter (in.) and

Speed (rpm).

In certain pump applications, where the pump is driven by an electric motor, and impeller trimming (diameterchanges) are not available, speed changes are most commonly accomplished through the use of a variablefrequency drive (VFD). Frequency (Hz) can be interchanged with the speed (N) in the application of the affinitylaws, as they are directly proportional. This relationship makes it possible to calculate pump performance withreasonable accuracy, at any speed, if the performance at the initial speed/ frequency is known. The use offrequency in predicting pump performance is illustrated in Table 2-4 below:

Table 2-4: Affinity Laws - Frequency Performance Relationship

(3) Imp. Dia. Constant / Frequency Variable

Q2 = (Hz2 / Hz1) Q 1

Hz2 = (Hz2 / Hz1)2 H21

BHp2 = (Hz2 / Hz1)3 BHp1

Q1, H1 and BHp1 = Initial Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and

Brake Horsepower (Hp)

Q2, H2 and BHp2 = New Capacity (gpm), Head (ft.) and

Brake Horsepower (Hp)

The affinity laws are theoretical and do not always give the same results as an actual test, as they do not take intoconsideration various dynamic factors such as intake losses and motor slip. They do serve as an excellent guide forcalculating unknown performance characteristics from known values when test data is not available. These laws(frequency variable) are summarized as follows:

1. The capacity varies directly with the speed. (Q is proportional Hz)2. The head varies with the square of the speed. (H is proportional Hz2)3. The horse power varies with the cube of the speed. (BHp is proportional Hz3)4. Efficiency remains approximately the same between the original and corresponding H-Q performance point at

the new speed.

Efficiency is assumed to remain the same for calculation purposes (variations in efficiency is likely to occur outsidethe published speed rating based on actual test). The affinity law relationships are primarily applicable tocentrifugal pumps with specific speeds (Ns) of 3500 or less. Pumps utilizing impellers with Ns greater than 3500(mixed / axial flow designs), can not be as accurately estimated using the affinity laws.


TECHNICAL DATA

1513

SSppeecciiffiicc SSppeeeeddImpeller Specific Speed (Ns). In 1915, a European by the name of R. Cameron introduced a characteristic to describethe hydraulic design type of turbines and pumps. This characteristic is referred to as Specific Speed and isdefined as the speed at which a given impeller would operate if reduced proportionally in size, so as to deliver aflow of one gallon per minute at one foot of head. Specific speed (Ns) can be calculated as follows:

where; NN = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)QQ = flow (gpm) @ BEP (best efficiency point)HH = head (ft.) @ BEP (single stage)

The NNss of a given pump is the same at all rotative speeds. A low specific speed indicates a pump designed for alow capacity and a high pumping head. Conversely, a high NNss pump is one designed for a high capacity and a lowpumping head.

NNss serves to inter-relate pump hydraulic performance characteristics (flow, head, speed, etc.) and impeller physicaldimensions in such a manner to make equipment design and application more systematic. It can also be used as ageneral criterion for predicting pump suitability under unusual operating scenarios, such as entrained gas andminimum NPSH conditions.

SSuuccttiioonn SSppeecciiffiicc SSppeeeedd ((SS)).. Suction specific speed, like impeller specific speed, is a parameter for indexing hydraulicdesign used to describe the suction capabilities and characteristics of a pump impeller. Suction specific speed (S)can be expressed mathematically as follows:

where; NN = speed (rpm) @ full load (single stage)QQ = flow (gpm) @ BEPNNPPSSHHRR = Net Positive Suction Head Required (ft.) @ BEP

SS is a number used for labeling impellers relative to their NPSH requirement. It is independent of the pump sizeand impeller (operating) specific speed (Ns). SS is primarily an impeller design parameter and is not an importantfactor in the application of low capacity (< 3000 gpm) submersible pumps, and is discussed for completeness.Suction specific speeds (S) can range from 3000 - 20,000, depending on the impeller design, speed, capacity andcondition of service. Good quality commercial pump designs fall into the SS range of 7,000 - 10,000.

Ns = N Q / (H) .75

Table 2-5: Converting 60 Hz to 50 Hz Performance

50-Cycle Head = 69.44 % x 60-Cycle Head

50-Cycle Capacity = 83.33 % x 60-Cycle Capacity

50-Cycle Horsepower = 57.80 % x 60-Cycle Horsepower

50-Cycle Efficiency = Same as 60-Cycle Efficiency

S = N Q / (NPSHR) .75


TECHNICAL DATA

1416

SSppeeeedd TToorrqquuee RReellaattiioonnsshhiippssThe typical speed - torque curve for most centrifigal pumps is illustrated in Figure 2-18. The relationship is valid forall centrifugal pumps in the low to medium specific speed range (Ns = 3500 or less). A plot of pump speed -torque requirements vs the driving motor speed - torque capabilities is often of interest to insure;

(1) Fixed speed applications - The motor has sufficient torque to set the load in motion at start-up.(2) Variable speed / frequency applications - Adequate torque is available to drive the pump at various loads and

operating frequencies, when voltage is clamped.

The electric motor (pump driver) must be capable of supplying more torque at each successive speed, from zero tofull load, than required by the pump to reach full speed. This condition is seldom a problem with the typicalinduction motor. Improperly applied reduced voltage starting equipment and/or improperly sized cable can createstart-up torque problem, as a result of low motor terminal voltage. Voltage is related to starting torque as follows:(T is proportional V2).

Using a nominal 2-pole motor speed of 3500 rpm (1760 rpm for 4-pole motors) and the calculated BHP. Pumptorque can then be calculated, plugging into the formula below.

where; TT = Torque (ft. - lbs.)BBHHPP = Brake Horsepower (Hp)rrppmm = Speed (rev. per min.)

It is normally acceptable to estimate a pump s full load torque requirement using the manufacturer s publishedH-Q data, where full load speed and BHP at peak efficiency is usually listed. Full load (speed) torque are typicallycalculated at the best efficiency point (BEP). Torque varies with the square of the speed; therefore, when full loadtorque is known - torque at other speeds can be calculated using Figure 2-18 or the following relationships.

1.33 speed - multiply full speed torque by 1.778 .75 speed - multiply full speed torque by 0.563.50 speed - multiply full speed torque by 0.250.25 speed - multiply full speed torque by 0.063

At zero speed the torque is theoretically zero; but the motor must overcome rotating element inertia, bearingfriction and a static head load in order to start the pump shaft turning. This requires a torque at zero speedranging from 2 1/2 percent to 15 percent of the full load torque value.

T = (5250) (BHP)/rpm


TECHNICAL DATA

1715

SSyysstteemm HHeeaadd CCuurrvveeWhen a system determined operating pressure has been established, and flow requirements determined, thesystem head vs capacity can be modeled through the development of a system head curve. The head losseswithin a system will change based on the flow forced into it by pumping. The system head (Hspf) is typicallymade up of three components and is usually estimated from the pump discharge forward. The three componentsof Hspf are; (1) Static Head, (2) Pressure Head and (3) Friction Head, as illustrated in Figure 2-19 below.

The use of a system head curve is crucial for proper pump selection in various heating & cooling applications. Theconcept is particularly important, where system capacity requirements are highly variable (Q max > 1.30 Q avg and/ or Q min < .70 Q avg.). In such cases, multiple pumps are often used in parallel or are controlled through a variablefrequency drive (VFD). Pump selection is based on matching the system head curve, with the pump(s) H - Qperformance.

In developing the system curve, static (Hs) and pressure head (Hp) stay relatively constant, within the allowablesystems operating range. Hs and Hp do not change with flow and are independent of friction head (Hf). Hfthrough a piping system varies approximately with the square of the flow, making it only necessary to performdetailed Hf loss analysis / calculation once, at one flow rate. Friction loss approximations at other flow rates canbe made by applying the square law relationship.

In a typical closed loop heating or cooling system there are no static or pressure head components. In thesesystems the head loss around the piping loop depends only on the flow rate. The system curve defines the entirepiping circuit and the relationship between flow and head loss using a fluid at a given temperature.

Figure 2-19: System Head Curve Illustration

FLOW (GPM)

HE

AD

(F

T.)

OR

PS

I

Hs

Hp

Hf

SystemHead(Hspf)

Totalhead

Suctionlift

Statichead


TECHNICAL DATA

1618

PPaarraalllleell aanndd SSeerriieess OOppeerraattiioonnParallel Operation. When the pumped flow requirements are widely variable, it is often desirable to install severalsmall pumps in parallel rather than use a single large one. When the demand drops, one or more smaller pumpsmay be shut down, thus allowing the remainder to operate at or near peak efficiency. If a single pump is used ata lower demand, the discharge must be throttled to match the system curve - wasting energy if not controlled bya VFD. Multiple small pumps provide system flexibility and redundancy. The failure of one unit may cause aninconvenience but does not shut down the system. System maintenance and repair is made easier and does notcreate operational problems if performed during slack periods, when multiple pumps are installed in parallel orseries.

The action of centrifugal pumps operating in parallel can be predicted by the addition of their characteristiccurves. This relationship is true whether the curves are identical or not, and is illustrated in Figure 2-21.

Figure 2-21: Parallel Pumping General Characteristics

H

A

C

CB

D

Q

E

One pump Two pump

A

CF

B

D E

Two pumps

Pump no. 1 Pump

no. 2

Diagram A - Two Identical Pumps Diagram B - Two Dissimilar Pumps

SSeerriieess OOppeerraattiioonn.. Multiple pumps in series may be used when liquid must be delivered at high pressure. Seriesoperation is most commonly required when:

1) The system head requirements can not be met at the required capacity with a single unit

2) A system with adequate capacity has been expanded beyond the original pressure design constraints,requiring a boost in pressure to circulate water to their old and new piping at the desired flow rate foroptimum heat transfer.

MMiinniimmuumm FFllooww - TTeemmppeerraattuurree RRiisseeMMiinniimmuumm FFllooww LLiimmiittaattiioonn.. All centrifugal pumps have limitations on the minimum flow at which they should beoperated. Minimum flow problems typically develop as a result of excessive throttling and or improper sizing. Ingeneral, the head-capacity (H-Q) curve of a submersible pump has an inflection point between the bestefficiency point (BEP) and shut-off. Continuous operation of the pump between shut-off and the inflection pointwill result in erosion of the impeller because of recirculation flow . The minimum flow range is typicallyidentified in some manner on the manufacture r 's published H-Q performance curves.

The geometry of an impeller is designed for the flow capacity at BEP. When the flow rate is decreased below thedesign capacity, there is excess flow area between the impeller vanes and flow separation occurs. When the flowrate is reduced beyond the inflection point toward shut-off, eddy type flow patterns occur near the leading endof the impeller vanes and also near the exit end of the impeller vanes. This eddy type flow pattern ofrecirculation flow can cause severe erosion in the impeller.


TECHNICAL DATA

1917

MMiinniimmuumm FFllooww - TTeemmppeerraattuurree RRiissee ((CCoonntt..))The severity of the recirculation problem varies with several factors; (1) The higher the specific speed, the greaterthe recirculation, (2) The higher the design head for a given impeller diameter, the greater the recirculation and(3) The larger the impeller eye for a given design flow, the stronger the recirculation.

Pump damage as a result of continuous minimum flow operation may be noticeable within one to six months.The minimum capacity for operating a pump continuously without noticeable erosion in the impeller is calledthe minimum continuous flow of the pump. In the presence of liquids containing abrasive particles such assand, pump life can be reduced to weeks. The recirculation process allows for repeated abrasive attack on theimpeller by the same particles that would otherwise be discharged after one pass. In addition to erosion, otherproblems associated with operation below the minimum flow limit include: increased axial thrust, noise,vibration and temperature.

The minimum flow inflection point for a particular pump is derived from tests. Recirculation consideration aregenerally used to establish the minimum flow range for a given impeller design, although other issues such asdownthrust may dictate the actual minimum flow duty point. If prolonged operation in the minimum flowregion is anticipated, the manufacturer should be contacted for specific recommendations. The minimum flowpoint varies with square of the head and is directly proportional to flow.

Shut-off Operation (Closed Discharge Valve). Shut-off operation of centrifugal pumps is often necessary toprevent water hammer at start-up and or shut down in fixed speed applications. Short duration operation atshut-off (minutes) is normally permissible for pumps with low to medium specific speed impellers (Ns = 3500 orless).

Prolonged operation at shut-off head will result in rapid failure of pumping equipment. The failure mode is thesame as those cited for minimum flow, but accelerated.

Many small circulator pumps have no formal minimum flow or shut off limitations except for temperaturebuild-up considerations.

Minimum Flow Mitigation. Pumps are frequently selected for capacities sufficient to handle maximum oremergency requirements. In some cases, pump selection is based on future predicted flows or extremelyconservative friction head losses. When such criteria is used in the selection process and the pump(s) are run at afraction of the design rating, problems associated with minimum flow as a result of throttling are likely to occur.

Methods frequently employed to avoid throttling in single pump installations, where flow demands are highlyvariable, include by-pass installation or variable speed (frequency) control. Energy efficiency and operationalflexibility can be maximized through the use of multiple pumps and variable frequency control.


TECHNICAL DATA

1820

Temperature Rise (TR). Fluid temperature rise with a centrifugal pump can be calculated. Other than a smallamount of power lost in pump bearings and seals, the difference between the brake horsepower (BHp) andhydraulic horsepower (WHp) developed represents the power losses within the pump itself. These losses aretransferred to the liquid passing through the pump in the form of heat, causing a temperature rise (TRp) in theliquid.

The TRp can be calculated using one of the formulas listed below:

where; TTRRpp = Pump temperature rise in degrees F HH = Total head in ft.EEpp = Pump (bowl) efficiency @ duty pt.

(expressed as a decimal)QQ = Flow @ duty pt. in gpmUU = Specific heat of liquid in BTU/lb./F (1.0 for water)ssgg = Specific gravity (1.0 for water)* sg = 1.0 & U = 1.0

note; 1.0 Hp = 42.4 BTU/min.specific wt water = 8.34 lbs./gal

Discharge water temperatures are higher with wet rotor pumps, as the heat dissipated by the motor istransferred to the fluid which must pass through the pump for proper operation.

The heat transfer mode is primarily convection, actual TR will be somewhat less as a result of radiant heattransfer. The TR issue is generally not a significant application consideration in hot water applications. The heattransferred to the fluid is generally negligible when the pump is operated within its design range.

AAxxiiaall TThhrruusstt - MMaaxxiimmuumm FFlloowwGeneral. Standard centrifugal type pumps are subjected to axial forces which act in a direction parallel to thepump shaft. This force is the combination of the hydraulic thrust developed by the impeller and the dead weightof the rotating elements of the pump. The rotating element is generally only a small part of the axial load of thepump. Accurate determination of axial thrust is crucial in the selection of a motor, establishing internal impellerclearances and operating limits, and diagnosing pumptroubles.

The hydraulic thrust developed by an impeller consistsof downward and upward components (See Figure 2-23). The downward force is due to the unbalancedpressure forces across the eye area of the impeller.Counteracting this load is an upward force (suctionside) primarily due to the change in direction of theliquid passing through the impeller. The result of thesetwo forces constitutes hydraulic thrust. In the vastmajority of applications this thrust is in a downwarddirection. Axial thrust characteristics for a specificpump are generally provided by the manufacturer.Thrust data is normally based on a fluid specific gravity= 1.0.

TRp = BHp (1.00 - Ep) 42.4

Q (8.34) sg U

TRp = (BHp - WHp) 5.1

Q

TRp = H (1.0 - Ep)

780 Ep

Figure 2-23: Thrust Force Illustration

Downthrust

Upthrust


TECHNICAL DATA

2119

Downthrust. As previously mentioned, most vertical pumping equipment operates in downthrust, which is thepreferred operational state. The impeller design is the chief factor in determining the pumps thrustcharacteristics. High specific speed (Ns) impellers will have higher downthrust characteristics than will lower Ns(radial) impellers. Under some circumstances, it is desirable to increase downthrust so that problems associatedwith up - thrust can be avoided when operating to the extreme right of a pump,s BEP flow. Downthrust loadingcan be increased through the use of high Ns or open impeller designs. The open, semi open impeller designvaries from standard (enclosed) designs in that there is no lower shroud or impeller skirt. Open impeller designscan increase thrust by as much as 50% over enclosed designs at the same rating. Pump downthrustrequirements over the anticipated operating range should be checked against a motor s capacity to handle thethrust load in high head applications.

Upthrust. In fixed speed applications where there is little or no opposition to flow in the form of a static headload, a flow condition known as run-out will occur at start-up and will persist until system counter pressure isestablished. Under run-out conditions, the pump is likely to be in upthrust. The upthrust condition is generally

momentary , lasting fractions of a second. The magnitude of the start-up upthrust is typically considered tobe approximately 30% of the downthrust value at the pumps BEP. In the case of pumps with suction (intake)pressure, and/or in-line series operation, there can be an additional upward force across the impeller at start-up.

Upthrust Mitigation. Momentary upthrust in circulator applications is mitigated through confinement of theimpellers and/or pump shaft from excessive upward movement. A low friction upthrust stop ring built into thepump to confine movement is typically used. Continuous upthrust can not be handled with an upthrust stopring alone, as they are not designed for continuous duty in standard products. Grundfos circulator pumps areequipped with upthrust discs for added protection.

Maximum Flow. Upthrust considerations are generally used to establish the maximum continuous flow range fora given impeller design, although other issues such as NPSHA may dictate the actual maximum flow duty point. Ifprolonged operation in the maximum flow region is anticipated, the manufacturer should be contacted forspecific recommendations. The maximum flow point varies with the square of the head and is directlyproportional to flow.

Cavitation. When the NPSH requirement (NPSHR) of the pump is not met by the NPSH available (NPSHA), thepump is likely to cavitate. Cavitation is a phenomenon which occurs when the pressure of a moving stream ofliquid is reduced to a value equal to or below its vapor pressure, boiling off the liquid. The vaporization of thefluid (water for the purposes of this discussion) in the vicinity of the impeller eye forms small pockets of freewater vapor (bubbles) which collapse as the liquid moves to a higher pressure zone within the pump. The

collapse of these vapor pockets is so rapid and violentthat the forces generated are large enough to causeminute pockets of fatigue failure, pitting metalsurfaces that are adjacent to the collapsingvapor/bubbles.

The effects of cavitation vary from mild to extreme.Under mild conditions, the pump may last for manyyears with only a slight reduction in efficiency and nonoticeable noise. Extreme cavitation will result in rapiddestruction of impellers and/or diffusers in the vicinityof attack (vane tips, etc.) and is normally accompaniedby audible (rattling) noise. In the extreme, the pumpmay lose its prime as a result of internal gas lock. Otherfactors associated with cavitation are reduced flow,erratic power consumption and surging.

Figure 2-25: H-Q Deterioration w/Cavitation

H

Q

Performanceat fullcapacity

Performanceaccording todata sheet


TECHNICAL DATA

2022

Figure 2-26: Cavitation - Vapor FormationCavitation is not confined to pumping equipmentalone. It also occurs in piping systems where the liquidvelocity is high and the pressure low. Cavitation shouldbe suspected when noise is heard in pipe lines, or atsudden enlargements of the pipe cross-section, sharpbends, throttled valves or like situations. Cavitation isat a rare occurrence for submersibles in a water wellsetting. In sleeved booster or vertical wet pit (sump)applications, cavitation can be a problem which is bestaddressed at the design stage.

CCaavviittaattiioonn CCoonnssiiddeerraattiioonnss aatt tthhee DDeessiiggnn//AApppplliiccaattiioonn SSttaaggee.. Cavitation can be generally avoided by providing theNPSHR of the pump at the maximum flow requirement and water temperature anticipated. The followinganalysis should be performed during the pump selection process:

1. Determine the maximum flow requirement under all possible operating conditions and select the pumpwhich can handle the maximum flow requirement within the published performance curves.

2. Calculate NPSHA for the application and compare with the maximum NPSHR of the selected pump atmaximum flow point established in item 1 above. NPSHA must be greater than NPSHR to prevent cavitation.

PPoowweerr CCoonnssuummppttiioonn aanndd CCoossttPPoowweerr CCoonnssuummppttiioonn ooff EElleeccttrriicc MMoottoorrss.. The two most common methods used to check power consumption aredirect measurement using electrical instrumentation and the disk constant method using the utility power

meter. The first of these requires the use of an ammeter and voltmeter or power meter. The second requires onlya stopwatch.

