gsm controlled car

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NUMITECH SOLUTIONS

REPORT

On

GSM control robot

Submitted in partial fulfilmentOf

B.TECH (E.C.E)

Submitted To:Submitted By:

Name Name

H.O.D (E.C.E) B.TECH

(E.C.E)


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Objective

The main objective of this project to build a unique kind of robotic algorithm to achieve a

new kind of approachability in the field of robotics. The GSM controlled car with wireless

spy CAM is one of those types of different view for automation in machines. These car are

designed to go at different places without man.

A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-

mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus

able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or

movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own.

The basic purpose of this robot is to provide automation for the utility machines that are

operated in manual mode for removing different obstructions form fixed terrain in a remotelocation.


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INTRODUCTION


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Conventionally, Wireless-controlled robots use rf circuits, which have the drawbacks of

limited working range, limited frequency range and the limited control. Use of a mobile

phone for robotic control can overcome these limitations. It provides the advantage of

robust control, working range as large as the coverage area of the service provider, no

interference with other controllers and up to twelve controls.

Although the appearance and the capabilities of robots vary vastly, all robots share the

feature of a mechanical, movable structure under some form of control. The Control of

robot involves three distinct phases: perception, processing and action. Generally, the

preceptors are sensors mounted on the robot , processing is done by the on-board

microcontroller or processor, and the task is perfomed using motors or with some other

actuators.

In this project the robot, is controlled by a mobile phone that makes call to the mobile

phone attached to the robot in the course of the call, if any button is pressed control

corresponding to the button pressed is heard at the other end of the call. This tone is

called dual tone multi frequency tome (DTMF) robot receives this DTMF tone with the

help of phone stacked in the robot The received tone is processed by the atmega16

microcontroller with the help of DTMF decoder MT8870 the decoder decodes the DTMF

tone in to its equivalent binary digit and this binary number is send to the microcontroller,

the microcontroller is preprogrammed to take a decision for any give input and outputs its

decision to motor drivers in order to drive the motors for forward or backward motion or

turn.

The mobile that makes a call to the mobile phone stacked in the robot acts as a remote. So

this simple robotic project does not require the construction of receiver and transmitter

units.

DTMF signaling is used for telephone signaling over the line in the voice frequency band

to the call switching center. The version of DTMF used for telephone dialing is known as

touch tone.

DTMF assigns a specific frequency (consisting of two separate tones) to each key s that it

can easily be identified by the electronic circuit. The signal generated by the DTMF

encoder is the direct al-gebric submission, in real time of the amplitudes of two

sine(cosine) waves of different frequencies, i.e. ,pressing 5 will send a tone made by

adding 1336hz and 770hz to the other end of the mobile.


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In order to control the robot, you have to make a call to the cellphone attached to the

robot from any phone.

now the phone is picked by the phone on the robot through autoanswer mode(which is in

the phn, just enable it).

now when you press 2 the robot will move forward

when you press 4 the robot will move left

when you press 8 the robot will move backwards

when you press 6 the robot will move right

when you press 5 the robot will stop.

To connect the hands free with the circuit

there are always two connections which come out of the phone,these connections are


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1. Tip

2. Ring

i'll prefer to use handsfree which have a straight jack (similar to the ones which we use in our

ipods, but a thinner one)

the tip of that jack is called the "tip"

and the rest part behind the tip after a black strip is the ring So connect these two connections

with the circuit and you will be done

What is GSM ?

Global System for Mobile (GSM) is a second generation cellular standard developed to cater

voice services and data delivery using digital modulation

GSM System Architecture

GSM System Architecture Consist

Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile Equipment (ME)Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)


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Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Network Switching Subsystem(NSS)

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Home Location Register (HLR)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Authentication Center (AUC)

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Block diagram:


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Circuit Diagram

8051

MOTOR DERIVE

CIRCUIT

5v POWER SUPPLY

+12v power

DC MOTOR

DTMF 9170

SPY CAMERA


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Circuit Diagram


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Power Section

Figure 1

GSM interface Circuit


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Figure 2

Microcontroller unit


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H- BRIDGE Circuit

Component detail


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1. MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52) 1

2. PCB 2

3. 12-0-12, 750Ma 1

4. POWER LEAD 1

5. IN 4007 4

6. 1000uf,25V 1

7. 10uf, 25V 2

8. LM 7805 1

9. 330 ohM 5

10. 4.7K 2

11. 1K 2

12. LED 2

13. 40 PIN IC BASE 1

14. 33 pf 2

15. CRYSTAL 12MHZ 1

16. P817 2

17. DC MOTOR 2

18. DTMF 8870 1

19. SPY CAMERA 1

COMPONENT DETAIL


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POWER SUPPLY

Summary of circuit features

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current

capability of 100 mA

Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator

IC gets too hot

Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build

Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation

Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components

Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuitsuccesfully as part of many electronics projects

Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply

Power supply voltage: Unreglated DC 8-18V power supply

Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA

Component costs: Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer

cost

Introduction


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The +5 volt supply is useful for both analog and digital circuits. DTL, TTL, and CMOS ICs

will all operate nicely from a +5 volt supply. In addition, the +5 volt supply is useful for

circuits that use both analog and digital signals in various ways.