Direct Measurement Method. Utilizing electrical instrumentation to obtain current and voltage measurements,the following formulas can be used to calculate motor power consumption.

or, where;

kkWWII = Kilowatts (electrical input power) II = amperes (meter reading) EE = volts (meterreading)IIHHpp = Horsepower (electrical input power) ppff = Power Factor (per mtr. - mfg.) .80 - .85 typ.)CC = 1 for single phase current, 1.73 for three phase current

Disk Constant Method. Utilizing the utility watt-hour meter and the exact time for a given number of revolutions ofthe meter disc measured with a stopwatch, and the following formulas can be used to calculate motor powerconsumption.

or, where;

kkWWII = Kilowatt Input (kW) IIHHpp = Input horsepower (Hp)RR = Total revolutions of watt-hour meter disc. tt = Time for total revolution of disc in seconds.kkhh = Disc constant, representing watt-hours per revolution. This factor is found on the meter nameplate or

painted on the disc.MM = Transformer ratio multiplier, product of the meter current transformer (CT) and potential transformer (PT)ratio. MM = 1 when neither a CT or PT is used in power metering.

kWI = (I x E x pf x C) /1000 IHp = (I x E x pf X C) /746

kWI = (3.6 x kh x M x R) /t IHp = (4.83 x kh x M x R) /t


TECHNICAL DATA

2321

Cost of Pumping using an Electric Motor. The term Efficiency as used in pumping would be of no practicalvalue if it could not be reduced to terms of actual pumping costs expressed in dollars. When the efficiency of thepump and motor is known, proportionate cost of power can be predetermined on a basis common to all pumps,regardless of size or capacity. By using units of capacity and head, comparisons can be made in pumps havingdifferent capacities.

Power cost of pumping varies inversely with overall plant efficiency (OPE). Thus, power cost per gallon for eachfoot head on a pump of 30% OPE, is double that of a pump of 60% OPE. (Assuming power rate the same in bothcases). In order to pump one gallon of water in one minute (1 gpm) against one foot head at 100% OPE, requires.000189 kilowatts. Pumping 1000 gpm per foot head at 100% OPE requires .189 kilowatts (kW).

The following formulas can be used for determining power requirements and associated cost when differingpumping parameters are known.

11.. CCoosstt ppeerr hhoouurr (($$//hhrr..)) ooff ooppeerraattiioonn

where; kkWWII = kW input, PPRR = power rate ($/kWh), IIHHpp = Input Hp,PPEE = Pump efficiency, EEmm = Motor efficiency, TTHH = Total head (ft.),QQ = flow (gpm), CCoosstt = $ (dollars)

Cost/hr. = kWI x PR Cost/hr. = IHp x .746 x PR Cost/hr. = Q x TH x .746 x PR

3960 x PE x Em

Cost/hr. = .000189 x Q x TH x PR

OPE


TECHNICAL DATA

2224

HEAD AND PRESSURE: To convert from one to the other with fluids where specific gravity is available use the following: Example: Convert 160 0F water at 35 PSI to Feet of Head. Where .979 is the specific gravity of water at 160 0F from page 30. ALTERNATIVE FORMULA: To convert from PSI to Head with fluids where density is known use the following:

Example: Convert 140 0F 30% propylene glycol and water mixture at 20 PSI to Feet of Head. Where 62.90 is the density of a 30% propylene glycol and water mixture at 140 0F from page 33. This formula is also useful for determining the performance of a pump when the pressure difference between the inlet and discharge ports can be measured. The formula then becomes:

Pressure (PSI) x 2.31 Head (Feet) = Specific Gravity

Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity Pressure (PSI) = 2.31

35 x 2.31 82.58 (Feet) = .979

Pressure (PSI) x 144 Head (Feet) = Density of Fluid

20 x 144 45.79 (Feet) = 62.90

(Discharge Pressure – Inlet Pressure) •P x 144 Head (Feet) = Density of Fluid


TECHNICAL DATA

2522

Example: The inlet pressure gauge reads 12 PSI and the discharge pressure gauge reads 19.2 PSI. The fluid is water at 180 0F. Find the head produced by the pump. Where 60.570 is the density of water at 180 0F from page 30. Using the head value of 17.12 to horizontally intersect the pump curve, a vertical line is dropped to establish the flow at 13 GPM. The flow and head performance of the pump in the system is now known.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Flow (GPM)

Hea

d (

Fee

t)

FLOW: Flow thru a system or boiler based on BTU requirements:

Example: Determine the flow required for a 150,000 BTU/hr boiler with an outlet water temperature of 170 0F and a return water temperature of 150 0F.

(19.2-12) x 144 17.12 (Feet) = 60.570

BTU/hr Flow (GPM) =

500 x (Water Temp Out – Water Temp In) •T (0F)

150,000 15 (GPM) =

500 x 20


TECHNICAL DATA

2326

HORSEPOWER: Hydraulic (or Water) Horsepower: The work performed in pumping or moving a liquid depends on the flow in a given time (gallons per minute) against the total head (in feet) being developed. Example: Pumping 80 0F water the pump performance is 120 GPM and 60 Feet of head. What is the water horsepower? Where .998 is the Specific Gravity of water at 80 0F from page 30. Brake Horsepower: The brake horsepower (BHP) of a pump will be greater than the water horsepower by the amount of losses created within the pump due to friction, leakage, turbulence, etc. The pump efficiency will therefore be equal to:

OR And therefore: Example: Using the previous example, the pump has an efficiency of 75%, so the brake horsepower is: The brake horsepower is that of the pump only. It does include the electric motor energy losses and therefore is not the true power required to run the pump/motor combination.

GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity Horsepower (Water) =

3960

120 x 60 x .998 1.8 HP (Water) =

3960

Water Horsepower Pump Efficiency =

Brake Horsepower Water

Horsepower Brake Horsepower =

Pump Efficiency

GPM x Head (Feet) x Specific Gravity Brake Horsepower =

3960 x Pump Efficiency

120 x 60 x .998 2.4 BHP =

3960 x .75


TECHNICAL DATA

2724

Power Input (Kilowatts): No electric motor is 100% efficient in the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy. Power input is determined by the following formula:

Pump BHP x 0.7457 Kilowatt input to the motor = Motor Efficiency

Example: Using the previous example, the motor for the pump has an efficiency of 85.5%, so the kilowatt input to the motor is: Armed with this information annual operating costs can be determined.

OPERATING COST: To determine annual operating cost of a pump use the following formula: Annual Operating Cost = KW input x hours of operation per year x energy cost Example: A pump requires 7.5KW at the operating point. The pump will run 6 hours per day, 360 days per year. The energy cost is 15 cents per kilowatt-hour. Annual Operating Cost = $2430.00 = 7.5 x (6 x 360) x 0.15 Some pumps like the Series UP and the VersaFlo®

UPS provide maximum input watts in the submittal data and/or on the pump nameplate. These values may be used to approximate the annual operating cost as a worst-case scenario.

NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head): NPSHR (Net Positive Suction Head Required): NPSHR is dependent upon the pump design and is determined by the pump manufacturer. NPSHR is an important value, which greatly contributes to the successful operation of a centrifugal pump. It is the amount of positive head in feed of liquid absolute required at the pump suction to prevent vaporization or cavitation of the fluid. NPSHR values usually vary with pump capacity and are based on clear water with a specific gravity of 1.0. NPSHA (Net Positive Suction Head Available):

2.4 x 0.7457 2.1 Kilowatts =

.855


TECHNICAL DATA

2528

NPSHA is dependent upon the system in which the pump operates. NPSHA is the amount of head or pressure that is available to prevent vaporization or cavitation of the fluid in the system. It is the amount of head available above the vapor pressure of the liquid at a specified temperature, and is measured in feet of liquid absolute. NPSHA vs. NPSHR Comparison: To prevent vaporization or cavitation of the liquid in the suction side of the pump and to ensure rated pump performance, NPSHA must be greater than or equal to the NPSHR plus a two foot safety margin. That is: NPSHA > NPSHR + 2 feet NPSHA Basic Equation: NPSHA = habs – hvpa • hst – hfs Where: habs is head absolute pressure and must be converted to feet hvpa is head vapor pressure and must be converted to feet hst is static head hfs is friction head AND habs = absolute pressure on the surface of the liquid supply level hvpa = vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature being pumped hst = static height that the liquid supply level is above or below the centerline of the pump, + for above and – for below hfs = All suction line and friction losses thru pipe, valves and fittings NPSHA EQUATION (SIMPLIFIED) Since the head for absolute pressure and vapor pressure are normally given in PSI and then converted to FEET at the given water temperature it is useful to change the equation so that pressures may be input directly: Where: ps = Gauge pressure at the surface of the liquid (psig). If the system is an open tank this value (gauge pressure) will be 0 pa = Atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the system pv = Pressure vapor of the liquid at the temperature being pumped Example: A radiant system is located in a two story house 1500 feet above sea level. The fluid is a 50% ethylene glycol/water mixture at 140 0F. A pressure gauge on the second floor tubing reads 10 PSI and is 12 feet above the centerline of the pump. The design flow rate is 2 GPM thru ½” PEX tubing and there is 30 feet of return tubing from the surface of the liquid to the inlet of the pump. Determine the NPSHA:

(ps + pa • pv) x 144 NPSHA = Density of Fluid

•hst • hfs +- --

+-


TECHNICAL DATA

2926

ps = gauge pressure on second floor = 10 PSI pa = atmospheric pressure at 1500 ft = 13.9 PSIA from page 31 pv = vapor pressure of water at 140 0F = 2.8892 PSIA from page 30Density = density of 50% ethylene glycol at 140 0F = 65.75 from page 32hst = distance to liquid supply level = +12 feet hfs = suction line losses, 30 feet ½” PEX tubing, 2 GPM, 140 0F = .1518 feet per foot of tubing = 4.554 feet from page 38 Substituting all data into equation and solve for the following: NPSHA EQUATION (for OPERATING HYDRONIC SYSTEM) Use the following formula if the pressure of the system can be measured with the pump running and a pressure gauge is mounted at the inlet of the pump. All values not shown are captured in the pressure gauge reading itself. NPSHA = ( pi + pa – pv ) 144

D Where:

pi = Reading from pressure gauge mounted at pump inlet with pump running. pa = Atmospheric pressure at the altitude of the system

pv = Vapor pressure of water at operating temperature. D = Density of water at operating temperature.

(10 + 13.9 • 2.8892) x 144 53.5 Feet = 65.75

••12 • 4.554- -+


PRODUCT NAME

130

WATER TEMPERATURE SPECIFIC GRAVITY VAPOR PRESSURE DENSITY0F 0C PSIA FEET lb/ft3

32 0 1.002 0.0886 0.204 62.40040 4.4 1.001 0.1217 0.281 62.42545 7.2 1.001 0.1474 0.340 62.42050 10.0 1.001 0.1780 0.411 62.41055 12.8 1.000 0.2139 0.494 62.39060 15.6 1.000 0.2561 0.591 62.37065 18.3 .999 0.3056 0.706 62.34070 21.1 .999 0.3629 0.839 62.31075 23.9 .998 0.4296 0.994 62.27080 26.7 .998 0.5068 1.172 62.22085 29.4 .997 0.5958 1.379 62.17090 32.2 .996 0.6981 1.617 62.12095 35.0 .995 0.8153 1.890 62.060100 37.8 .994 0.9492 2.203 62.000110 43.3 .992 1.2750 2.965 61.980120 48.9 .990 1.6927 3.943 61.710130 54.4 .987 2.2230 5.196 61.560140 60.0 .985 2.8892 6.766 61.380150 65.6 .982 3.7184 8.735 61.190160 71.1 .979 4.7414 11.172 60.990170 76.7 .975 5.9926 14.178 60.790180 82.2 .972 7.5110 17.825 60.570190 87.8 .968 9.3400 22.257 60.340200 93.3 .964 11.5260 27.584 60.110210 98.9 .960 14.1230 33.983 59.860212 100.0 .959 14.6960 35.353 59.810220 104.4 .956 17.1860 41.343 59.610230 110.0 .952 20.7790 50.420 59.350240 115.6 .948 24.9680 60.770 59.080250 121.1 .943 29.8250 73.060 58.800260 126.7 .939 35.4300 87.050 58.520270 132.2 .933 41.8560 103.630 58.220280 137.8 .929 49.2000 122.180 57.920290 143.3 .924 57.5500 143.875 57.600

Properties of Water at Various Temperatures


TECHNICAL DATA

3130

Table 2-15: Altitude vs. Barometric Pressure and Boiling Point of Water

AAllttiittuuddee BBaarroommeetteerr RReeaaddiinngg AAttmm.. PPrreessssuurree BBooiilliinngg PPooiinntt

FFeeeett ((fftt..)) MMeetteerrss ((mm)) iinn..-HHgg mmmm-HHgg ppssiiaa fftt.. WWaatteerr °FF

1000 304.8 31.0 788 15.2 35.2 213.8

500 152.4 30.5 775 15.0 34.6 212.9

0 0.0 29.9 760 14.7 33.9 212.0

500 152.4 29.4 747 14.4 33.3 211.1

1000 304.8 28.9 734 14.2 32.8 210.2

1500 457.2 28.3 719 13.9 32.1 209.3

2000 609.6 27.8 706 13.7 31.5 208.4

2500 762.0 27.3 694 13.4 31.0 207.4

3000 914.4 26.8 681 13.2 30.4 206.5

3500 1066.8 26.3 668 12.9 29.8 205.6

4000 1219.2 25.8 655 12.7 29.2 204.7

4500 1371.6 25.4 645 12.4 28.8 203.8

5000 1524.0 24.9 633 12.2 28.2 202.9

5500 1676.4 24.4 620 12.0 27.6 201.9

6000 1828.8 24.0 610 11.8 27.2 201.0

6500 1981.2 23.5 597 11.5 26.7 200.1

7000 2133.6 23.1 587 11.3 26.2 199.2

7500 2286.0 22.7 577 11.1 25.7 198.3

8000 2438.4 22.2 564 10.9 25.2 197.4

8500 2590.8 21.8 554 10.7 24.7 196.5

9000 2743.2 21.4 544 10.5 24.3 195.5

9500 2895.6 21.0 533 10.3 23.8 194.6

10000 3048.0 20.6 523 10.1 23.4 193.7

15000 4572.0 16.9 429 8.3 19.2 184.0

– –

– –

+ +

Table 2-16: Elevations for Various Municipalities (U.S. & Canada)

CCiittyy AApppprrooxx.. AAlltt.. ((fftt..)) CCiittyy AApppprrooxx.. AAlltt.. ((fftt..)) CCiittyy AApppprrooxx.. AAlltt.. ((fftt..))

Albuquerque 5200 Edmonton 2200 Phoenix 1100

Amarillo 3700 Fresno 380 Pittsburgh 800

Atlanta 1100 Ft. Worth 700 Regina 1900

Calgary 3440 Idaho Falls 4700 Roswell 3570

Cheyenne 6100 Kansas City 800 Reno 4500

Chicago 600 Minneapolis 900 Salt Lake City 4250

Cincinnati 550 Montreal 100 Spokane 1900

Cleveland 700 Nashville 500 Toronto 350

Denver 5270 Omaha 1000 Tulsa 800

Detroit 580 Ottawa 290 Winnipeg 760


TECHNICAL DATA

Density of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene GlycolConcentrations in Volume Percent Ethylene Glycol

Temp.,°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

-30 - - - - 68.12-20 - - - - 68.05-10 - - - 67.04 64.980 - - - 66.97 67.90

10 - - 65.93 66.89 67.8020 - 64.83 65.85 66.80 67.7030 63.69 64.75 65.76 66.70 67.5940 63.61 64.66 65.66 66.59 67.4750 63.52 64.56 65.55 66.47 67.3460 63.42 64.45 65.43 66.34 67.2070 63.31 64.33 65.30 66.20 67.0580 63.19 64.21 65.17 66.05 66.9090 63.07 64.07 65.02 65.90 66.73

100 62.93 63.93 64.86 65.73 66.55110 62.97 63.77 64.70 65.56 66.37120 62.63 63.61 64.52 65.37 66.17130 62.47 63.43 64.34 65.18 65.97140 62.30 63.25 64.15 64.98 65.75150 62.11 63.06 63.95 64.76 65.53160 61.92 62.86 63.73 64.54 65.30170 61.72 62.64 63.51 64.31 65.05180 61.51 62.42 63.28 64.07 64.80190 61.29 62.19 63.04 63.82 64.54200 61.06 61.95 62.79 63.56 64.27210 60.82 61.71 62.53 63.29 63.99220 60.57 61.45 62.27 63.01 63.70230 60.31 61.18 61.99 62.72 63.40240 60.05 60.90 61.70 62.43 63.10250 59.77 60.62 61.40 62.12 62.78

Note: Density in lb/ft3.

Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Ethylene GlycolConcentrations in Volume Percent Ethylene Glycol

Temp.,°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

-30 - - - - 0.0428-20 - - - - 0.0271-10 - - - 0.0132 0.01830 - - - 0.0092 0.0130

10 - - 0.0046 0.0068 0.009620 - 0.0026 0.0036 0.0052 0.007330 0.0015 0.0021 0.0029 0.0041 0.005740 0.0012 0.0017 0.0024 0.0033 0.004550 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0027 0.003760 0.0009 0.0012 0.0017 0.0023 0.003170 0.0008 0.0011 0.0014 0.0019 0.002680 0.0007 0.0009 0.0012 0.0017 0.002290 0.0006 0.0008 0.0011 0.0014 0.0019

100 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009 0.0013 0.0016110 0.0005 0.0007 0.0008 0.0011 0.0014120 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0012130 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011140 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010150 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009160 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008170 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007180 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006190 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006200 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005210 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005220 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004230 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004240 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004250 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003

32

HVAC Technical Data Booklet Sec. 2.qxd 10/21/2002 2:40 PM Page 1

TECHNICAL DATA

Density of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene GlycolConcentrations in Volume Percent Propylene Glycol

Temp.,°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

-30 - - - - --20 - - - - 66.46-10 - - - - 66.350 - - - 65.71 66.23

10 - - 65.00 65.60 66.1120 - 64.23 64.90 65.48 65.9730 63.38 64.14 64.79 65.35 65.8240 63.30 64.03 64.67 65.21 65.6750 63.20 63.92 64.53 65.06 65.5060 63.10 63.79 64.39 64.90 65.3370 62.98 63.66 64.24 64.73 65.1480 62.86 63.52 64.08 64.55 64.9590 62.73 63.37 63.91 64.36 64.74

100 62.59 63.20 63.73 64.16 64.53110 62.44 63.03 63.54 63.95 64.30120 62.28 62.85 63.33 63.74 64.06130 62.11 62.66 63.12 63.51 63.82140 61.93 62.46 62.90 63.27 63.57150 61.74 62.25 62.67 63.02 63.30160 61.54 62.03 62.43 62.76 63.03170 61.33 61.80 62.18 62.49 62.74180 61.11 61.56 61.92 62.22 62.45190 60.89 61.31 61.65 61.93 62.14200 60.65 61.05 61.37 61.63 61.83210 60.41 60.78 61.08 61.32 61.50220 60.15 60.50 60.78 61.00 61.17230 59.89 60.21 60.47 60.68 60.83240 59.61 59.91 60.15 60.34 60.47250 59.33 59.60 59.82 59.99 60.11

Note: Density in lb/ft3.

Viscosity of Aqueous Solutions of Propylene GlycolConcentrations in Volume Percent Propylene Glycol

Temp.,°F 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

-30 - - - - --20 - - - - 0.1049-10 - - - - 0.06450 - - - 0.0275 0.0412

10 - - 0.0090 0.0183 0.027320 - 0.0036 0.0067 0.0124 0.018730 0.0019 0.0028 0.0050 0.0089 0.013240 0.0015 0.0023 0.0039 0.0065 0.009650 0.0013 0.0019 0.0030 0.0049 0.007260 0.0011 0.0016 0.0024 0.0037 0.005570 0.0009 0.0013 0.0020 0.0029 0.004380 0.0008 0.0011 0.0016 0.0024 0.003490 0.0007 0.0010 0.0014 0.0019 0.0027

100 0.0006 0.0008 0.0012 0.0016 0.0023110 0.0006 0.0007 0.0010 0.0013 0.0019120 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0011 0.0016130 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010 0.0014140 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007 0.0009 0.0012150 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008 0.0010160 0.0003 0.0004 0.0006 0.0007 0.0009170 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0008180 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007190 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0007200 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006210 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005220 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005230 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005240 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004250 0.0002 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0004

33


TECHNICAL DATA

34

PEX Velocity Chart Exceeds acceptable

(feet per second) velocity for PEX

Flow Pipe Diametergal/min 3/8" 1/2" 5/8" 3/4" 1"

0.1 0.34 0.18 0.12 0.09 0.050.20 0.67 0.36 0.24 0.18 0.110.30 1.01 0.55 0.36 0.27 0.160.40 1.34 0.73 0.48 0.36 0.220.50 1.68 0.91 0.60 0.46 0.270.60 2.01 1.09 0.72 0.55 0.330.70 2.35 1.27 0.84 0.64 0.380.80 2.68 1.45 0.96 0.73 0.430.90 3.02 1.64 1.08 0.82 0.491.00 3.35 1.82 1.20 0.91 0.541.25 4.19 2.27 1.50 1.14 0.681.50 5.03 2.73 1.80 1.37 0.821.75 5.87 3.18 2.10 1.59 0.952.00 6.71 3.64 2.40 1.82 1.092.25 7.55 4.09 2.69 2.05 1.222.50 8.38 4.55 2.99 2.28 1.362.75 9.22 5.00 3.29 2.50 1.493.00 10.06 5.45 3.59 2.73 1.633.25 10.90 5.91 3.89 2.96 1.773.50 11.74 6.36 4.19 3.19 1.903.75 12.58 6.82 4.49 3.41 2.044.00 13.42 7.27 4.79 3.64 2.174.25 14.25 7.73 5.09 3.87 2.314.50 15.09 8.18 5.39 4.10 2.454.75 15.93 8.64 5.69 4.32 2.585.00 16.77 9.09 5.99 4.55 2.725.25 17.61 9.55 6.29 4.78 2.855.50 18.45 10.00 6.59 5.01 2.995.75 19.28 10.45 6.89 5.23 3.126.00 20.12 10.91 7.19 5.46 3.266.25 20.96 11.36 7.49 5.69 3.406.50 21.80 11.82 7.79 5.92 3.536.75 22.64 12.27 8.08 6.14 3.677.00 23.48 12.73 8.38 6.37 3.807.25 24.32 13.18 8.68 6.60 3.947.50 25.15 13.64 8.98 6.83 4.087.75 25.99 14.09 9.28 7.05 4.218.00 26.83 14.55 9.58 7.28 4.358.25 27.67 15.00 9.88 7.51 4.488.50 28.51 15.45 10.18 7.74 4.628.75 29.35 15.91 10.48 7.96 4.769.00 30.18 16.36 10.78 8.19 4.899.25 31.02 16.82 11.08 8.42 5.039.50 31.86 17.27 11.38 8.65 5.169.75 32.70 17.73 11.68 8.87 5.30

10.00 33.54 18.18 11.98 9.10 5.43


TECHNICAL DATA

3534

Pressure Loss Per Foot

3/8” PEX 100% Water

80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0024

.2 .0091 .0080 .0082 .0079 .0077 .0076

.3 .0191 .0181 .0173 .0167 .0162 .0159

.4 .0362 .0309 .0295 .0285 .0278 .0272

.5 .0472 .0457 .0427 .0412 .0402 .0394

.6 .0659 .0624 .0596 .0576 .0561 .0550

.7 .0879 .0832 .0795 .0768 .0749 .0734

.8 .1097 .1053 .0993 .0959 .0936 .0917

.9 .1360 .1289 .1232 .1190 .1161 .11381.0 .1657 .1570 .1501 .1451 .1415 .13871.1 .1942 .1858 .1759 .1700 .1659 .16251.2 .2277 .2158 .2063 .1994 .1946 .19061.3 .2646 .2508 .2398 .2318 .2062 .22171.4 .2993 .2860 .2714 .2623 .2560 .25081.5 .3396 .3220 .3080 .2977 .2905 .28471.6 .3834 .3635 .3477 .3362 .3281 .32151.7 .4242 .4048 .3848 .3720 .3630 .35581.8 .4710 .4466 .4273 .4131 .4032 .39511.9 .5214 .4945 .4731 .4575 .4464 .43752.0 .5699 .5387 .5154 .4984 .4864 .4767

Head (Feet of Water) Per Foot of PipeWIRSBO*

FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005

.2 .0021 .0020 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0018

.3 .0044 .0042 .0040 .0038 .0037 .0037

.4 .0073 .0069 .0066 .0064 .0062 .0061

.5 .0109 .0103 .0099 .0095 .0093 .0091

.6 .0151 .0143 .0137 .0132 .0129 .0126

.7 .0199 .0189 .0180 .0174 .0170 .0166

.8 .0253 .0239 .0229 .0221 .0215 .0211

.9 .0316 .0299 .0286 .0276 .0269 .02641.0 .0381 .0360 .0344 .0333 .0325 .03181.1 .0451 .0427 .0408 .0394 .0385 .03771.2 .0526 .0499 .0477 .0461 .0449 .04401.3 .0607 .0575 .0550 .0531 .0518 .05081.4 .0693 .0657 .0628 .0607 .0592 .05801.5 .0784 .0743 .0710 .0686 .0669 .06561.6 .0879 .0833 .0797 .0770 .0751 .07361.7 .0980 .0929 .0888 .0858 .0837 .08211.8 .1091 .1034 .0989 .0956 .0933 .09141.9 .1201 .1139 .1089 .1053 .1027 .10072.0 .1317 .1248 .1194 .1154 .1126 .11032.1 .1436 .1361 .1301 .1257 .1226 .12012.2 .1561 .1479 .1414 .1367 .1333 .13062.3 .1691 .1602 .1532 .1480 .1444 .14152.4 .1825 .1729 .1653 .1598 .1559 .15272.5 .1963 .1861 .1779 .1720 .1677 .1644


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.5 .0021 .0020 .0019 .0019 .0018 .0018

.6 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026 .0025 .0024

.7 .0039 .0037 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032

.8 .0049 .0047 .0044 .0043 .0042 .0041

.9 .0061 .0057 .0055 .0053 .0052 .00511.0 .0073 .0069 .0066 .0064 .0062 .00611.1 .0087 .0082 .0079 .0076 .0074 .00721.2 .0102 .0096 .0092 .0089 .0086 .00851.3 .0117 .0111 .0106 .0102 .0100 .00981.4 .0134 .0127 .0121 .0117 .0114 .01111.5 .0151 .0143 .0137 .0132 .0129 .01261.6 .0170 .0161 .0154 .0148 .0145 .01421.7 .0189 .0179 .0171 .0165 .0161 .01581.8 .0210 .0199 .0190 .0183 .0179 .01751.9 .0231 .0219 .0209 .0202 .0197 .01932.0 .0253 .0240 .0229 .0221 .0216 .02112.1 .0276 .0262 .0250 .0242 .0236 .02312.2 .0300 .0284 .0272 .0263 .0256 .02512.3 .0325 .0308 .0294 .0284 .0277 .02722.4 .0351 .0332 .0318 .0307 .0299 .02932.5 .0378 .0358 .0342 .0330 .0322 .03162.6 .0405 .0384 .0367 .0354 .0346 .03392.7 .0433 .0411 .0392 .0379 .0370 .03622.8 .0463 .0438 .0419 .0405 .0395 .03872.9 .0492 .0467 .0446 .0431 .0421 .04123.0 .0524 .0496 .0474 .0458 .0447 .04383.2 .0604 .0573 .0548 .0529 .0516 .05063.5 .0690 .0654 .0626 .0605 .0590 .05783.7 .0781 .0741 .0708 .0684 .0668 .06544.0 .0877 .0832 .0795 .0769 .0735


FLOWUS GPM

80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002 .0002

.2 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0007

.3 .0017 .0016 .0015 .0014 .0014 .0014

.4 .0028 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0024 .0023

.5 .0041 .0039 .0037 .0036 .0035 .0034

.6 .0057 .0054 .0052 .0050 .0049 .0048

.7 .0075 .0071 .0068 .0066 .0064 .0063

.8 .0095 .0090 .0086 .0083 .0081 .0080

.9 .0118 .0111 .0106 .0103 .0100 .00981.0 .0142 .0135 .0129 .0124 .0121 .01191.1 .0168 .0160 .0152 .0147 .0144 .01411.2 .0197 .0186 .0178 .0172 .0168 .01641.3 .0227 .0215 .0206 .0199 .0194 .01901.4 .0259 .0246 .0235 .0227 .0221 .02171.5 .0293 .0278 .0266 .0257 .0250 .02451.6 .0329 .0312 .0298 .0288 .0281 .02761.7 .0367 .0348 .0333 .0321 .0314 .03071.8 .0407 .0385 .0368 .0356 .0347 .03401.9 .0448 .0425 .0406 .0392 .0383 .03752.0 .0491 .0462 .0445 .0430 .0420 .04112.1 .0534 .0505 .0483 .0467 .0455 .04462.2 .0580 .0549 .0525 .0507 .0495 .04852.3 .0628 .0595 .0569 .0549 .0536 .05252.4 .0678 .0642 .0614 .0593 .0579 .05672.5 .0729 .0691 .0661 .0638 .0623 .06102.6 .0782 .0741 .0709 .0685 .0668 .06542.7 .0837 .0793 .0758 .0733 .0715 .07002.8 .0894 .0847 .0810 .0782 .0763 .07482.9 .0952 .0902 .0862 .0833 .0813 .07963.0 .1011 .0959 .0917 .0886 .0865 .0847


FLOWUS GPM



*Reference to WIRSBO


TECHNICAL DATA

3536


3/8” PEX 30% Glycol / Water Mixture

80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0034 .0032 .0029 .0028 .0025 .0026

.2 .0116 .0109 .0101 .0096 .0087 .0088

.3 .0238 .0225 .0208 .0198 .0180 .0182

.4 .0397 .0376 .0347 .0332 .0301 .0304

.5 .0591 .0560 .0517 .0494 .0448 .0452

.6 .0818 .0775 .0716 .0684 .0621 .0627

.7 .1077 .1020 .0942 .0901 .0818 .0825

.8 .1367 .1295 .1196 .1144 .1039 .1048

.9 .1687 .1598 .1477 .1412 .1283 .12941.0 .2036 .1929 .1783 .1705 .1549 .15631.1 .2414 .2287 .2114 .2022 .1838 .18541.2 .2820 .2672 .2470 .2363 .2148 .21671.3 .3253 .3083 .2851 .2727 .2479 .25021.4 .3714 .3519 .3255 .3114 .2832 .28571.5 .4201 .3982 .3683 .3524 .3205 .32341.6 .4715 .4469 .4135 .3956 .3599 .36311.7 .5255 .4981 .4609 .4410 .4012 .40481.8 .5820 .5518 .5106 .4885 .4446 .44851.9 .6411 .6078 .5625 .5383 .4899 .49422.0 .7027 .6663 .6167 .5901 .5372 .5419


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006

.2 .0027 .0025 .0023 .0022 .0020 .0020

.3 .0055 .0052 .0048 .0046 .0042 .0042

.4 .0092 .0087 .0081 .0077 .0070 .0070

.5 .0137 .0130 .0120 .0115 .0104 .0105

.6 .0190 .0780 .0166 .0159 .0144 .0145

.7 .0250 .0237 .0219 .0209 .0189 .0191

.8 .0317 .0300 .0277 .0265 .0241 .0243

.9 .0391 .0371 .0342 .0327 .0297 .03001.0 .0472 .0477 .0413 .0395 .0359 .03621.1 .0560 .0530 .0490 .0468 .0425 .04291.2 .0654 .0619 .0572 .0547 .0497 .05021.3 .0754 .0715 .0660 .0631 .0574 .05791.4 .0861 .0816 .0754 .0721 .0655 .06611.5 .0974 .0923 .0853 .0816 .0742 .07481.6 .1093 .1036 .0957 .0916 .0832 .08401.7 .1218 .1154 .1067 .1021 .0928 .09361.8 .1349 .1278 .1182 .1131 .1028 .10371.9 .1486 .1408 .1302 .1246 .1133 .11432.0 .1628 .1543 .1428 .1366 .1242 .12532.1 .1777 .1684 .1558 .1490 .1356 .13682.2 .1931 .1830 .1693 .1620 .1474 .14872.3 .2091 .1982 .1834 .1754 .1596 .16102.4 .2256 .2139 .1979 .1893 .1723 .17382.5 .2427 .2301 .2129 .2037 .1854 .1870


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.5 .0027 .0025 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0020

.6 .0037 .0035 .0032 .0031 .0029 .0028

.7 .0048 .0046 .0042 .0040 .0038 .0037

.8 .0061 .0058 .0053 .0051 .0048 .0047

.9 .0076 .0071 .0066 .0063 .0060 .00581.0 .0091 .0086 .0080 .0076 .0072 .00701.1 .0108 .0102 .0094 .0090 .0086 .00831.2 .0126 .0119 .0110 .0105 .0100 .00971.3 .0145 .0138 .0127 .0122 .0115 .01111.4 .0166 .0157 .0145 .0139 .0132 .01271.5 .0188 .0178 .0164 .0157 .0149 .01441.6 .0211 .0200 .0184 .0176 .0167 .01621.7 .0235 .0222 .0206 .0197 .0186 .01801.8 .0260 .0246 .0228 .0218 .0207 .02001.9 .0286 .0271 .0251 .0240 .0228 .02202.0 .0314 .0297 .0275 .0263 .0249 .02412.1 .0342 .0324 .0300 .0287 .0272 .02632.2 .0372 .0353 .0326 .0312 .0296 .02862.3 .0403 .0382 .0353 .0338 .0320 .03102.4 .0435 .0412 .0381 .0364 .0346 .03342.5 .0468 .0443 .0410 .0392 .0372 .03602.6 .0501 .0475 .0440 .0420 .0399 .03862.7 .0536 .0508 .0470 .0450 .0427 .04132.8 .0573 .0543 .0502 .0480 .0456 .04412.9 .0610 .0578 .0534 .0511 .0485 .04693.0 .0648 .0614 .0568 .0543 .0516 .04993.2 .0747 .0708 .0655 .0627 .0596 .05763.5 .0853 .0809 .0749 .0716 .0680 .06583.7 .0965 .0915 .0847 .0811 .0770 .07444.0 .1083 .1027 .0951 .0910 .0864 .0836


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0002

.2 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0008

.3 .0021 .0020 .0018 .0017 .0016 .0016

.4 .0034 .0033 .0030 .0029 .0026 .0026

.5 .0051 .0049 .0045 .0043 .0039 .0039

.6 .0071 .0067 .0062 .0059 .0054 .0054

.7 .0093 .0088 .0081 .0078 .0071 .0071

.8 .0118 .0112 .0103 .0099 .0090 .0090

.9 .0146 .0138 .0127 .0122 .0111 .01111.0 .0176 .0167 .0154 .0147 .0134 .01351.1 .0208 .0198 .0182 .0174 .0159 .01601.2 .0243 .0231 .0213 .0204 .0186 .01861.3 .0281 .0267 .0246 .0235 .0215 .02151.4 .0320 .0304 .0280 .0268 .0245 .02461.5 .0362 .0344 .0317 .0303 .0277 .02781.6 .0407 .0386 .0356 .0340 .0311 .03121.7 .0453 .0431 .0397 .0379 .0347 .03481.8 .0502 .0477 .0440 .0420 .0385 .03851.9 .0553 .0525 .0484 .0463 .0424 .04252.0 .0606 .0576 .0531 .0508 .0465 .04662.1 .0661 .0628 .0597 .0554 .0507 .05082.2 .0718 .0683 .0629 .0602 .0551 .05522.3 .0778 .0739 .0682 .0652 .0597 .05982.4 .0839 .0797 .0735 .0704 .0644 .06462.5 .0902 .0858 .0791 .0757 .0693 .06952.6 .0968 .0920 .0849 .0872 .0744 .07452.7 .1036 .0985 .0908 .0869 .0796 .07972.8 .1105 .1151 .0969 .0927 .0850 .08512.9 .1177 .1119 .1032 .9888 .0905 .09073.0 .1250 .1189 .1097 .1049 .0962 .0963


FLOWUS GPM



TECHNICAL DATA

3736



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0037 .0035 .0032 .0030 .0028 .0027

.2 .0127 .0119 .0111 .0104 .0097 .0092

.3 .0261 .0244 .0228 .0213 .0200 .0190

.4 .0436 .0407 .0380 .0357 .0334 .0317

.5 .0649 .0606 .0566 .0531 .0497 .0473

.6 .0898 .0839 .0784 .0735 .0689 .0655

.7 .1182 .1104 .1032 .0968 .0907 .0863

.8 .1499 .1401 .1310 .1229 .1152 .1096

.9 .1849 .1729 .1616 .1517 .1422 .13531.0 .2232 .2086 .1951 .1831 .1717 .16331.1 .2645 .2473 .2313 .2171 .2036 .19371.2 .3089 .2889 .2702 .2537 .2379 .22641.3 .3564 .3333 .3118 .2927 .2746 .26131.4 .4068 .3805 .3560 .3342 .3136 .29841.5 .4601 .4304 .4027 .3781 .3548 .33771.6 .5163 .4830 .4520 .4245 .3983 .37911.7 .5754 .5383 .5038 .4731 .4440 .42261.8 .6372 .5962 .5580 .5241 .4919 .46831.9 .7019 .6567 .6147 .5774 .5420 .51602.0 .7692 .7198 .6738 .6330 .5942 .5657


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0009 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0006

.2 .0030 .0028 .0026 .0024 .0023 .0021

.3 .0061 .0057 .0053 .0049 .0046 .0044

.4 .0101 .0095 .0088 .0082 .0077 .0074

.5 .0151 .0141 .0131 .0123 .0115 .0110

.6 .0208 .0195 .0182 .0170 .0160 .0152

.7 .0274 .0256 .0239 .0224 .0210 .0200

.8 .0348 .0325 .0304 .0284 .0267 .0254

.9 .0429 .0401 .0375 .0350 .0330 .03131.0 .0518 .0484 .0452 .0423 .0398 .03781.1 .0614 .0574 .0536 .0501 .0472 .04491.2 .0717 .0670 .0626 .0585 .0551 .05241.3 .0827 .0773 .0723 .0676 .0636 .06051.4 .0944 .0882 .0825 .0771 .0726 .06911.5 .1067 .0998 .0933 .0873 .0822 .07821.6 .1198 .1120 .1047 .0979 .0922 .08771.7 .1334 .1248 .1167 .1091 .1028 .09781.8 .1478 .1382 .1293 .1209 .1139 .10841.9 .1627 .1522 .1424 .1332 .1254 .11942.0 .1784 .1668 .1561 .1460 .1375 .13092.1 .1946 .1820 .1703 .1593 .1501 .14282.2 .2114 .1978 .1852 .1731 .1631 .15532.3 .2289 .2142 .2004 .1875 .1767 .16812.4 .2470 .2311 .2163 .2023 .1907 .18152.5 .2657 .2486 .2327 .2177 .2051 .1953


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.5 .0029 .0027 .0025 .0024 .0022 .0021

.6 .0040 .0038 .0035 .0033 .0031 .0029

.7 .0053 .0049 .0046 .0043 .0041 .0039

.8 .0067 .0063 .0059 .0055 .0051 .0049

.9 .0083 .0077 .0072 .0068 .0064 .00601.0 .0100 .0093 .0087 .0082 .0077 .00731.1 .0118 .0111 .0103 .0097 .0091 .00861.2 .0138 .0129 .0121 .0113 .0106 .01011.3 .0160 .0149 .0139 .0130 .0123 .01171.4 .0182 .0170 .0159 .0149 .0140 .01331.5 .0206 .0192 .0180 .0168 .0158 .01501.6 .0231 .0216 .0202 .0189 .0178 .01691.7 .0257 .0241 .0225 .0210 .0198 .01881.8 .0285 .0266 .0249 .0233 .0219 .02091.9 .0314 .0293 .0274 .0257 .0242 .02302.0 .0344 .0322 .0301 .0281 .0265 .02522.1 .0375 .0351 .0328 .0307 .0289 .02752.2 .0408 .0381 .0357 .0333 .0314 .02992.3 .0441 .0413 .0386 .0361 .0340 .03232.4 .0476 .0445 .0417 .0390 .0367 .03492.5 .0512 .0479 .0448 .0419 .0395 .03762.6 .0549 .0514 .0481 .0450 .0423 .04032.7 .0588 .0550 .0514 .0481 .0453 .04312.8 .0627 .0587 .0549 .0513 .0484 .04602.9 .0668 .0624 .0584 .0547 .0515 .04903.0 .0709 .0663 .0621 .0581 .0547 .05213.2 .0818 .0766 .0716 .0670 .0631 .06013.5 .0934 .0874 .0818 .0765 .0721 .06873.7 .1057 .0989 .0926 .0866 .0816 .07774.0 .1186 .1110 .1039 .0972 .0916 .0872