More importantly for our purposes, the +5 volt supply will be used as the primary reference

for regulating all of the other power supplies the we will build. We can do this very easily if

we use operational amplifiers as the controlling elements in the power supply circuits. We'll

see how this works after completing the basic +5 volt supply.

Schematic Diagram


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The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This IC

contains all the circuitry needed to accept any input voltage from 8 to 18 volts and produce a

steady +5 volt output, accurate to within 5% (0.25 volt). It also contains current-limiting


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circuitry and thermal overload protection, so that the IC won't be damaged in case of

excessive load current; it will reduce its output voltage instead.

The 1000f capacitor serves as a "reservoir" which maintains a reasonable input voltage to

the 7805 throughout the entire cycle of the ac line voltage. The two rectifier diodes keep

recharging the reservoir capacitor on alternate half-cycles of the line voltage, and the

capacitor is quite capable of sustaining any reasonable load in between charging pulses.

The 10f and .01f capacitors serve to help keep the power supply output voltage constant

when load conditions change. The electrolytic capacitor smooths out any long-term or low

frequency variations. However, at high frequencies this capacitor is not very efficient.

Therefore, the .01f is included to bypass high-frequency changes, such as digital ICswitching effects, to ground.

The LED and its series resistor serve as a pilot light to indicate when the power supply is on.

I like to use a miniature LED here, so it will serve that function without being obtrusive or

distracting while I'm performing an experiment. I also use this LED to tell me when the

reservoir capacitor is completely discharged after power is turned off. Then I know it's safe to

remove or install components for the next experiment.

REGULATOR 7805

Features

Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V


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Thermal Overload Protection

Short Circuit Protection

Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection

Component list

7805 regulator IC

4 Diodes(1N4007)

1000 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 25V voltage rating

10 uF electrolytic capacitor, at least 6V voltage rating

100 nF ceramic or polyester capacitor

Discussion

The +5 volt power supply is based on the commercial 7805 voltage regulator IC. This

simplifies the design and layout of the circuit considerably, because all of the regulating

circuitry as well as current limiters and overload protection are built into the IC. As a result,

little is needed in the way of support circuitry.

We do still need the external capacitors. One thing that is very difficult to achieve in ICs is a

capacitor of high capacitance value. Therefore, the electrolytic capacitors must be provided to

work with the IC. The disc ceramic capacitor must also be of a higher value than is readily

obtainable within an IC, so it, too, must be provided externally.

The resistor and the LED pilot light are not necessary for the correct operation of the power

supply. However, they do serve to indicate when power is on, and also help to discharge the

1000f reservoir capacitor when power is turned off.

The 7805 voltage regulator IC is capable of handling load currents up to an ampere or so.

However, the IC will dissipate a fair amount of heat when the load current gets this high.

Without a heat sink, the IC will get hot and shut itself down at load currents above about 150


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mA. If you add a heat sink for a TO-220 case (available at Radio Shack), this power supply

can easily deliver an ampere or more to its load. The placement of the components was

carefully selected to allow room for such a heat sink to be installed. You may have to bend

the IC over a bit to allow the heat sink to remain clear of all other components and jumpers

on the breadboard. The heat sink will not be required for any of the experiments and projects

on these pages.

When you have finished testing the operation of your +5 volt supply, make sure power to

your circuit is turned off.

DC MOTOR

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying

conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it

will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the

external magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid,

opposite (North and South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South

and South) repel. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the

magnetic interaction between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to

generate rotational motion.Let's start by looking at a simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here

red represents a magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green represents a

magnet or winding with a "South" polarization).
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Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field

magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that BEAMers will see), the

external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets1. The stator is the

stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more

permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator)

rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the

windings being electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a

common motor layout -- with the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.

The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when

power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are

misaligned, and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets.

As the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and

energize the next winding. Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the

direction ofcurrent through the rotor winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field,

driving it to continue rotating.

In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very common

number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how with

our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly

aligned with the field magnets), it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor,

there is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch

both commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste

energy, and damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple

motor is that it would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount oftorque it could

produce is cyclic with the position of the rotor).

You'll notice a few things from this -- namely, one pole is fully energized at a time (but two

others are "partially" energized). As each brush transitions from one commutator contact to

the next, one coil's field will rapidly collapse, as the next coil's field will rapidly charge up

(this occurs within a few microsecond). We'll see more about the effects of this later, but in

the meantime you can see that this is a direct result of the coil windings' series wiring:
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There's probably no better way to see how an

average DC motor is put together, than by justopening one up. Unfortunately this is tedious work,

as well as requiring the destruction of a perfectly

good motor.