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002 .0002

.2 .0011 .0010 .0010 .0009 .0008 .0008

.3 .0023 .0021 .0020 .0018 .0017 .0016

.4 .0038 .0035 .0033 .0031 .0029 .0027

.5 .0056 .0052 .0049 .0046 .0043 .0041

.6 .0078 .0073 .0068 .0063 .0059 .0056

.7 .0102 .0095 .0089 .0083 .0078 .0074

.8 .0130 .0121 .0113 .0106 .0099 .0094

.9 .0160 .0149 .0140 .0130 .0123 .01171.0 .0193 .0180 .0168 .0157 .0148 .01411.1 .0229 .0214 .0200 .0186 .0175 .01671.2 .0267 .0249 .0233 .0218 .0205 .01951.3 .0308 .0288 .0269 .0251 .0237 .02251.4 .0351 .0328 .0307 .0287 .0270 .02571.5 .0397 .0371 .0347 .0324 .0305 .02911.6 .0446 .0417 .0390 .0364 .0343 .03261.7 .0497 .0464 .0434 .0406 .0382 .03641.8 .0550 .0514 .0481 .0450 .0423 .04031.9 .0606 .0566 .0530 .0495 .0466 .04442.0 .0664 .0621 .0580 .0543 .0511 .04862.1 .0724 .0677 .0633 .0592 .0558 .05312.2 .0787 .0736 .0688 .0644 .0606 .05772.3 .0852 .0797 .0745 .0697 .0656 .06252.4 .0919 .0860 .0804 .0752 .0708 .06742.5 .0988 .0925 .0865 .0809 .0762 .07252.6 .1060 .0992 .0928 .0868 .0818 .07782.7 .1134 .1061 .0993 .0929 .0875 .08332.8 .1210 .1132 .1059 .0991 .0934 .08892.9 .1288 .1205 .1128 .1055 .0994 .09473.0 .1369 .1281 .1199 .1121 .1057 .1006


FLOWUS GPM



TECHNICAL DATA

3738



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0041 .0037 .0034 .0031 .0029 .0028

.2 .0140 .0125 .0115 .0108 .0100 .0098

.3 .0289 .0257 .0237 .0221 .0206 .0201

.4 .0481 .0429 .0395 .0370 .0345 .0336

.5 .0716 .0639 .0588 .0550 .0514 .0501

.6 .0990 .0884 .0813 .0762 .0711 .0694

.7 .1303 .1163 .1071 .1003 .0936 .0913

.8 .1652 .1476 .1359 .1273 1189 1160

.9 .2038 .1821 .1677 .1571 .1467 .14321.0 .2459 .2197 .2024 .1897 .1772 .17281.1 .2914 .2605 .2400 .2249 .2101 .20501.2 .3403 .3042 .2803 .2627 .2455 .23951.3 .3925 .3509 .3234 .3032 .2833 .27641.4 .4480 .4006 .3692 .3461 .3235 .31561.5 .5067 .4531 .4177 .3916 .3660 .35721.6 .5685 .5085 .4688 .4395 .4109 .40091.7 .6334 .5666 .5224 .4899 .4580 .44691.8 .7014 .6276 .5787 .5427 .5074 .49511.9 .7725 .6912 .6374 .5978 .5590 .54552.0 .8465 .7576 .6987 .6553 .6128 .5981


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0010 .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007 .0007

.2 .0033 .0029 .0027 .0025 .0023 .0023

.3 .0067 .0060 .0055 .0051 .0048 .0047

.4 .0112 .0100 .0092 .0086 .0080 .0078

.5 .0166 .0148 .0136 .0128 .0119 .0116

.6 .0230 .0205 .0189 .0177 .0165 .0161

.7 .0303 .0270 .0249 .0233 .0217 .0212

.8 .0384 .0343 .0315 .0295 .0276 .0269

.9 .0473 .0423 .0389 .0364 .0340 .03321.0 .0571 .0510 .0469 .0440 .0411 .04011.1 .0677 .0604 .0557 .0521 .0487 .04751.2 .0790 .0706 .0650 .0609 .0569 .05551.3 .0911 .0814 .0750 .0703 .0656 .06401.4 .1040 .0929 .0856 .0802 .0749 .07311.5 .1176 .1051 .0968 .0907 .0848 .08271.6 .1319 .1179 .1087 .1018 .0951 .09281.7 .1470 .1314 .1211 .1135 .1061 .10351.8 .1628 .1455 .1341 .1257 .1175 .11461.9 .1792 .1603 .1477 .1385 .1294 .12632.0 .1964 .1756 .1619 .1518 .1419 .13842.1 .2143 .1913 .1766 .1656 .1548 .15112.2 .2328 .2082 .1920 .1800 .1683 .16422.3 .2520 .2254 .2079 .1949 .1822 .17782.4 .2719 .2432 .2243 .2103 .1966 .19192.5 .2924 .2617 .2413 .2263 .2116 .2065


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.5 .0032 .0029 .0026 .0025 .0023 .0022

.6 .0044 .0040 .0036 .0034 .0032 .0031

.7 .0058 .0052 .0048 .0045 .0043 .0041

.8 .0074 .0066 .0061 .0057 .0054 .0052

.9 .0091 .0082 .0075 .0070 .0067 .00641.0 .0110 .0098 .0091 .0085 .0081 .00771.1 .0131 .0117 .0107 .0101 .0095 .00921.2 .0153 .0136 .0125 .0117 .0112 .01071.3 .0176 .0157 .0145 .0135 .0129 .01231.4 .0201 .0179 .0165 .0155 .0147 .01411.5 .0227 .0203 .0187 .0175 .0166 .01591.6 .0255 .0227 .0209 .0196 .0186 .01791.7 .0284 .0253 .0233 .0219 .0208 .01991.8 .0314 .0281 .0259 .0242 .0230 .02211.9 .0346 .0309 .0285 .0267 .0253 .02432.0 .0379 .0339 .0312 .0292 .0278 .02662.1 .0413 .0370 .0340 .0319 .0303 .02912.2 .0449 .0401 .0370 .0347 .0329 .03162.3 .0486 .0435 .0401 .0375 .0357 .03422.4 .0525 .0469 .0432 .0405 .0385 .03692.5 .0564 .0504 .0465 .0436 .0414 .03972.6 .0605 .0541 .0499 .0467 .0444 .04262.7 .0647 .0579 .0533 .0500 .0475 .04562.8 .0691 .0618 .0569 .0534 .0507 .04872.9 .0735 .0657 .0606 .0568 .0540 .05183.0 .0781 .0699 .0644 .0604 .0574 .05513.2 .0901 .0806 .0743 .0697 .0662 .06363.3 .1028 .0920 .0848 .0796 .0756 .07263.7 .1163 .1041 .0960 .0900 .0856 .08214.0 .1305 .1168 .1077 .1010 .0961 .0922


FLOWUS GPM



80°F 100°F 120°F 140°F 160°F 180°F

.1 .0004 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002

.2 .0012 .0011 .0010 .0009 .0009 .0008

.3 .0025 .0022 .0020 .0019 .0018 .0017

.4 .0042 .0037 .0034 .0032 .0030 .0029

.5 .0062 .0055 .0051 .0048 .0044 .0043

.6 .0086 .0076 .0070 .0066 .0061 .0060

.7 .0113 .0101 .0093 .0087 .0081 .0079

.8 .0143 .0128 .0117 .0110 .0103 .0100

.9 .0176 .0157 .0145 .0136 .0127 .01231.0 .0213 .0190 .0175 .0164 .0153 .01491.1 .0252 .0225 .0207 .0194 .0181 .01771.2 .0294 .0263 .0242 .0227 .0212 .02061.3 .0339 .0303 .0279 .0261 .0244 .02381.4 .0387 .0346 .0319 .0298 .0279 .02721.5 .0438 .0391 .0360 .0338 .0315 .03081.6 .0491 .0439 .0404 .0379 .0354 .03451.7 .0547 .0489 .0450 .0422 .0394 .03851.8 .0606 .0542 .0499 .0468 .0437 .04261.9 .0667 .0596 .0549 .0515 .0481 .04692.0 .0730 .0654 .0602 .0564 .0527 .05152.1 .0798 .0713 .0657 .0616 .0575 .05612.2 .0867 .0775 .0714 .0669 .0625 .06102.3 .0938 .0839 .0773 .0725 .0677 .06612.4 .1012 .0905 .0834 .0782 .0731 .07132.5 .1088 .0973 .0897 .0841 .0786 .07672.6 .1167 .1044 .0962 .0902 .0844 .08232.7 .1249 .1117 .1030 .0965 .0902 .08812.8 .1332 .1192 .1099 .1030 .0963 .09402.9 .1418 .1269 .1170 .1097 .1026 .10013.0 .1507 .1348 .1243 .1166 .1090 .1064


FLOWUS GPM



TECHNICAL DATA

3938

TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*

.402" Inside Dia. .430" Inside Dia. .450" Inside Dia. .494" Inside Dia..049" Wall Thickness .035" Wall Thickness .025" Wall Thickness .0905" Wall Thickness

FLOW VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY HEAD LOSSU.S. GPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)

0.2 0.51 0.55 0.44 0.48 0.40 0.39 0.34 0.260.4 1.01 2.15 0.88 1.57 0.81 1.27 0.67 0.820.6 1.52 4.29 1.33 3.12 1.21 2.52 1.00 1.630.8 2.02 7.02 1.77 5.11 1.61 4.12 1.34 2.661 2.52 10.32 2.20 7.50 2.01 6.05 1.68 3.89

1 1/2 3.78 20.66 3.30 15.50 3.02 12.21 2.51 7.842 5.04 34.48 4.40 20.03 4.02 20.16 3.35 12.94

2 1/2 6.30 51.03 5.50 37.01 5.03 29.80 4.19 19.113 7.55 70.38 6.60 51.02 6.04 41.07 5.02 26.32

3 1/2 8.82 92.44 7.70 66.98 7.04 53.90 5.86 34.524 10.10 117.10 8.80 84.85 8.05 68.26 6.70 43.70

4 1/2 11.40 144.40 9.90 104.60 9.05 84.11 7.53 53.825 12.60 174.30 11.00 126.10 10.05 101.40 8.36 64.87

1/2 INCHTYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*



1/2 0.74 0.88 0.69 0.75 0.63 0.62 0.52 0.401 1.47 2.87 1.38 2.45 1.26 2.00 1.04 1.28

1 1/2 2.20 5.77 2.06 4.93 1.90 4.02 1.57 2.582 2.94 9.52 2.75 8.11 2.53 6.61 2.09 4.24

2 1/2 3.67 14.05 3.44 11.98 3.16 9.76 2.61 6.253 4.40 19.34 4.12 16.48 3.79 13.42 3.13 8.59

3 1/2 5.14 25.36 4.81 21.61 4.42 17.59 3.66 11.254 5.87 32.09 5.50 27.33 5.05 22.25 4.18 14.22

4 1/2 6.61 39.51 6.19 33.65 5.68 27.39 4.70 17.505 7.35 47.61 6.87 40.52 6.31 32.99 5.22 21.076 8.81 65.79 8.25 56.02 7.59 45.57 6.26 29.097 10.30 86.57 9.62 73.69 8.84 59.93 7.31 38.238 11.80 109.90 11.00 93.50 10.10 76.03 8.35 48.479 13.20 135.60 12.40 115.40 11.40 93.82 9.40 59.7910 14.70 163.80 13.80 139.40 12.60 113.30 10.40 72.16

3/4 INCH TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*



1 0.74 0.56 0.66 0.44 0.62 0.38 0.60 0.352 1.47 1.84 1.33 1.44 1.24 1.23 1.21 1.163 2.21 3.73 1.99 2.91 1.86 2.49 1.81 2.344 2.94 6.16 2.65 4.81 2.48 4.12 2.42 3.865 3.67 9.12 3.31 7.11 3.10 6.09 3.02 5.716 4.41 12.57 3.98 9.80 3.72 8.39 3.62 7.867 5.14 16.51 4.64 12.86 4.34 11.01 4.23 10.328 5.88 20.91 5.30 16.28 4.96 13.94 4.83 13.079 6.61 25.77 5.96 20.06 5.59 17.17 5.44 16.10

10 7.35 31.08 6.62 24.19 6.20 20.70 6.04 19.4111 8.09 36.83 7.29 28.66 6.82 24.52 6.64 22.9912 8.83 43.01 7.95 33.47 7.44 28.63 7.25 26.8413 9.56 49.62 8.61 38.61 8.06 33.02 7.85 30.9614 10.30 56.66 9.27 44.07 8.68 37.69 8.45 35.3315 11.00 64.11 9.94 49.86 9.30 42.64 9.05 39.9716 11.80 71.97 10.60 55.97 9.92 47.86 9.65 44.8617 12.50 80.24 11.25 62.39 10.55 53.35 10.25 50.0018 13.20 88.92 11.92 69.13 11.17 59.10 10.85 55.40

VELOCITY CHART & FRICTION OF WATERat 60° F

(Smoothwall Coppertubing, Brass, and S.P.S. Copper Pipe)

NOTES: *S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the local conditions andthe requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be added to the values in the tables.


TECHNICAL DATA

3940


.995" Inside Dia. 1.025" Inside Dia. 1.055" Inside Dia. 1.062" Inside Dia..065" Wall Thickness .050" Wall Thickness .035" Wall Thickness .1265" Wall Thickness

FLOW HEAD HEAD HEAD HEADU.S. VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSSGPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)

2 0.82 0.47 0.78 0.41 0.73 0.36 0.72 0.353 1.24 0.95 1.17 0.82 1.10 0.72 1.08 0.704 1.65 1.56 1.56 1.35 1.47 1.18 1.45 1.145 2.06 2.30 1.95 2.00 1.83 1.74 1.81 1.696 2.48 3.17 2.34 2.75 2.20 2.40 2.17 2.327 2.89 4.15 2.72 3.60 2.56 3.14 2.53 3.048 3.30 5.25 3.11 4.56 2.93 3.97 2.89 3.859 3.71 6.47 3.50 5.61 3.30 4.89 3.25 4.74

10 4.12 7.79 3.89 6.76 3.66 5.89 3.61 5.7112 4.95 10.76 4.67 9.33 4.40 8.13 4.34 7.8814 5.77 14.15 5.45 12.27 5.13 10.69 5.05 10.3616 6.60 17.94 6.22 15.56 5.86 13.55 5.78 13.1318 7.42 22.14 7.00 19.20 6.60 16.72 6.50 16.2020 8.24 26.73 7.78 23.18 7.33 20.18 7.22 19.5525 10.30 39.87 9.74 34.56 9.16 30.09 9.03 29.1530 12.37 55.33 11.68 47.96 11.00 41.74 10.84 40.4335 14.42 73.06 13.61 63.31 12.82 55.09 12.65 53.3740 16.50 93.00 15.55 80.58 14.66 70.11 14.45 67.9045 18.55 115.10 17.50 99.72 16.50 86.75 16.25 84.2050 20.60 139.40 19.45 120.70 18.32 105.00 18.05 101.70

1-1/4 INCH TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*

1.245" Inside Dia. 1.265" Inside Dia. 1.291" Inside Dia. 1.368" Inside Dia..065" Wall Thickness .055" Wall Thickness .042" Wall Thickness .146" Wall Thickness


5 1.31 0.79 1.28 0.74 1.22 0.67 1.09 0.516 1.58 1.09 1.53 1.01 1.47 0.92 1.31 0.707 1.84 1.43 1.79 1.32 1.71 1.20 1.53 0.918 2.11 1.81 2.04 1.67 1.96 1.52 1.75 1.159 2.37 2.22 2.30 2.06 2.20 1.87 1.96 1.42

10 2.63 2.67 2.55 2.48 2.45 2.25 2.18 1.7112 3.16 3.69 3.06 3.42 2.93 3.10 2.62 2.3515 3.95 5.47 3.83 5.07 3.66 4.60 3.27 3.4920 5.26 9.13 5.10 8.46 4.89 7.67 4.36 5.8125 6.58 13.59 6.38 12.59 6.11 11.42 5.46 8.6530 7.90 18.83 7.65 17.44 7.33 15.82 6.55 11.9835 9.21 24.83 8.94 23.00 8.55 20.86 7.65 15.7940 10.50 31.57 10.20 29.24 9.77 26.51 8.74 20.0645 11.80 38.03 11.50 36.15 11.00 32.77 9.83 24.8050 13.20 47.20 12.80 43.71 12.20 39.63 10.90 29.9860 15.80 65.65 15.30 60.78 14.70 55.10 13.10 41.6670 18.40 86.82 17.90 80.38 17.10 72.86 15.30 55.0780 21.10 110.70 20.40 102.50 19.60 92.85 17.50 70.1690 23.70 137.25 23.00 127.00 22.00 115.10 19.60 86.91

100 26.30 166.30 25.50 153.90 24.40 139.40 21.80 105.30





TECHNICAL DATA

4140




8 1.49 0.79 1.44 0.73 1.40 0.68 1.27 0.559 1.67 0.97 1.62 0.90 1.57 0.84 1.43 0.67

10 1.86 1.17 1.80 1.08 1.75 1.01 1.59 0.8112 2.23 1.61 2.16 1.49 2.10 1.39 1.91 1.1215 2.79 2.39 2.70 2.21 2.63 2.07 2.39 1.6520 3.72 3.98 3.60 3.68 3.50 3.44 3.19 2.7525 4.65 5.91 4.51 5.48 4.38 5.11 3.98 4.0930 5.58 8.19 5.41 7.58 5.25 7.07 4.78 5.6535 6.51 10.79 6.31 9.99 6.13 9.31 5.58 7.4540 7.44 13.70 7.21 12.68 7.00 11.83 6.37 9.4545 8.37 16.93 8.11 15.67 7.88 14.61 7.16 11.6850 9.30 20.46 9.01 18.94 8.76 17.66 7.96 14.1160 11.20 28.42 10.80 26.30 10.50 24.53 9.56 19.5970 13.00 37.55 12.60 34.74 12.30 32.40 11.20 25.8780 14.90 47.82 14.40 44.24 14.00 41.25 12.80 32.9390 16.70 59.21 16.20 54.78 15.80 51.07 14.40 40.76

100 18.60 71.70 18.00 66.34 17.50 61.84 15.90 49.34110 20.50 85.29 19.80 78.90 19.30 73.55 17.50 58.67120 22.30 99.95 21.60 92.46 21.00 86.18 19.10 68.74130 24.20 115.70 23.40 107.00 22.80 99.73 20.70 79.53

2 INCH TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*



10 1.07 0.31 1.04 0.29 1.01 0.27 0.96 0.2412 1.28 0.43 1.24 0.40 1.21 0.38 1.15 0.3314 1.49 0.56 1.45 0.52 1.42 0.50 1.34 0.4416 1.7 0.71 1.66 0.66 1.62 0.63 1.53 0.5518 1.92 0.87 1.87 0.82 1.82 0.77 1.72 0.6820 2.13 1.05 2.07 0.98 2.02 0.93 1.92 0.8225 2.66 1.55 2.59 1.46 2.53 1.38 2.39 1.2230 3.19 2.15 3.11 2.01 3.03 1.90 2.87 1.6835 3.73 2.82 3.62 2.65 3.54 2.50 3.35 2.2140 4.26 3.58 4.14 3.36 4.05 3.17 3.83 2.8045 4.79 4.42 4.66 4.15 4.55 3.92 4.30 3.4650 5.32 5.43 5.17 5.01 5.05 4.73 4.80 4.1760 6.39 7.40 6.21 6.95 6.06 6.56 5.75 5.7970 7.45 9.76 7.25 9.16 7.07 8.65 6.70 7.6380 8.52 12.42 8.28 11.65 8.09 11.00 7.65 9.7090 9.58 15.36 9.31 14.41 9.10 13.60 8.61 12.00

100 10.65 18.58 10.40 17.43 10.10 16.45 9.57 14.51110 11.71 22.07 11.40 20.71 11.10 19.55 10.50 17.24





TECHNICAL DATA

4142




120 12.78 25.84 12.40 24.25 12.10 22.88 11.50 20.18130 13.85 29.88 13.40 28.04 13.10 26.45 12.50 23.33140 14.90 34.18 14.50 32.07 14.20 30.26 13.40 26.69150 16.00 38.75 15.50 36.36 15.20 34.30 14.40 30.25160 17.00 43.58 16.50 40.89 16.20 38.58 15.30 34.01170 18.10 48.67 17.60 45.66 17.20 43.08 16.30 37.98180 19.20 54.01 18.60 50.67 18.20 47.81 17.20 42.15190 20.20 59.61 19.60 55.92 19.20 52.76 18.20 46.51200 21.30 65.46 20.70 61.41 20.20 57.94 19.20 51.07210 22.40 71.57 21.70 67.14 21.20 63.34 20.10 55.83220 23.40 77.93 22.80 73.10 22.20 68.96 21.00 60.78230 24.50 84.53 23.80 79.29 23.20 74.80 22.00 65.93240 25.60 91.38 24.80 85.72 24.30 80.86 23.00 71.26250 26.60 98.43 25.90 92.37 25.30 87.14 23.90 76.79260 27.70 105.80 26.90 99.26 26.30 93.63 24.90 82.51270 28.80 113.40 27.90 106.40 27.30 100.30 25.80 88.42280 29.80 121.30 29.00 113.70 28.30 107.30 26.80 94.52290 30.90 129.30 30.00 121.30 29.40 114.30 27.80 100.80300 32.00 137.60 31.10 129.10 30.40 121.80 28.70 107.30

2 -1/2 INCH TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*



20 1.38 0.37 1.34 0.35 1.31 0.33 1.31 0.3325 1.72 0.55 1.68 0.52 1.64 0.49 1.63 0.4930 2.07 0.76 2.02 0.72 1.97 0.68 1.96 0.6735 2.41 1.00 2.35 0.94 2.30 0.89 2.29 0.8840 2.76 1.26 2.69 1.19 2.62 1.13 2.61 1.1245 3.10 1.56 3.02 1.47 2.95 1.39 2.94 1.3850 3.45 1.88 3.36 1.77 3.28 1.68 3.26 1.6660 4.14 2.61 4.03 2.46 3.93 2.32 3.92 2.3070 4.82 3.43 4.70 3.24 4.59 3.06 4.57 3.0380 5.51 4.36 5.37 4.12 5.25 3.88 5.22 3.8590 6.20 5.39 6.04 5.08 5.90 4.80 5.88 4.75

100 6.89 6.52 6.71 6.15 6.55 5.80 6.53 5.74110 7.58 7.74 7.38 7.30 7.21 6.89 7.19 6.82120 8.27 9.06 8.05 8.54 7.86 8.05 7.84 47.81130 8.96 10.46 8.73 9.87 8.52 9.31 8.49 9.22140 9.65 11.97 9.40 11.28 9.18 10.64 9.14 10.54150 10.35 13.56 10.10 12.78 9.83 12.06 9.79 11.94160 11.00 15.24 10.80 14.36 10.50 13.55 10.45 13.42





TECHNICAL DATA

4342




170 11.70 17.01 11.40 16.03 11.10 15.12 11.10 14.98180 12.40 18.87 12.10 17.79 11.80 16.78 11.80 16.61190 13.10 20.81 12.80 19.62 12.50 18.51 12.40 18.33200 13.80 22.85 13.40 21.54 13.10 20.31 13.10 20.12220 15.20 27.18 14.80 25.61 14.40 24.16 14.40 23.93240 16.50 31.84 16.10 30.01 15.70 28.31 15.70 28.03260 17.90 36.85 17.50 34.73 17.10 32.75 17.00 32.44280 19.30 42.19 18.80 39.76 18.40 37.50 18.30 37.13300 20.70 47.86 20.10 45.10 19.70 42.53 19.60 42.12320 22.10 53.86 21.50 50.75 21.00 47.86 20.90 47.40340 23.40 60.18 22.80 56.71 22.30 53.48 22.20 52.96360 24.80 66.83 24.20 62.97 23.60 59.38 23.50 58.81380 26.20 73.80 25.50 69.54 24.90 65.57 24.80 64.94400 27.60 81.09 26.90 76.41 26.20 72.04 26.10 47.81420 29.00 88.70 28.20 83.57 27.50 78.80 8.49 78.04440 30.30 96.62 29.50 91.04 28.80 85.83 28.70 85.00460 31.70 104.90 30.90 98.80 30.20 93.15 30.00 92.24480 33.10 113.40 32.20 106.80 31.50 100.70 31.40 99.76500 34.50 122.30 33.60 115.20 32.80 108.60 32.60 107.50




20 0.96 0.16 0.94 0.15 0.92 0.14 0.87 0.1330 1.45 0.33 1.41 0.31 1.37 0.29 1.30 0.2540 1.93 0.54 1.88 0.51 1.83 0.48 1.74 0.4250 2.41 0.81 2.35 0.76 2.29 0.72 2.17 0.6360 2.89 1.12 2.82 1.05 2.75 0.99 2.61 0.8770 3.38 1.47 3.29 1.38 3.20 1.30 3.04 1.1580 3.86 1.87 3.76 1.75 3.66 1.65 3.48 1.4590 4.34 2.30 4.23 2.16 4.12 2.04 3.91 1.80

100 4.82 2.78 4.70 2.61 4.59 2.47 4.35 2.17110 5.30 3.30 5.17 3.10 5.05 2.93 4.79 2.57120 5.79 3.86 5.64 3.63 5.50 3.42 5.21 3.01130 6.27 4.46 6.11 4.19 5.95 3.95 5.65 3.47140 6.75 5.10 6.58 4.79 6.41 4.52 6.09 3.97150 7.24 5.77 7.05 5.42 6.87 5.12 6.52 4.50160 7.72 6.49 7.52 6.09 7.34 5.75 6.95 5.05170 8.20 7.24 7.99 6.80 7.79 6.41 7.39 5.64180 8.69 8.03 8.46 7.54 8.25 7.11 7.82 6.25190 9.16 8.85 8.93 8.32 8.70 7.84 8.25 6.89





TECHNICAL DATA

4344



FLOW HEAD HEAD HEAD HEADU.S. VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSSGPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)200 9.64 9.71 9.40 9.13 9.16 8.61 8.70 7.56220 10.60 11.55 10.30 10.85 10.10 10.23 9.56 8.99240 11.60 13.52 11.30 12.70 11.00 11.98 10.40 10.52260 12.60 15.64 12.20 14.69 11.90 13.85 11.30 12.17280 13.50 17.90 13.20 16.81 12.80 15.85 12.20 13.93300 14.50 20.30 14.10 19.06 13.70 17.97 13.00 15.79320 15.40 22.83 15.00 21.44 14.70 20.22 13.90 17.76340 16.40 25.50 16.00 23.95 15.60 22.58 14.80 19.83360 17.40 28.30 16.90 26.95 16.50 25.06 15.70 22.01380 18.30 31.24 17.90 29.58 17.40 27.66 16.50 24.29400 19.30 34.32 18.80 32.22 18.30 30.38 17.40 26.68450 21.70 42.58 21.20 39.98 20.60 37.69 19.60 33.09500 24.10 51.65 23.50 48.50 22.90 45.72 21.70 40.14550 26.60 61.54 25.80 57.77 25.20 54.46 23.90 47.81600 29.00 72.22 28.20 67.80 27.50 63.91 26.10 56.10650 31.40 83.69 30.60 78.56 29.80 74.05 28.20 65.00700 33.80 95.95 32.90 90.06 32.10 84.89 30.40 74.50750 36.20 109.00 35.20 102.30 34.40 96.41 32.60 84.61800 38.60 122.80 37.60 115.30 36.60 108.60 34.80 95.31

3 -1/2 INCH TYPE K TUBING TYPE L TUBING TYPE M TUBING PIPE*



60 2.14 0.54 2.09 0.51 2.05 0.49 2.00 0.4670 2.49 0.71 2.44 0.67 2.39 0.64 2.33 0.6080 2.84 0.90 2.78 0.85 2.73 0.81 2.66 0.7790 3.20 1.11 3.13 1.05 3.07 1.00 3.00 0.95

100 3.56 1.34 3.48 1.27 3.41 1.21 3.33 1.14110 3.92 1.59 3.82 1.50 3.76 1.43 3.67 1.35120 4.26 1.86 4.18 1.76 4.10 1.68 4.00 1.58130 4.62 2.15 4.52 2.03 4.45 1.93 4.33 1.83140 4.98 2.45 4.87 2.32 4.79 2.21 4.66 2.09150 5.34 2.78 5.21 2.62 5.12 2.50 5.00 2.36160 5.69 3.12 5.56 2.95 5.46 2.81 5.33 2.66170 6.05 3.48 5.91 3.29 5.80 3.14 5.66 2.96180 6.40 3.86 6.26 3.64 6.16 3.48 6.00 3.28190 6.76 4.25 6.60 4.02 6.49 3.83 6.33 3.62200 7.11 4.67 6.95 4.41 6.82 4.20 6.66 3.97220 7.82 5.54 7.65 5.24 7.51 4.99 7.33 4.72240 8.54 6.49 8.35 6.13 8.19 5.85 8.00 5.52260 9.25 7.50 9.05 7.09 8.87 6.76 8.66 6.39280 9.95 8.58 9.74 8.11 9.55 7.73 9.33 7.30





TECHNICAL DATA

4544




300 10.70 9.73 10.40 9.19 10.20 8.76 10.00 8.28350 12.50 12.87 12.20 12.16 11.90 11.60 11.70 10.95400 14.20 16.42 13.90 15.51 13.70 14.79 13.30 13.97450 16.00 20.36 15.60 19.23 15.40 18.33 15.00 17.32500 17.80 24.68 17.40 23.32 17.10 22.23 16.70 20.99550 19.60 29.39 19.10 27.76 18.80 26.46 18.30 24.99600 21.40 34.47 20.90 32.56 20.50 31.04 20.00 29.31650 23.10 39.92 22.60 37.71 22.20 35.94 21.60 33.95700 24.90 45.75 24.40 43.21 23.90 41.18 23.30 38.89750 26.60 51.94 26.10 49.05 25.60 46.75 25.00 44.15800 28.40 58.49 27.80 55.24 27.30 52.65 26.60 49.75850 30.20 65.40 29.60 61.77 29.00 58.87 28.30 55.59900 32.00 72.68 31.30 68.63 30.70 65.41 30.00 61.77950 33.80 80.31 33.00 75.84 32.40 72.27 31.60 68.24

1000 35.60 88.29 34.80 83.37 34.10 79.46 33.30 75.021100 39.20 105.30 38.20 99.45 37.60 94.77 36.70 89.471200 42.60 123.70 41.80 116.80 41.00 111.30 40.00 105.101300 46.20 143.50 45.20 135.50 44.50 129.10 43.30 121.901400 49.80 164.70 48.70 155.50 47.90 148.20 46.60 139.90



FLOW HEAD HEAD HEAD HEADU.S. VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSSGPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)100 2.74 0.72 2.68 0.68 2.64 0.65 2.55 0.60110 3.02 0.85 2.94 0.80 2.90 0.77 2.81 0.71120 3.29 0.99 3.21 0.94 3.16 0.90 3.06 0.83130 3.57 1.15 3.48 1.08 3.42 1.04 3.31 0.96140 3.84 1.31 3.74 1.23 3.69 1.19 3.57 1.10150 4.11 1.48 4.01 1.40 3.95 1.35 3.83 1.25160 4.39 1.67 4.28 1.57 4.21 1.51 4.08 1.39170 4.66 1.86 4.55 1.75 4.48 1.69 4.33 1.56180 4.94 2.06 4.81 1.94 4.74 1.87 4.58 1.73190 5.21 2.27 5.08 2.14 5.00 2.06 4.84 1.91200 5.49 2.49 5.35 2.35 5.27 2.26 5.10 2.09220 6.04 2.96 5.89 2.79 5.80 2.68 5.61 2.48240 6.59 3.46 6.42 3.26 6.32 3.14 6.12 2.90260 7.14 4.00 6.95 3.77 6.85 3.63 6.63 3.36280 7.69 4.57 7.49 4.31 7.38 4.15 7.14 3.84300 8.24 5.18 8.02 4.88 7.90 4.70 7.65 4.35350 9.60 6.85 9.36 6.46 9.22 6.22 8.92 5.75400 11.00 8.74 10.70 8.23 10.50 7.93 10.20 7.33450 12.40 10.83 12.00 10.20 11.90 9.83 11.50 9.08500 13.70 13.12 13.40 12.36 13.20 11.91 12.80 11.00

NOTES:*S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the localconditions and the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be addedto the values in the tables.




TECHNICAL DATA

4546



FLOW HEAD HEAD HEAD HEADU.S. VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSS VELOCITY LOSSGPM (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Ft./100 Ft.)550 15.1 15.61 14.70 14.71 14.50 14.17 14.10 13.09600 16.5 18.31 16.00 17.24 15.80 16.61 15.30 15.35650 17.9 21.19 17.40 19.96 17.10 19.23 16.60 17.77700 19.2 24.28 18.70 22.86 18.40 22.03 17.90 20.35750 20.6 27.55 20.10 25.95 19.80 25.00 19.10 23.09800 22.0 31.01 21.40 29.21 21.10 28.14 20.40 25.99850 23.30 34.67 22.80 32.65 22.40 31.46 21.70 29.05900 24.7 38.51 24.10 36.27 23.70 34.94 23.00 32.27950 26.1 42.54 25.40 40.06 25.00 38.60 24.20 35.64

1000 27.4 46.76 26.80 44.03 26.40 42.42 25.50 39.171100 30.2 55.74 29.40 52.48 29.00 50.56 28.10 46.691200 32.9 65.45 32.10 61.62 31.60 59.37 30.60 54.821300 35.70 75.89 34.80 71.45 34.20 68.83 33.10 63.551400 38.40 87.05 37.40 81.95 36.90 78.95 35.70 72.891500 41.10 98.23 40.10 93.13 39.50 89.71 38.30 82.821600 43.90 111.50 42.80 105.00 42.10 101.10 40.80 93.341800 49.40 138.80 48.10 130.60 47.40 125.80 45.80 116.102000 54.90 168.90 53.50 158.90 52.70 153.10 51.00 141.302200 60.40 201.70 58.90 189.80 58.00 182.80 56.10 168.70





TECHNICAL DATA

4746

1/2 INCHSTANDARD WEIGHT STEEL - SCH. 40 EXTRA STRONG STEEL - SCH. 80

.622" Inside Diameter .546" Inside Diameter

FLOW VELOCITY VELOCITY HEAD LOSS VELOCITY VELOCITY HEAD LOSSU.S. GPM (Ft./Sec.) (Head Ft.) (Ft./100 Ft.) (Ft./Sec.) (Head Ft.) (Ft./100 Ft.)

0.7 0.739 .008 0.74 .96 .01 1.391.0 1.056 .017 1.86 1.37 .03 2.581.5 1.58 .039 2.82 2.06 .07 5.342.0 2.11 .069 4.73 2.74 .12 9.022.5 2.64 .108 7.10 3.43 .18 13.603.0 3.17 .156 9.94 4.11 .26 19.103.5 3.70 .212 13.20 4.80 .36 25.504.0 4.22 .277 17.00 5.48 .47 32.704.5 4.75 .351 21.10 6.17 .59 40.905.0 5.28 .433 25.80 6.86 .73 50.005.5 5.81 .524 30.90 7.54 .88 59.906.0 6.34 .624 36.40 8.23 1.05 70.706.5 6.86 .732 42.40 8.91 1.23 82.407.0 7.39 .849 48.80 9.60 1.43 95.007.5 7.92 .975 55.60 10.30 1.60 109.008.0 8.45 1.109 63.00 11.00 1.90 123.008.5 8.98 1.25 70.70 11.60 2.10 138.009.0 9.50 1.40 78.90 12.30 2.40 154.009.5 10.03 1.56 87.60 13.00 2.60 171.00

10.0 10.56 1.73 96.60 13.70 2.90 189.00

3/4 INCHSTANDARD WEIGHT STEEL - SCH. 40 EXTRA STRONG STEEL - SCH. 80

.824" Inside Diameter .742" Inside Diameter


1.5 0.90 .013 0.72 1.11 .02 1.192.0 1.20 .023 1.19 1.48 .03 1.992.5 1.50 .035 1.78 1.86 .05 2.973.0 1.81 .051 2.47 2.23 .08 4.143.5 2.11 .069 3.26 2.60 .11 5.484.0 2.41 .090 4.16 2.97 .14 7.014.5 2.71 .114 5.17 3.34 .17 8.725.0 3.01 .141 6.28 3.71 .21 10.606.0 3.61 .203 8.80 4.45 .31 14.907.0 4.21 .276 11.70 5.20 .42 19.908.0 4.81 .360 15.10 5.94 .55 25.609.0 5.42 .456 18.80 6.68 .69 32.10

10.0 6.02 .563 23.00 7.42 .86 39.2011.0 6.62 .681 27.60 8.17 1.04 47.0012.0 7.22 .722 32.50 8.91 1.23 55.5013.0 7.82 .951 37.90 9.63 1.44 64.8014.0 8.42 1.103 43.70 10.40 1.70 74.7016.0 9.63 1.44 56.40 11.90 2.20 96.7018.0 10.80 1.82 70.80 13.40 2.80 121.0020.0 12.00 2.25 86.80 14.80 3.40 149.00

VELOCITY CHART & FRICTION OF WATER(new steel pipe) at 60° F


TECHNICAL DATA

4748

1 INCHSTANDARD WEIGHT STEEL - SCH. 40 EXTRA STRONG STEEL - SCH. 80

1.049" Inside Diameter .957" InsideDiameter


2 0.74 .009 .385 .89 .01 .5993 1.11 .019 .787 1.34 .03 1.194 1.48 .034 1.270 1.79 .05 1.995 1.86 .054 1.90 2.23 .08 2.996 2.23 .077 2.65 2.68 .11 4.178 2.97 .137 4.50 3.57 .20 7.11

10 3.71 .214 6.81 4.46 .31 10.8012 4.45 .308 9.58 5.36 .45 15.2014 5.20 .420 12.80 6.25 .61 20.4016 5.94 .548 16.50 7.14 .79 26.3018 6.68 .694 20.60 8.03 1.00 32.9020 7.42 .857 25.20 8.92 1.24 40.3022 8.17 1.036 30.30 9.82 1.50 48.4024 8.91 1.23 35.80 10.70 1.80 57.2026 9.65 1.45 41.70 11.60 2.10 66.8028 10.39 1.68 48.10 12.50 2.40 77.1030 11.10 1.93 55.00 13.40 2.80 88.2035 13.00 2.62 74.10 15.60 3.80 119.0040 14.80 3.43 96.10 17.90 5.00 154.0045 16.70 4.33 121.00 20.10 6.30 194.00

1-1/4 INCHSTANDARD WEIGHT STEEL - SCH. 40 EXTRA STRONG STEEL - SCH. 80

1.380" Inside Diameter 1.278" Inside Diameter


4 .858 .011 .35 1.00 .015 .515 1.073 .018 .52 1.25 .024 .756 1.29 .026 .72 1.50 .034 1.047 1.50 .035 .95 1.75 .048 1.338 1.72 .046 1.20 2.00 .062 1.69

10 2.15 .072 1.74 2.50 .097 2.5512 2.57 .103 2.45 3.00 .140 3.5714 3.00 .140 3.24 3.50 .190 4.7516 3.43 .183 4.15 4.00 .249 6.1018 3.86 .232 5.17 4.50 .315 7.6120 4.29 .286 6.31 5.00 .388 9.2825 5.36 .431 9.61 6.25 .607 14.2030 6.44 .644 13.60 7.50 .874 20.1035 7.51 .876 18.20 8.75 1.19 27.0040 8.58 1.14 23.50 10.00 1.55 34.9050 10.70 1.79 36.20 12.50 2.43 53.7060 12.90 2.57 51.50 15.00 3.50 76.5070 15.00 3.50 69.50 17.50 4.76 103.0080 17.20 4.53 90.20 20.00 6.21 134.0090 19.30 5.79 114.00 22.50 7.86 168.00



TECHNICAL DATA

4948




4 .63 .006 .166 .73 .01 .2335 .79 .010 .246 .91 .01 .3466 .95 .014 .340 1.09 .02 .4787 1.10 .019 .447 1.27 .03 .6308 1.26 .025 .567 1.45 .03 .8009 1.42 .031 .701 1.63 .04 .990

10 1.58 .039 .848 1.82 .05 1.2012 1.89 .056 1.18 2.18 .07 1.6114 2.21 .076 1.51 2.54 .10 2.1416 2.52 .099 1.93 2.90 .13 2.7418 2.84 .125 2.40 3.27 .17 3.4120 3.15 .154 2.92 3.63 .20 4.1522 3.47 .187 3.48 3.99 .25 4.9624 3.78 .222 4.10 4.36 .30 5.8426 4.10 .261 4.76 4.72 .35 6.8028 4.41 .303 5.47 5.08 .40 7.8230 4.73 .347 6.23 5.45 .46 8.9132 5.04 .395 7.04 5.81 .52 10.1034 5.36 .446 7.90 6.17 .59 11.3036 5.67 .500 8.80 6.54 .66 12.6038 5.99 .577 9.76 6.90 .74 14.0040 6.30 .618 10.80 7.26 .82 15.4042 6.62 .681 11.80 7.63 .90 16.9044 6.93 .747 12.90 7.99 .99 18.5046 7.25 .817 14.00 8.35 1.08 20.1048 7.56 .889 15.20 8.72 1.18 21.8050 7.88 .965 16.50 9.08 1.28 23.6055 8.67 1.17 19.80 9.99 1.55 28.4060 9.46 1.39 23.40 10.90 1.80 33.6065 10.24 1.63 27.30 11.80 2.20 39.2070 11.03 1.89 31.50 12.70 2.50 45.3075 11.80 2.17 36.00 13.60 2.90 51.8080 12.60 2.47 40.80 14.50 3.30 58.7085 13.40 2.79 45.90 15.40 3.70 66.0090 14.20 3.13 51.30 16.30 4.10 73.8095 15.00 3.48 57.00 17.20 4.60 82.00

100 15.80 3.86 63.00 18.20 5.10 90.70110 17.30 4.67 75.80 20.00 6.20 109.30120 18.90 5.56 89.90 21.80 7.40 129.60130 20.50 6.52 105.00 23.60 8.70 151.60140 22.10 7.56 122.00 25.40 10.00 175.0150 23.60 8.68 139.00 27.20 11.50 201.0160 25.20 9.88 158.00 29.00 13.10 228.0170 26.80 11.15 178.00 30.90 14.80 257.0180 28.40 12.50 199.00 32.70 16.60 288.0



TECHNICAL DATA

4950




4 .63 .006 .166 .73 .01 .2335 .79 .010 .246 .91 .01 .3466 .95 .014 .340 1.09 .02 .4787 1.10 .019 .447 1.27 .03 .6308 1.26 .025 .567 1.45 .03 .8009 1.42 .031 .701 1.63 .04 .990

10 1.58 .039 .848 1.82 .05 1.2012 1.89 .056 1.18 2.18 .07 1.6114 2.21 .076 1.51 2.54 .10 2.1416 2.52 .099 1.93 2.90 .13 2.7418 2.84 .125 2.40 3.27 .17 3.4120 3.15 .154 2.92 3.63 .20 4.1522 3.47 .187 3.48 3.99 .25 4.9624 3.78 .222 4.10 4.36 .30 5.8426 4.10 .261 4.76 4.72 .35 6.8028 4.41 .303 5.47 5.08 .40 7.8230 4.73 .347 6.23 5.45 .46 8.9132 5.04 .395 7.04 5.81 .52 10.1034 5.36 .446 7.90 6.17 .59 11.3036 5.67 .500 8.80 6.54 .66 12.6038 5.99 .577 9.76 6.90 .74 14.0040 6.30 .618 10.80 7.26 .82 15.4042 6.62 .681 11.80 7.63 .90 16.9044 6.93 .747 12.90 7.99 .99 18.5046 7.25 .817 14.00 8.35 1.08 20.1048 7.56 .889 15.20 8.72 1.18 21.8050 7.88 .965 16.50 9.08 1.28 23.6055 8.67 1.17 19.80 9.99 1.55 28.4060 9.46 1.39 23.40 10.90 1.80 33.6065 10.24 1.63 27.30 11.80 2.20 39.2070 11.03 1.89 31.50 12.70 2.50 45.3075 11.80 2.17 36.00 13.60 2.90 51.8080 12.60 2.47 40.80 14.50 3.30 58.7085 13.40 2.79 45.90 15.40 3.70 66.0090 14.20 3.13 51.30 16.30 4.10 73.8095 15.00 3.48 57.00 17.20 4.60 82.00

100 15.80 3.86 63.00 18.20 5.10 90.70110 17.30 4.67 75.80 20.00 6.20 109.30120 18.90 5.56 89.90 21.80 7.40 129.60130 20.50 6.52 105.00 23.60 8.70 151.60140 22.10 7.56 122.00 25.40 10.00 175.0150 23.60 8.68 139.00 27.20 11.50 201.0160 25.20 9.88 158.00 29.00 13.10 228.0170 26.80 11.15 178.00 30.90 14.80 257.0180 28.40 12.50 199.00 32.70 16.60 288.0



TECHNICAL DATA

5150




5 .478 .004 .074 .54 .00 .1016 .574 .005 .102 .65 .01 .1397 .669 .007 .134 .76 .01 .1828 .765 .009 .170 .87 .01 .2319 .860 .012 .209 .98 .01 .285

10 .956 .014 .252 1.09 .02 .34312 1.15 .021 .349 1.30 .03 .47614 1.34 .028 .461 1.52 .04 .62816 1.53 .036 .586 1.74 .05 .80018 1.72 .046 .725 1.96 .06 .99120 1.91 .057 .878 2.17 .07 1.1622 2.10 .069 1.05 2.39 .09 1.3824 2.29 .082 1.18 2.61 .11 1.6226 2.49 .096 1.37 2.83 .12 1.8828 2.68 .111 1.57 3.04 .14 2.1630 2.87 .128 1.82 3.26 .17 2.4635 3.35 .174 2.38 3.80 .22 3.2840 3.82 .227 3.06 4.35 .29 4.2145 4.30 .288 3.82 4.89 .37 5.2650 4.78 .355 4.66 5.43 .46 6.4255 5.26 .430 5.58 5.98 .56 7.7060 5.74 .511 6.58 6.52 .66 9.0965 6.21 .600 7.66 7.06 .77 10.5970 6.69 .696 8.82 7.61 .90 12.2075 7.17 .799 10.10 8.15 1.03 13.9080 7.65 .909 11.40 8.69 1.17 15.8085 8.13 1.03 12.80 9.03 1.27 17.7090 8.60 1.15 14.30 9.78 1.49 19.8095 9.08 1.28 15.90 10.30 1.60 22.00

100 9.56 1.42 17.50 10.90 1.80 24.30110 10.52 1.72 21.00 12.00 2.20 29.20120 11.50 2.05 24.90 13.00 2.60 34.50130 12.40 2.40 29.10 14.10 3.10 40.30140 13.40 2.78 33.60 15.20 3.60 46.60150 14.30 3.20 38.40 16.30 4.10 53.30160 15.30 3.64 43.50 17.40 4.70 60.50170 16.30 4.11 49.00 18.50 5.30 68.10180 17.20 4.60 54.80 19.60 6.00 76.10190 18.20 5.13 60.90 20.60 6.60 84.60200 19.10 5.68 67.30 21.70 7.30 93.60220 21.00 6.88 81.10 23.90 8.90 113.0240 22.90 8.18 96.20 26.90 10.60 134.0260 24.90 9.60 113.0 28.30 12.40 157.0280 26.80 11.14 130.0 30.40 14.40 181.0300 28.70 12.80 149.0 32.60 16.50 208.0

VELOCITY CHARTand Friction of Water (new steel pipe) at 60° F


TECHNICAL DATA

5152




8 .536 .005 .072 .61 .01 .09710 .670 .007 .107 .76 .01 .14412 .804 .010 .148 .91 .01 .19914 .938 .014 .195 1.06 .02 .26116 1.07 .018 .247 1.21 .02 .33218 1.21 .023 .305 1.36 .03 .41120 1.34 .028 .369 1.51 .04 .49722 1.47 .034 .438 1.67 .04 .59024 1.61 .040 .513 1.82 .05 .69126 1.74 .047 .593 1.97 .06 .80028 1.88 .055 .679 2.12 .07 .91530 2.01 .063 .770 2.27 .08 1.0035 2.35 .086 .99 2.65 .11 1.3340 2.68 .112 1.26 3.03 .14 1.7145 3.02 .141 1.57 3.41 .18 2.1350 3.35 .174 1.91 3.79 .22 2.5955 3.69 .211 2.28 4.16 .27 3.1060 4.02 .251 2.69 4.54 .32 3.6565 4.36 .295 3.13 4.92 .38 4.2570 4.69 .342 3.60 5.30 .44 4.8975 5.03 .393 4.10 5.68 .50 5.5880 5.36 .447 4.64 6.05 .57 6.3185 5.70 .504 5.20 6.43 .64 7.0890 6.03 .565 5.80 6.81 .72 7.8995 6.37 .630 6.43 7.19 0.80 8.76

100 6.70 .698 7.09 7.57 0.89 9.66110 7.37 .844 8.51 8.33 1.08 11.60120 8.04 1.00 10.10 9.08 1.28 13.70130 8.71 1.18 11.70 9.84 1.50 16.00140 9.38 1.37 13.50 10.60 1.70 18.50150 10.05 1.57 15.50 11.30 2.00 21.10160 10.70 1.79 17.50 12.10 2.30 23.90170 11.40 2.02 19.70 12.90 2.60 26.90180 12.10 2.26 22.00 13.60 2.90 30.10190 12.70 2.52 24.40 14.40 3.20 33.40200 13.40 2.79 27.00 15.10 3.50 36.90220 14.70 3.38 32.50 16.70 4.30 44.40240 16.10 4.02 38.50 18.20 5.10 52.70260 17.40 4.72 45.00 19.70 6.00 61.60280 18.80 5.47 52.30 21.20 7.00 71.20300 20.10 6.28 59.60 22.70 8.00 81.60350 23.50 8.55 80.60 26.50 10.90 110.0400 26.80 11.20 105.0 30.30 14.30 144.0450 30.20 14.20 132.0 34.10 18.10 181.0500 33.50 17.40 163.0 37.90 22.30 223.0



TECHNICAL DATA

5352




10 .434 .003 .038 .49 .00 .05015 .651 .007 .077 .73 .01 .10120 .868 .012 .129 .97 .02 .16925 1.09 .018 .192 1.21 .02 .25330 1.30 .026 .267 1.45 .03 .35135 1.52 .036 .353 1.70 .04 .46440 1.74 .047 .449 1.94 .06 .59245 1.95 .059 .557 2.18 .07 .73450 2.17 .073 .676 2.43 .09 .86055 2.39 .089 .776 2.67 .11 1.0360 2.60 .105 .912 2.91 .13 1.2165 2.82 .124 1.06 3.16 .15 1.4070 3.04 .143 1.22 3.40 .18 1.6175 3.25 .165 1.38 3.64 .21 1.8380 3.47 .187 1.56 3.88 .23 2.0785 3.69 .211 1.75 4.12 .26 2.3190 3.91 .237 1.95 4.37 .29 2.5895 4.12 .264 2.16 4.61 .33 2.86

100 4.34 .293 2.37 4.85 .36 3.15110 4.77 .354 2.84 5.33 .44 3.77120 5.21 .421 3.35 5.81 .52 4.45130 5.64 .495 3.90 6.30 .62 5.19140 6.08 .574 4.50 6.79 .71 5.98150 6.51 .659 5.13 7.28 .82 6.82160 6.94 .749 5.80 7.76 .93 7.72180 7.81 .948 7.27 8.72 1.01 9.68200 8.68 1.17 8.90 9.70 1.46 11.86220 9.55 1.42 10.70 10.70 1.78 14.26240 10.40 1.69 12.70 11.60 2.07 16.88260 11.30 1.98 14.80 12.60 2.46 19.71280 12.20 2.29 17.10 13.60 2.88 22.77300 13.00 2.63 19.50 14.50 3.26 26.04320 13.90 3.00 22.10 15.50 3.77 29.53340 14.80 3.38 24.90 16.50 4.22 33.24360 15.60 3.79 27.80 17.50 4.73 37.16380 16.50 4.23 30.90 18.40 5.27 41.31400 17.40 4.68 34.20 19.40 5.81 45.67420 18.20 5.16 37.60 20.40 6.43 50.25440 19.10 5.67 41.20 21.40 7.13 55.05460 20.00 6.19 44.90 22.30 7.75 60.06480 20.80 6.74 48.80 23.30 8.37 65.30500 21.70 7.32 52.90 24.20 9.15 70.75550 23.90 8.85 63.80 26.70 11.10 85.33600 26.00 10.50 75.70 29.10 13.10 101.00650 28.20 12.40 88.60 31.60 15.50 119.00



TECHNICAL DATA

5354




15 .487 .004 .038 .54 .00 .05020 .649 .007 .064 .72 .01 .08325 .811 .010 .095 .90 .01 .12330 .974 .015 .132 1.08 .02 .17135 1.14 .020 .174 1.26 .02 .22540 1.30 .026 .221 1.44 .03 .28745 1.46 .033 .274 1.63 .04 .35550 1.62 .041 .332 1.80 .05 .43060 1.95 .059 .463 2.17 .07 .60170 2.27 .080 .614 2.53 .10 .76980 2.60 .105 .757 2.89 .13 .98690 2.92 .133 .943 3.25 .16 1.23

100 3.25 .164 1.15 3.61 .20 1.50110 3.57 .198 1.37 3.97 .24 1.79120 3.89 .236 1.62 4.33 .29 2.11130 4.22 .277 1.88 4.69 .34 2.46140 4.54 .321 2.16 5.05 .40 2.83150 4.87 .368 2.47 5.41 .45 3.22160 5.19 .419 2.79 5.78 .52 3.64170 5.52 .473 3.13 6.14 .59 4.09180 5.84 .530 3.49 6.50 .66 4.56190 6.17 .591 3.86 6.85 .73 5.06200 6.49 .655 4.26 7.22 .81 5.58220 7.14 .792 5.12 7.94 .98 6.70240 7.79 .943 6.04 8.66 1.17 7.92260 8.44 1.11 7.05 9.38 1.37 9.24280 9.09 1.28 8.13 10.10 1.60 10.66300 9.74 1.47 9.29 10.80 1.80 12.20320 10.40 1.68 10.50 11.50 2.10 13.80340 11.00 1.89 11.80 12.30 2.40 15.50360 11.70 2.12 13.20 13.00 2.60 17.40380 12.30 2.36 14.70 13.70 2.90 19.30400 13.00 2.62 16.20 14.40 3.20 21.30420 13.60 2.89 17.80 15.20 3.60 23.40440 14.30 3.17 19.50 15.90 3.90 25.70460 14.90 3.46 21.30 16.60 4.30 28.00480 15.60 3.77 23.10 17.30 4.70 30.40500 16.20 4.09 25.10 18.10 5.10 32.90550 17.80 4.95 30.20 19.90 6.20 39.70600 19.50 5.89 35.80 21.70 7.30 47.10650 21.10 6.91 41.90 23.50 8.60 55.10700 22.70 8.02 48.40 25.30 9.40 63.70750 24.30 9.20 55.40 27.10 11.40 73.00800 26.00 10.50 62.90 28.90 13.00 82.90850 27.60 11.80 70.90 30.70 14.60 93.40



TECHNICAL DATA

5554




20 .504 .004 .035 .56 .00 .04530 .756 .009 .072 .84 .01 .09240 1.01 .016 .120 1.12 .02 .15350 1.26 .025 .179 1.40 .03 .23060 1.51 .036 .250 1.67 .04 .32070 1.76 .048 .330 1.95 .06 .42480 2.02 .063 .422 2.23 .08 .54190 2.27 .080 .523 2.51 .10 .649

100 2.52 .099 .613 2.79 .12 .789110 2.77 .119 .723 3.07 .15 .943120 3.02 .142 .861 3.35 .17 1.11130 3.28 .167 1.00 3.63 .20 1.29140 3.53 .193 1.15 3.91 .24 1.48150 3.78 .222 1.31 4.19 .27 1.69160 4.03 .253 1.48 4.47 .31 1.91170 4.28 .285 1.66 4.75 .35 2.14180 4.54 .320 1.85 5.02 .39 2.38190 4.79 .356 2.05 5.30 .44 2.64200 5.04 .395 2.25 5.58 .48 2.91220 5.54 .478 2.70 6.14 .59 3.49240 6.05 .569 3.19 6.70 .70 4.13260 6.55 .667 3.72 7.26 .82 4.81280 7.06 .774 4.28 7.82 .95 5.54300 7.56 .888 4.89 8.38 1.09 6.33320 8.06 1.01 5.53 8.94 1.24 7.17340 8.57 1.14 6.22 9.50 1.40 8.06360 9.07 1.28 6.94 10.00 1.60 9.00380 9.58 1.43 7.71 10.60 1.70 9.99400 10.10 1.58 8.51 11.20 1.90 11.00420 10.60 1.74 9.35 11.70 2.10 12.10440 11.10 1.91 10.20 12.30 2.30 13.30460 11.60 2.09 11.20 12.80 2.50 14.50480 12.10 2.27 12.10 13.40 2.80 15.70500 12.60 2.47 13.10 14.00 3.00 17.00550 13.90 2.99 15.80 15.30 3.60 20.50600 15.10 3.55 18.70 16.70 4.30 24.30650 16.40 4.17 21.70 18.10 5.10 28.40700 17.60 4.84 25.30 19.50 5.90 32.80750 18.90 5.55 28.90 20.90 6.80 37.60800 20.20 6.32 32.80 22.30 7.70 42.70850 21.40 7.13 37.00 23.70 8.70 48.10900 22.70 8.00 41.40 25.10 9.80 53.80950 23.90 8.91 46.00 26.50 10.90 59.80

1000 25.20 9.87 50.90 27.90 12.10 66.201100 27.70 11.90 61.40 30.70 14.60 79.80

NOTES:*S.P.S. copper and brass pipe.No allowance has been made for age, difference in diameter, or any abnormal condition of interior surface. Any factor of safety must be estimated from the localconditions and the requirements of each particular installation. It is recommended that for most commercial design purposes a safety factor of 15 to 20% be addedto the values in the tables.



TECHNICAL DATA

5556

FRICTION LOSSES THROUGH PIPE FITTINGS & VALVES

GATE VALVE GLOBE ANGLE CHECK ORDINARY MEDIUM LONGSIZE VALVE- VALVE- VALVE- ENTRANCE STD. SWEEP SWEEP

OF PIPE WIDE 1/4 1/2 3/4 WIDE WIDE WIDE TO PIPE 90° 90° 90°(Inches) OPEN CLOSED CLOSED CLOSED OPEN OPEN OPEN LINES ELBOW ELBOW ELBOW

STRAIGHT PIPE IN FEET (EQUIVALENT LENGTH)

1/8" .14 .85 5.00 19.00 9.00 5.00 2.00 .46 .74 .65 .501/4" .21 1.25 7.00 26.00 12.00 6.00 3.00 .60 1.00 .86 .703/8" .27 1.80 9.00 36.00 16.00 8.00 4.00 .75 1.40 1.15 .90

1/2" .41 2.10 12.00 44.00 17.60 7.78 5.18 .90 1.60 1.55 1.103/4" .55 2.90 14.00 59.00 23.30 10.30 6.86 1.40 2.30 2.06 1.501" .70 3.40 18.00 70.00 29.70 13.10 8.74 1.60 2.70 2.62 2.00

1-1/4" .92 4.80 24.00 96.00 39.10 17.80 11.50 2.50 3.60 3.45 2.501-1/2" 1.07 5.60 28.00 116.00 45.60 20.10 13.40 3.00 4.50 4.03 2.90

2" 1.38 7.00 36.00 146.00 58.60 25.80 17.20 3.50 5.40 5.17 3.60

2-1/2" 1.65 8.40 41.00 172.00 70.00 30.90 20.60 4.00 6.50 6.17 4.403" 2.04 10.00 52.00 213.00 86.90 38.40 25.50 5.00 8.50 7.67 5.50

3-1/2" 2.10 12.50 60.00 246.00 100.00 52.00 24.00 5.50 10.0 8.50 6.30

4" 2.40 14.00 70.00 285.00 116.00 57.00 27.00 6.50 12.0 9.50 7.20

Use the smaller diameter in the column for pipe size.

d Smaller diameter=

D Larger diameter

ABRUPT ABRUPTCONTRACTION ENLARGEMENT

SIZE SQUARE CLOSE d d d d d dOF PIPE 45° 90° RETURN STD. STD. D D D D D D(Inches) ELBOW ELBOW BENDS TEE TEE 1/4 1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/4

STRAIGHT PIPE IN FEET (EQUIVALENT LENGTH)

1/8" .40 1.60 2.00 .50 1.60 .40 .30 .16 .74 .46 .161/4" .50 2.30 3.00 .70 2.30 .50 .40 .22 1.00 .62 .223/8" .65 3.00 4.00 .90 3.00 .65 .50 .29 1.40 .83 .29

1/2" .83 4.00 5.00 1.00 3.10 .80 .60 .36 1.60 1.20 .363/4" 1.10 5.00 6.00 1.40 4.10 1.00 .80 .48 2.30 1.40 481" 1.40 6.00 7.00 1.80 5.30 1.50 1.00 .62 2.70 1.60 .62

1-1/4" 1.84 8.00 9.00 2.30 6.90 1.70 1.40 .83 3.60 2.30 .831-1/2" 2.15 9.50 11.00 2.70 8.10 2.00 1.60 .97 4.50 2.70 .97

2" 2.76 13.00 14.00 3.50 10.30 2.50 2.00 1.30 5.40 3.50 1.30

2-1/2" 3.29 15.00 16.00 4.10 12.30 3.00 2.50 1.50 6.50 4.00 1.503" 4.09 18.00 19.00 5.10 15.30 4.00 2.90 1.80 8.00 4.80 1.80

3-1/2" 4.50 20.00 22.00 6.30 20.00 4.50 3.40 2.10 10.00 5.60 2.10

4" 5.00 23.00 25.00 7.20 23.00 5.00 4.00 2.40 12.00 6.40 2.40

NOTE: 1/8" to 4" are standard pipe sizes.


TECHNICAL DATA

5756

HYDRONIC WATER FLOW CALCULATOR(Gallons Per Minute for Btuh at Various Water Temperature Drops)

WATER TEMPERATURE DROP10°F 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F

Btuh GPM101,000 20.2 10.1 6.7 5.1 4.0102,000 20.4 10.2 6.8 5.1 4.1103,000 20.6 10.3 6.9 5.2 4.1104,000 20.8 10.4 6.9 5.2 4.2105,000 21.0 10.5 7.0 5.3 4.2106,000 21.2 10.6 7.1 5.3 4.2107,000 21.4 10.7 7.1 5.4 4.3108,000 21.6 10.8 7.2 5.4 4.3109,000 21.8 10.9 7.3 5.5 4.4110,000 22.0 11.0 7.3 5.5 4.4111,000 22.2 11.1 7.4 5.6 4.4112,000 22.4 11.2 7.5 5.6 4.5113,000 22.6 11.3 7.5 5.7 4.5114,000 22.8 11.4 7.6 5.7 4.6115,000 23.0 11.5 7.7 5.8 4.6116,000 23.2 11.6 7.7 5.8 4.6117,000 23.4 11.7 7.8 5.9 4.7118,000 23.6 11.8 7.9 5.9 4.7119,000 23.8 11.9 7.9 6.0 4.8120,000 24.0 12.0 8.0 6.0 4.8121,000 24.2 12.1 8.1 6.1 4.8122,000 24.4 12.2 8.1 6.1 4.9123,000 24.6 12.3 8.2 6.2 4.9124,000 24.8 12.4 8.3 6.2 5.0125,000 25.0 12.5 8.3 6.3 5.0126,000 25.2 12.6 8.4 6.3 5.0127,000 25.4 12.7 8.5 6.4 5.1128,000 25.6 12.8 8.5 6.4 5.1129,000 25.8 12.9 8.6 6.5 5.2130,000 26.0 13.0 8.7 6.5 5.2131,000 26.2 13.1 8.7 6.6 5.2132,000 26.4 13.2 8.8 6.6 5.3133,000 26.6 13.3 8.9 6.7 5.3134,000 26.8 13.4 8.9 6.7 5.4135,000 27.0 13.5 9.0 6.8 5.4136,000 27.2 13.6 9.1 6.8 5.4137,000 27.4 13.7 9.1 6.9 5.5138,000 27.6 13.8 9.2 6.9 5.5139,000 27.8 13.9 9.3 7.0 5.6140,000 28.0 14.0 9.3 7.0 5.6141,000 28.2 14.1 9.4 7.1 5.6142,000 28.4 14.2 9.5 7.1 5.7143,000 28.6 14.3 9.5 7.2 5.7144,000 28.8 14.4 9.6 7.2 5.8145,000 29.0 14.5 9.7 7.3 5.8146,000 29.2 14.6 9.7 7.3 5.8147,000 29.4 14.7 9.8 7.4 5.9148,000 29.6 14.8 9.9 7.4 5.9149,000 29.8 14.9 9.9 7.5 6.0150,000 30.0 15.0 10.0 7.5 6.0

WATER TEMPERATURE DROP10°F 20°F 30°F 40°F 50°F

Btuh GPM151,000 30.2 15.1 10.1 7.6 6.0152,000 30.4 15.2 10.1 7.6 6.1153,000 30.6 15.3 10.2 7.7 6.1154,000 30.8 15.4 10.3 7.7 6.2155,000 31.0 15.5 10.3 7.8 6.2156,000 31.2 15.6 10.4 7.8 6.2157,000 31.4 15.7 10.5 7.9 6.3158,000 31.6 15.8 10.5 7.9 6.3159,000 31.8 15.9 10.6 8.0 6.4160,000 32.0 16.0 10.7 8.0 6.4161,000 32.2 16.1 10.7 8.1 6.4162,000 32.4 16.2 10.8 8.1 6.5163,000 32.6 16.3 10.9 8.2 6.5164,000 32.8 16.4 10.9 8.2 6.6165,000 33.0 16.5 11.0 8.3 6.6166,000 33.2 16.6 11.1 8.3 6.6167,000 33.4 16.7 11.1 8.4 6.7168,000 33.6 16.8 11.2 8.4 6.7169,000 33.8 16.9 11.3 8.5 6.8170,000 34.0 17.0 11.3 8.5 6.8171,000 34.2 17.1 11.4 8.6 6.8172,000 34.4 17.2 11.5 8.6 6.9173,000 34.6 17.3 11.5 8.7 6.9174,000 34.8 17.4 11.6 8.7 7.0175,000 35.0 17.5 11.7 8.8 7.0176,000 35.2 17.6 11.7 8.8 7.0177,000 35.4 17.7 11.8 8.9 7.1178,000 35.6 17.8 11.9 8.9 7.1179,000 35.8 17.9 11.9 9.0 7.2180,000 36.0 18.0 12.0 9.0 7.2181,000 36.2 18.1 12.1 9.1 7.2182,000 36.4 18.2 12.1 9.1 7.3183,000 36.6 18.3 12.2 9.2 7.3184,000 36.8 18.4 12.3 9.2 7.4185,000 37.0 18.5 12.3 9.3 7.4186,000 37.2 18.6 12.4 9.3 7.4187,000 37.4 18.7 12.5 9.4 7.5188,000 37.6 18.8 12.5 9.4 7.5189,000 37.8 18.9 12.6 9.5 7.6190,000 38.0 19.0 12.7 9.5 7.6191,000 38.2 19.1 12.7 9.6 7.6192,000 38.4 19.2 12.8 9.6 7.7193,000 38.6 19.3 12.9 9.7 7.7194,000 38.8 19.4 12.9 9.7 7.8195,000 39.0 19.5 13.0 9.8 7.8196,000 39.2 19.6 13.1 9.8 7.8197,000 39.4 19.7 13.1 9.9 7.9198,000 39.6 19.8 13.2 9.9 7.9199,000 39.8 19.9 13.3 10.0 8.0200,000 40.0 20.0 13.3 10.0 8.0

NOTE: Btu/hr = 500 x gpm DT(°F)


PRODUCT NAME

158

Heat Losses From Bare Steel Pipe

Based On 70° Surrounding Air

100 120 150 180 210 240

1/2 13 22 40 60 82 1063/4 15 27 50 74 100 1311 19 34 61 90 123 160

1-1/4 23 42 75 111 152 1981-1/2 27 48 85 126 173 224

2 33 59 104 154 212 2752-1/2 39 70 123 184 252 327

3 46 84 148 221 303 3933-1/2 52 95 168 250 342 444

4 59 106 187 278 381 4965 71 129 227 339 464 6036 84 151 267 398 546 7098 107 194 341 509 697 906

10 132 238 420 626 857 111412 154 279 491 732 1003 130514 181 326 575 856 1173 152716 203 366 644 960 1314 171118 214 385 678 1011 1385 180220 236 426 748 1115 1529 1990

Temperature of Pipe, Deg. F

Heat Losses From Covered Pipe85 Percent Magnesia Type

BTU Per Linear Foot Per Hour Per °F TemperatureDIfference (Surrounding Air Assumed 75° F)

Max. Temp. of Pipe Surface °F.PipeSize

Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe, BTU per Hour

Heat Losses From Bare Tarnished Copper Tube

Based On 70° Surrounding Air

100 120 150 180 210 240

1/4 4 8 14 21 29 373/8 6 10 18 28 37 481/2 7 13 22 33 45 595/8 8 15 26 39 53 683/4 9 17 30 45 61 791 11 21 37 55 75 97

1-1/4 14 25 45 66 90 1171-1/2 16 29 52 77 105 135

2 20 37 66 97 132 1712-1/2 24 44 78 117 160 206

3 28 51 92 136 186 2403-1/2 32 59 104 156 212 274

4 36 66 118 174 238 3075 43 80 142 212 288 3736 51 93 166 246 336 4328 66 120 215 317 435 562

10 80 146 260 387 527 68112 94 172 304 447 621 802

Temperature of Pipe, Deg. FDiameterof Pipe,Inches Heat Loss per Lineal Foot of Pipe, BTU per Hour

125 175 225 275

1/2 1 .145 .150 .157 .160

3/4 1 .165 .172 .177 .180

11 .190 .195 .200 .203

1-1/2 .160 .165 .167 .170

1-1/41 .220 .225 .232 .237

1-1/2 .182 .187 .193 .197

1-1/21 .240 .247 .255 .260

1-1/2 .200 .205 .210 .215

1 .282 .290 .297 .303

2 1-1/2 .230 .235 .240 .243

2 .197 .200 .205 .210

1 .322 .330 .340 .345

2-1/2 1-1/2 .260 .265 .270 .275

2 .220 .225 .230 .237

1 .375 .385 .395 .405

3 1-1/2 .300 .305 .312 .320

2 .253 .257 .263 .270

1 .419 .430 .440 .450

3-1/2 1-1/2 .332 .339 .345 .352

2 .280 .285 .290 .295

1 .460 .470 .480 .492

4 1-1/2 .362 .370 .379 .385

2 .303 .308 .315 .320

1 .545 .560 .572 .585

5 1-1/2 .423 435 .442 .450

2 .355 .360 .367 .375

1 .630 .645 .662 .680

6 1-1/2 .487 .500 .510 .520

2 .405 .415 .420 .430

1 .790 .812 .835 .850

8 1-1/2 .603 .620 .635 .645

2 .495 .507 .517 .527

Insulation,Thickness,

Inches

Diameterof Pipe,Inches


TECHNICAL DATA

5958

TYPICAL SYMBOLS

GLOBE VALVE CIRCULATOR PUMP

GATE VALVE FLOAT-TYPE VENT

BALL VALVE SPIROVENT AIR

SEPARATOR

THERMOSTATIC

RADIATOR VALVE (TRV) UNION

DRAIN / FILL VALVE

EXPANSION TANK

ELECTRONIC ZONE VALVE

BLOWER

ANGLE TRV VALVE

PRESSURE REDUCING FINNED-TUBE BASEBOARD

VALVE

3-WAY MIXING VALVE HEAT EXCHANGER COIL

4-WAY MIXING VALVE

THERMOMETER

SWING CHECK VALVE

BACKFLOW PREVENTER PRESSURE GAUGE

PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

DIVERTER TEE

FLO-CHECK VALVE

METERED BALANCING VALVE HEAT EXCHANGER


TECHNICAL DATA

5960

( ((

( ((

) ) )

) ))

AFFINITY LAWS: Effect of change of speed orimpeller diameter on centrifugal pumps.

GPM Capacity Ft. Head BHP

Impeller D2 D22 D2

3

Diameter F2 = F1 H2 = H1 P2 = P1

Change D1 D1 D1

RPM2 RPM22 RPM2

3

Speed F2 = F1 H2 = H1 P2 = P1

Change RPM1 RPM1 RPM1

Where F = Flow, GPM, H = Head, FT, D = Impeller Dia. in inches,P = Power, BHP, RPM = Pump Speed


TECHNICAL DATA

6160

Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutionsof Ethylene Glycol

Percent Ethylene Glycol Freezing Boiling Point,By Mass By Volume Point °F °F at 14.6 psia

0.0 0.0 32.0 2125.0 4.4 29.4 213

10.0 8.9 26.2 21415.0 13.6 22.2 21520.0 18.1 17.9 21621.0 19.2 16.8 21622.0 20.1 15.9 21623.0 21.0 14.9 21724.0 22.0 13.7 21725.0 22.9 12.7 21826.0 23.9 11.4 21827.0 24.8 10.4 21828.0 25.8 9.2 21929.0 26.7 8.0 21930.0 27.7 6.7 22031.0 28.7 5.4 22032.0 29.6 4.2 22033.0 30.6 2.9 22034.0 31.6 1.4 22035.0 32.6 -0.2 22136.0 33.5 -1.5 22137.0 34.5 -3.0 22138.0 35.5 -4.5 22139.0 36.5 -6.4 22140.0 37.5 -8.1 22241.0 38.5 -9.8 22242.0 39.5 -11.7 22243.0 40.5 -13.5 22344.0 41.5 -15.5 22345.0 42.5 -17.5 22446.0 43.5 -19.8 22447.0 44.5 -21.6 22448.0 45.5 -23.9 22449.0 46.6 -26.7 22450.0 47.6 -28.9 22551.0 48.6 -31.2 22552.0 49.6 -33.6 22553.0 50.6 -36.2 22654.0 51.6 -38.8 22655.0 52.7 -42.0 22756.0 53.7 -44.7 22757.0 54.7 -47.5 22858.0 55.7 -50.0 22859.0 56.8 -52.7 22960.0 57.8 -54.9 23065.0 62.8 a 23570.0 68.3 a 24275.0 73.6 a 24880.0 78.9 -52.2 25585.0 84.3 -34.5 27390.0 89.7 -21.6 28595.0 95.0 -3.0 317

a Freezing points are below -60°F

Freezing and Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutionsof Propylene Glycol

Percent Ethylene Glycol Freezing Boiling Point,By Mass By Volume Point °F °F at 14.6 psia

0.0 0.0 32.0 2125.0 4.8 29.1 212

10.0 9.6 26.1 21215.0 14.5 22.9 21220.0 19.4 19.2 21321.0 20.4 18.3 21322.0 21.4 17.6 21323.0 22.4 16.6 21324.0 23.4 15.6 21325.0 24.4 14.7 21426.0 25.3 13.7 21427.0 26.4 12.6 21428.0 27.4 11.5 21529.0 28.4 10.4 21530.0 29.4 9.2 21631.0 30.4 7.9 21632.0 31.4 6.6 21633.0 32.4 5.3 21634.0 33.5 3.9 21635.0 34.4 2.4 21736.0 35.5 0.8 21737.0 36.5 -0.8 21738.0 37.5 -2.4 21839.0 38.5 -4.2 21840.0 39.6 -6.0 21941.0 40.6 -7.8 21942.0 41.6 -9.8 21943.0 42.6 -11.8 21944.0 43.7 -13.9 21945.0 44.7 -16.1 22046.0 45.7 -18.3 22047.0 46.8 -20.7 22048.0 47.8 -23.1 22149.0 48.9 -25.7 22150.0 49.9 -28.3 22251.0 50.9 -31.0 22252.0 51.9 -33.8 22253.0 53.0 -36.7 22354.0 54.0 -39.7 22355.0 55.0 -42.8 22356.0 56.0 -46.0 22357.0 57.0 -49.3 22458.0 58.0 -52.7 22459.0 59.0 -56.2 22460.0 60.0 -59.9 22565.0 65.0 a 22770.0 70.0 a 23075.0 75.0 a 23780.0 80.0 a 24585.0 85.0 a 25790.0 90.0 a 27095.0 95.0 a 310a Above 60% by mass, solutions do not freeze but become a glass.


TECHNICAL DATA

Table 7-8: ANSI 150 (125) and 300 (250) lb. Steel Flange Dimensi ons

Nom. Dia. of Flange Flange thk. Bolt Circle Dia.

dia. (OD) inches. (t) inches. (BC) inches. No. of Bolts Bolt Size

(in.) 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb. 150 lb. 300 lb.

1/2 3 1/2 3 3/4 7/16 9/16 2 3/8 2 5/8 4 4 1/2 1/2

3/4 3 7/8 4 5/8 1/2 5/8 2 3/4 3 1/4 4 4 1/2 5/8

1 4 1/4 4 7/8 9/16 11/16 3 1/8 3 1/2 4 4 1/2 5/8

1 1/4 4 5/8 5 1/4 5/8 3/4 3 1/2 3 7/8 4 4 1/2 5/8

1 1/2 5 6 1/8 11/16 13/16 3 7/8 4 1/2 4 4 1/2 3/4

2 6 6 1/2 3/4 7/8 4 3/4 5 4 8 5/8 5/8

2 1/2 7 7 1/2 7/8 1 5 1/2 5 7/8 4 8 5/8 3/4

3 7 1/2 8 1/4 15/16 1 1/8 6 6 5/8 4 8 5/8 3/4

3 1/2 8 1/2 9 15/16 1 3/16 7 7 1/4 8 8 5/8 3/4

4 9 10 15/16 1 1/4 7 1/2 7 7/8 8 8 5/8 3/4

5 10 11 15/16 1 3/8 8 1/2 9 1/4 8 8 3/4 3/4

6 11 12 1/2 1 1 7/16 9 1/2 10 5/8 8 12 3/4 3/4

8 13 1/2 15 1 1/8 1 5/8 11 3/4 13 8 12 3/4 7/8

10 16 17 1/2 1 3/16 1 7/8 14 1/4 15 1/4 12 16 7/8 1

12 19 20 1/2 1 1/4 2 17 17 3/4 12 16 7/8 1 1/8

14 OD 21 23 1 3/8 2 1/8 18 3/4 20 1/4 12 20 1 1 1/8

16 OD 23 1/2 25 1/2 1 7/16 2 1/4 21 1/4 22 1/2 16 20 1 1 1/4

18 OD 25 28 1 9/16 2 3/8 22 3/4 14 3/4 16 24 1 1/8 1 1/4

20 OD 27 1/2 30 1/2 1 11/16 2 1/2 25 27 20 24 1 1/8 1 1/4

24 OD 32 36 1 7/8 2 3/4 29 1/2 32 20 24 1 1/4 1 1/2

Notes: 1. SAE Grade 5 or better fasteners are recommended for 150 - 300 lb. flange service.2. Steel flange configurations for attachment are slip-on, welding neck, socket weld or threaded. Flanges are

manufactured in a variety of mating faces, with the flat or raised face being the most common for water supplyservice.

3. Ductile Iron flange dimensions for 250 psi service are the same as steel for 150 psi service.4. ANSI flanges are available rated for 150,300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 psi service. 5. Pressure ratings:

a. 250 psi DI flanges are continuously rated at 400 psi for cool water service (<100 F) in 12 and smaller sizes. b. 150 and 300 psi steel flanges have a continuously rating of 275 and 720 psi respectively for cool water service.

6. Flanged column pipe for suspended pump applications do not generally match ANSI standard in consideration ofspace and strength requirements.

62


TECHNICAL DATA

6362

Table 7-9: ANSI 150 (125) lb. Flange Guide - Gasket and Machine Bolt Dimensi ons

PIPE No. Mach. Bolt Gasket Dimensions

SIZE Bolts Dimension Ring Full Face

2 4 5/8 X 2 3/4 2 3/8 X 4 1/8 2 3/8 X 6

2 1/2 4 5/8 X 3 2 7/8 X 4 7/8 2 7/8 X 7

3 4 5/8 X 3 3 1/2 X 5 3/8 3 1/2 X 7 1/2

3 1/2 8 5/8 X 3 4 X 6 3/8 4 X 8 1/2

4 8 5/8 X 3 4 1/2 X 6 7/8 4 1/2 X 6 7/8

5 8 3/4 X 3 1/4 5 9/16 X 7 3/4 5 9/16 X 10

6 8 3/4 X 3 1/4 6 5/8 X 8 3/4 6 5/8 X 110

8 8 3/4 X 3 1/2 8 5/8 X 11 8 5/8 X 13 1/2

10 12 7/8 X 3 3/4 10 3/4 X 13 3/8 10 3/4 x 16

12 12 7/8 X 4 12 3/4 X 16 1/8 12 3/4 X 19

Note: All dimension are in inches where applicable.


TECHNICAL DATA

6364

Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables

Acceleration gravity 9.80665 meter/second2

Acceleration gravity 32.2 feet/second2

Acceleration gravity 9.80665 meter/second2

Acceleration gravity 32.2 feet/second2

acre 4,046.856 meter2

acre 0.40469 hectareacre 43,560.0 foot2

acre 4,840.0 yard2

acre 0.00156 mile2 (statute)acre 0.00404686 kilometer2

acre 160 rods2

acre feet 1,233.489 meter2

acre feet 325,851.0 gallon (US)acre feet 1,233.489 meter3

acre feet 325,851.0 gallonacre-feet 43560 feet3

acre-feet 102.7901531 meter3

acre-feet 134.44 yards3

ampere 1 coulombs/secondampere 0.0000103638 faradays/secondampere 2997930000.0 statamperesampere 1000 milliamperesampere/meter 3600 coulombsangstrom 0.0001 micronsangstrom 0.1 millimicrons atmosphere 101.325 kilopascalatmosphere 1.0332 kg/cm2

atmosphere 0.10133 megapascalatmosphere 14.7 pound force/inch2

atmosphere 101325.0 newtons/meter2

atmosphere 760 torrsatmosphere 1.01325 barsatmosphere 33.8995 feet of H2O @ 40°Fatmosphere 1033.29 cm of H2O @ 4°Catmosphere 76 cm of Hg @ 0°Catmosphere 29.530 inches of Hg @ 32°Fatmosphere 760 mm of Hg @ 0°Cbars .98692 atmospherebars .1 kilopascalbars 14.50377 pound force/inch2

bars 1019.72 grams force/cm2

bars 75.0062 cm of Hg @ 0°Cbars 29.530 feet of H2O @ 40°Fbars 76 inches of Hg @ 0°Cbars 14.5038 psibarrels of oil(US) 42.0 gallons (US)barrels of oil(US) 5.61458 feet3

barrels of oil(US) 163.6592 litersboard feet 144 inch3

board feet 0.08333 foot3

board feet 2359.74 cm3

british thermal unit (BTU) 777.649 foot pound-force british thermal unit (BTU) 1,055.056 joulebritish thermal unit (BTU) 25020.1 foot poundalsbritish thermal unit (BTU) 251.996 calorie,gbritish thermal unit (BTU) 0.2520 kg-caloriebritish thermal unit (BTU) 0.000292875 kw-hoursbritish thermal unit (BTU) 0.00001 thermsbritish thermal unit (BTU) 0.000393 hp-hoursbritish thermal unit (BTU) 1054.35 watt-secondsbritish thermal unit (BTU) 10.544 x 103 ergsbritish thermal unit (BTU) 0.999331 BTU (IST)

BTU/min 0.01758 kilowattsBTU/min 0.02358 horsepowerbyte 8.000001 bitscalorie, g 0.00397 british thermal unitcalorie, g 0.00116 watt-hourcalorie, g 4184.00 x 103 ergscalorie, g 3.08596 foot pound-forcecalorie, g 4.184 joulescalorie, g 0.000001162 kilowatt-hourcalorie, g 42664.9 gram-force cmcalorie, g/hr 0.00397 btu/hrcalorie, g/hr 0.0697 wattscandle/cm2 12.566 candle/inch2

candle/cm2 10000.0 candle/meter2

candle/inch2 144.0 candle/foot2

candle power 12.566 lumenscarats 3.0865 grainscarats 200.0 milligramscelsius 1.8 C°+ 32 fahrenheitcelsius 273.16 + C° kelvincentimeter 0.39370 inchcentimeter 0.03281 footcentimeter 0.01 metercentimeter 10 millimetercm grams -force 0.0000723 foot pound-forcecm of Hg 0.1934 pound/inch2

cm/sec 0.0328 feet/seccm/sec 1.9685 feet/mincm/sec 0.0006 km/mincm/sec 0.0194 knotscm/sec 0.000373 miles/hourcm/sec/sec 0.0328 feet/sec/seccm/sec/sec 0.01 meters/sec/secchains 66.0 feetchains 20.117 metercircles 360 degreescircles 400 gradescircles 6.2832 radianscircles 12.0 signscircular inches 0.7854 inch2

centimeter2 0.15500 inch2

centimeter2 0.00108 foot2

centimeter2 127.324 circular mmcentimeter2 100.0 mm2

centimeter2 0.0001 meter2

centimeter2 155000.0 mils3

centimeter3 0.06102 inch3

centimeter3 0.00042 board feetcentimeter3 0.000035315 feet3

centimeter3 0.000001 meters3

centimeter3 0.27051 dramscentimeter3 0.06102 gallons (US)centimeter3 0.001 litercentimeter3 0.03381 ouncescentimeter3 0.00211 pintscentimeter3 0.00106 quartscentipose 0.001 pascal-secondcentistokes 0.000001 meter2/secondcoulombs 1.0 amp-hours coulombs 0.000010364 faradays coulombs 2997900000 statcoulombsdays 24.0 hours

UNIT x FACTOR = UNIT UNIT x FACTOR = UNIT


TECHNICAL DATA

6564

Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables (continued)

days 1440. minutesdays 0.00273 yearsdays 86400 secondsdecimeter 10. centimetersdecimeter 3.937 inchdecimeter 0.32808 feetdecimeter3 61.02 inch3

degrees 60.0 minutesdegrees 3600.0 secondsdegrees 0.01111 quadrantsdegrees 0.01745 radiansdegrees 1.111 gradesdynes 0.00001 newtonsdynes/cm2 0.000001 barselectron volts 1.6021 x 10-12 ergsergs 9.4845 x 10-11 british thermal unitergs 1.0 x 10-7 joulesergs 7.376 x 10-8 foot pound-forceergs 2.3885 x 10-8 grams-calorieergs 0.278 x 10-10 watt-hoursergs 1.0 dynes-cmergs/sec 1.341 x 10-10 horsepowerfahrenheit (F°-32)/1.8 celsiusfahrenheit 0.55556 celsiusfahrenheit 459.72 + F° rankinfarads 100000 statamperes farads 1.00049 statfaradsfarads 100000 microfaradsfathoms 6.0 feetfathoms 1.828 metersfathoms 2 yardsfeet of H2O 2.98898 kilopascalfeet of H2O 0.4336 pound force/inch2

feet/second 0.508 cm/secondfeet/second 0.00508 meter/secondfeet2/second 0.000001 meter2/secondfoot 304.80 millimetersfoot 30.480 centimeterfoot 0.30480 meterfoot 0.015151 chains foot 0.000189 milesfoot 0..166667 fathomsfoot - poundals 3.9968 x 10-5 british thermal unitfoot - poundals 0.010072 cal, gramfoot - poundals 0.03108 foot pound-forcefoot - poundals 0.042133 joulefoot - pound force 1.35582 joulefoot - pound force 0.00128 british thermal unitfoot/hour (linear) 0.508 Cm/minutefoot/min .00508 meter/secfoot/sec .3048 meter/secfoot pound force 1.35582 newton meterfoot2 92,903.04 millimeter2

foot2 929.0304 centimeter2

foot2 0.09290 meter2

foot2 0.11111 yard2

foot2 0.00002 acrefoot2 3.5873 x 10-8 mile2

foot3 0.00781 cords of woodfoot3 12.0 board feetfoot3 1728.0 inches3

foot3 28316.8 centimeter3

foot3 0.02832 meter3

foot3 28.32 liter (liq.)foot3 59.842 pint (liq.)foot3 29.922 quart (liq.)foot3 7.48052 gallon (liq.)foot3 0.03704 yardfoot3/hour .0283168 meter3/hourfoot3/hour 0.0167 feet3/minutefoot3/hour 7.4805 gallons/hourfoot3/minute 0.283168 meter3/minutefoot3/minute 471.95 centimeter3/secondfoot3/second 448.8306 gallon/minutefoot3/second 0.02832 meter3/secondfoot3/second 28.31658 liter/secondfoot3/second 120.0 foot3/hourfoot3/pound 120.0 centimeter3/gramfoot3 H2O 28.31413 Kilogramfoot3 H2O 62.42197 poundfoot3 H2O 28.31413 Kilogramfoot3 H2O 62.42197 poundfurlongs 660.0 feetfurlongs 20116.8 centimetersfurlongs 201.17 metersfurlongs 7920 inchesfurlongs 220.0 yards gallon (US liq.) 8.0 pintgallon (US liq.) 4.0 quartgallon (US liq.) 3.0689 x 10-6 acre feetgallon (US liq.) 0.00379 meter3

gallon (US liq.) 3.785 litergallon (US liq.) 0.13368 foot3

gallon (US liq.) 8.33 poundsgallon H2O 3.78625 kilogramgallon H2O 3.78625 kilogramgallon H2O 8.34725 poundgallon/minute 0.00006 meter3/secondgallon/minute 0.06309 liter/secondgallon/minute 0.00144 million gallons/daygallon/minute (gpm) 0.00223 foot3/second (cfm)gallons/inch/mile/day 0.03259 liter/mm/km/daygallons/inch/mile/day 0.03259 liter/mm/km/daygausses 10000.0 gamma gausses 6.4516 lines/inch2

gausses 6.452 x 10-8 webers/inch2

gram/centimeter3 1,00.00 kilogram/meter3

grades 0.0025 circlesgrades 0.0025 circumfrenceesgrades 0.9 degreesgrades 54 minutesgrades 0.0025 revolutionsgrades 3240 secondsgrains 0.32399 caratsgrains 0.01667 drams (troy)grains 0.03657 drams (avdp)grains 64.7989 milligramsgrains 0.00017 pounds (troy)grains 0.00014 pounds (avdp)grams 5.0 caratsgrams 0.2572 drams (troy)grams 0.5644 drams (avdp)grams 15.432 grains



TECHNICAL DATA

6566

Table 7-19: Unit Conversi on Tables (continued)

grams 0.001 kilogramsgrams 1000.0 milligramsgrams 0.03215 ounce (troy)grams 0.03527 ounce (avdp)grams 0.00220 poundgrams force/cm2 98.0665 pascalgrams force/cm2 0.00034 pound force/inch2

hectare 10,000.00 meter2

hectare 2.47105 acrehenries 1000.0 millihenrieshenries 1.113 x 10-12 stathenhenrieshorsepower (mech) 2542.47 btu/hrhorsepower (mech) 0.746 kilowattshorsepower (mech) 64160.0 calories, gram/hrhorsepower (mech) 7.457 x 109 ergs/secondhorsepower (mech) 1980000.0 foot pound-force/hourhorsepower (mech) 0.076 horsepower (boiler)horsepower (mech) 0.9996 horsepower (electric)horsepower (mech) 1.0139 horsepower (metric)horsepower (mech) 745.7 joules/sechorsepower (mech) 0.212 tons of refrig.horsepower (mech) 745.7 wattshorsepower (boiler) 33445.7 btu/hrhorsepower (boiler) 140671.6 calories, gram/minhorsepower (boiler) 9.8097 x 1010 ergs/secondhorsepower (boiler) 13.155 horsepower (mech)horsepower (boiler) 13.1497 horsepower (electric)horsepower (boiler) 13.337 horsepower (metric)horsepower (boiler) 13.149 horsepower (metric)horsepower (boiler) 9809.5 joules/sechorsepower (boiler) 9.8095 kilowattshorsepower (electric) 2547.16 btu/hrhorsepower (electric) 178.298 calories, gram/sechorsepower (electric) 7.46 x 109 ergs/secondhorsepower (electric) 1.0004 horsepower (mech)horsepower (electric) 0.0745 horsepower (boiler)horsepower (electric) 1.01428 horsepower (metric)horsepower (electric) 0.99994 horsepower (metric)horsepower (electric) 746 joules/sechorsepower (electric) 0.746 kilowattshorsepower (metric) 2511.3 btu/hrhorsepower (metric) 632800 calories, gram/hrhorsepower (metric) 7.355 x 109 ergs/secondhorsepower (metric) 0.9863 horsepower (mech)horsepower (metric) 0.07498 horsepower (boiler)horsepower (metric) 0.9859 horsepower (electric)horsepower (metric) 0.98587 horsepower (water)horsepower (metric) 735.499 wattshorsepower (metric) 0.7355 kilowattshorsepower (water) 0.076 horsepower (boiler)horsepower (water) 1.00006 horsepower (electric)horsepower (water) 1.00046 horsepower (mech)horsepower (water) 1.0143 horsepower (metric)horsepower (water) 0.746043 kilowattsinch 25.4 millimetersinch 2.54 centimeterinch 0.08333 feetinch 0.0278 yardsinch 1000 milsinch of Hg 3.37416 kilopascalinch of Hg 0.49116 pound force/inch2

inch of Hg 0.03342 Atmosphereinch of Hg 0.03386 barsinch of Hg 34.532 grams force/cm2

inch pound force 0.11299 newton meterinch2 645.10 millimeter2

inch2 6.4516 centimeter2

inch3 16.387 millimeter3

inch3 16.39 centimeter3

inch3 0.01639 decimeter3

joule 0.73756 foot* pound forcejoule 0.00095 british thermal unitkilogram 35.274 ouncekilogram 2.20462 poundkilogram 0.001 metric ton (tonne)kilogram 1000.0 gramskilogram force 9.80681 newtonkilogram force/cm2 98.0665 kilopascalkilogram force/cm2 14.22335 pound force/inch2

kilogram force/meter2 9.80665 pascalkilogram/meter3 0.06243 pound/foot3

kilogram/meter3 1.68554 pound/yard3

kilogram/meter3 0.00835 pound/gallonkilogram/meter3 0.00084 ton/yard3

kilogram/meter3 0.001 metric ton/meter3

kilogram/metre 0.67197 pound/footkilometer 0.62137 milekilometer 0.00000000000010 light yearskilonewton 100000000.0 dyneskilopascal 1,000. pascalkilopascal 0.01 barkilopascal 0.14504 pound force/inch2

kilopascal 0.33456 feet of H2Okilopascal 0.29637 inches of Hgkilopascal 0.001 megapascalkilopascal 0.00987 atmospherekilowatts 3414.4 btu/hrkilowatts 2655000 foot-pound force/hrkilowatts 1.34 horsepower (elec&mech)kilowatts 0.1019 horsepower (boiler)kilowatts 1.3596 horsepower (metric)knots 0.868976 kilometers/hourknots 1.688 feet/secondknots 1.1508 miles/hourleagues 18240.0 feetliter 0.03531 foot3

liter 0.001 meter3

liter 1,000. milliliter3

liter 2.113 pintliter 1.057 quartliter 0.2642 gallonliter 1. decimeter3

liter/minute 0.0353 foot3/minuteliter/minute .26417 gallon/minuteliter/second 0.035315 foot3/secondliter/second 15.851 gallon/minuteliter/mm/km/day 10.800 gallons/in/mile/dayliter/mm/km/day 10.800 gallons/in/mile/dayliter/second 0.001 meter3/secondlumens 0.0015 wattslumens/foot2 10.7639 lumens/meter2

lux 0.0929 foot-candlesmegapascal 1,000. kilopascal



TECHNICAL DATA

6766

Table 7-19: Unit Conversion Tables (continued)

megapascal 145.0377 pound force/inch2

megapascal 9.86923 atmospheremegapascal 10. barmeter 3.28084 footmeter 1.09361 yardmeter 0.00062 milemeter 0.1988 rodsmeter2 10.76391 foot2

meter2 1.19599 yard2

meter2 0.00025 acremeter2 0.0001 hectareMeter3 0.00081 acre feetmeter3 35.315 foot3

meter3 264.17 gallonmeter3 1.308 yard3

meter3 1,000. literMeter3 0.00081 acre feetmeter3/second 35.315 foot3/secondmeter3/second 15,850.3 gallon/minutemeter3/second 1,00. liter/secondmeter3/second 22.82447 million gallons/daymeters/second2 3.280840 feet/second2

metric ton (tonne) 2,204.6 poundmetric ton (tonne) 1.1023 ton (US)metric ton (tonne) 1,000. kilogrammetric ton/meter3 0.84277 ton/yard3

micrometers 10000.0 angstromsmile (statute) 1,609.344 metermile (statute) 1.60934 kilometermile (statute) 5,280. footmile (statute) 1,760. Yardmile2 640.0 acremiles/hour .447 meter/secmiles/hour 88.0 feet/minutemiles/hour 1.609344 meter/sec miles/hour 1.6093 kilometers/hourmiles/hour 1.852 knotsmiles/hour 1.6093 kilometers/hourmiles/hour 1.852 knotsmillimeter2 0.00155 inch2

millimeter2 0.00155 foot2

millimeter3 0.00006 inch3

milliliters 1.00 cm3

milliliters 0.06102 inch3

milliliters 0.001 litersmilliliters 0.0338 ounces (fld)milliliters 0.00211 pints (fld)millimeters 0.03937 inchesmillimeters 0.00328 footmillimeters 0.01 centimetersmillimeters 0.001 metersmillimeters 39.37 milsmillimeters 1000.0 micronsmillimeters 1000.0 micrometersmillion gallons/day 694.44 gallon/minutemillion gallons/day 0.04381 meter3/secondnewton 0.22481 pound forcenewton 0.10197 kilogram forcenewton meter 0.73756 foot pound forcenewton meter 8.85073 inch pound forcenewton/meter2 0.00015 pound force/inch2

newton/meter2 1.0 pascal

ohms 100000.0 micro ohmsounce 28.3495 gramounce 437.5 grainounce 0.02835 poundounce 0.2835 kilogramounce-force/inch2 4.3942 gram-force/cm2

ounce-force/inch2 0.0625 pound force/inch2

parts/million 0.05842 grains/gallon (US)parts/million 1.0 grams/ton (metric)parts/million 0.0001 percentpascal 1. newton/meter2

pascal 0.00750062 torrpint 0.4732 literpint 0.01671 feet3

pint 28.875 inch3

poise 0.100 pascal-secondpound 7000 grainspound 453.5924 grampound 0.45359 kilogrampound 0.00045 metric ton (tonne)pound 0.0005 tonpound 16. ouncepound 0.0005 tonpound (apoth or troy) 0.82286 pound (avdp)pound force 4.44822 newtonpound force/inch2 6,894.757 pascalpound force/inch2 6.89476 kilopascalpound force/inch2 0.00689 megapascalpound force/inch2 0.07031 kilogram force/cm2

pound force/inch2 6,894.757 newton/meter2

pound force/inch2 0.06895 barpound force/inch2 0.06805 atmospherepound force/inch2 2.307 feet of H2Opound force/inch2 2.036 inch of Hgpound of H2O 0.01602 feet3

pound/foot 1.48816 kilogram/metrepound/foot3 16.01846 kilogram/meter3

pound/foot3 0.0135 ton/yard3

pound/gallon 119.82640 kilogram/meter3

pound/yard3 0.59328 kilogram/meter3

quart 0.9463 literquart 2.0 pintradians 57.2957 degreesrods 502.92 centimetertablespoon 180 drops of liquidteaspoon 60 drops of liquidton 0.90719 metric ton (tonne)ton 907.18 kilogramton/yard3 1,186.553 kilogram/meter3

ton/yard3 1.18655 metric ton/meter3

ton/yard3 74.07407 pound/foot3

torr (Torricellis) 1.0 mm of Hgwatts 0.000948 btu/secwatts 680 lumenswatts 0.00134 horsepoweryard 0.91440 meteryard 91.44 centimeteryard 0.0005682 milesyard2 0.83613 meter2

yard2 9.0 foot2

yard2 0.00021 acreyard3 0.7646 meteryard3 27.0 foot3



Being responsible is our foundationThinking ahead makes it possible

Innovation is the essence

L-TG-PG-001 Rev. 09/02

Printed in the U.S.A.

GRUNDFOS Pumps Corporation17100 W. 118th TerraceOlathe, KS 66061Phone +1-913-227-3400Fax: +1-913-227-3500

www.grundfos.com

GRUNDFOS Canada, Inc.2941 Brighton RoadOakville, Ontario L6H 6C9, CanadaPhone: +1-913-829-9533Fax: +1-905-829-9512

Bombas GRUNDFOS de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.Boulevard TLC #15Parque Stiva AeropuertoApodaca, N.L. Mexico C.P. 66600 Phone: +52-81-8144-4000Fax: +52-81-8144-4010

Subject to alterations.


grundfos technical guide

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