Luckily for you, I've gone ahead and done this in

your stead. The guts of a disassembled Mabuchi FF-

030-PN motor (the same model that Solarbotics

sells) are available for you to see here (on 10 lines /

cm graph paper). This is a basic 3-pole DC motor,

with 2 brushes and three commutator contacts.

The use of an iron core armature (as in the Mabuchi, above) is quite common, and has a

number of advantages2. First off, the iron core provides a strong, rigid support for the

windings -- a particularly important consideration for high-torque motors. The core also

conducts heat away from the rotor windings, allowing the motor to be driven harder than

might otherwise be the case. Iron core construction is also relatively inexpensive compared

with other construction types.

But iron core construction also has several disadvantages. The iron armature has a relatively

high inertia which limits motor acceleration. This construction also results in high winding

inductances which limit brush and commutator life.

In small motors, an alternative design is often used which features a 'coreless' armaturewinding. This design depends upon the coil wire itself for structural integrity. As a result, the
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armature is hollow, and the permanent magnet can be mounted inside the rotor coil. Coreless

DC motors have much lower armature inductance than iron-core motors of comparable size,

extending brush and commutator life.

Diagram courtesy ofMicroMo

The coreless design also allows manufacturers to build smaller motors; meanwhile, due to the

lack of iron in their rotors, coreless motors are somewhat prone to overheating. As a result,

this design is generally used just in small, low-power motors. BEAMers will most often see

coreless DC motors in the form of pager motors.

Again, disassembling a coreless motor can be instructive --

in this case, my hapless victim was a cheap pager vibrator

motor. The guts of this disassembled motor are available

for you to see here (on 10 lines / cm graph paper). This is

(or more accurately, was) a 3-pole coreless DC motor.

H-Bridge

An H bridge is an electronic circuit which enables a voltage to be applied across a load in

either direction. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC
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motors to run forwards and backwards. H bridges are available as integrated circuits, or can

be built from discrete components

General

The term H bridge is derived from the typical graphical representation of such a circuit. An H

bridge is built with four switches (solid-state or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4

(according to the first figure) are closed (and S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be

applied across the motor. By opening S1 and S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches,

this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse operation of the motor.

Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the sametime, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the

switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.

Operation
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The two basic states of an H bridge

The H-bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also

be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motor's terminals

are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnectedfrom the circuit. The following table summarises operation.

S1 S2 S3 S4 Result

1 0 0 1 Motor moves right

0 1 1 0 Motor moves left

0 0 0 0 Motor free runs

0 1 0 1 Motor brakes

1 0 1 0 Motor brakes
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BC 547

CHARACTERISTICS


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CHARACTERISTICS


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OPTO COUPLERS

In electronics, an opto-isolator, also called an optocoupler, photocoupler, or optical

isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals by utilizing light

waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its input and output". [1] The main

purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one

side of the circuit from damaging components or distorting transmissions on the other side."[2]

Commercially available opto-isolators withstand input-to-output voltages up to 10 kV[3] and

voltage transients with speeds up to 10 kV/s.[

An opto-isolator contains a source (emitter) of light, almost always a near infrared light-

emitting diode (LED), that converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel

(also called dielectrical channel[5]), and a photosensor, which detects incoming light and

either generates electric energy directly, or modulates electric current flowing from an

external power supply. The sensor can be a photoresistor, a photodiode, a phototransistor, a

silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) or a triac. Because LEDs can sense light in addition to

emitting it, construction of symmetrical, bidirectional opto-isolators is possible. An

optocoupled solid state relay contains a photodiode opto-isolator which drives a power

switch, usually a complementary pair of MOSFET transistors. A slotted optical switch

contains a source of light and a sensor, but its optical channel is open, allowing modulation of

light by external objects obstructing the path of light or reflecting light into the sensor.

Photoresistor-based opto-isolators were introduced in the 1960s. They are the slowest, but

also the most linear isolators and still retain a niche market in audio and music industry.

Commercialization of LED technology in 19681970 caused a boom in optoelectronics, andby the end of the 1970s the industry developed all principal types of opto-isolators. The

majority of opto-isolators on the market use bipolar silicon phototransistor sensors. [6] They

attain medium data transfer speed, sufficient for applications like electroencephalography.[7]

The fastest opto-isolators use PIN diodes in photoconductive mode and contain electronic

circuitry for amplification, shaping and interfacing of the signal detected by the sensor, and

can attain data transfer rates of 50 MBd.[8] Their role in computing and communications is

being challenged by new integrated isolation devices based on microminiature transformers,

capacitive coupling or spin valves.


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Types of opto-isolators

Device type Source of light Sensor type Speed

Current

transfer ratio

Resistive opto-

isolator

(Vactrol)

Incandescent light

bulb CdS or CdSe

photoresistor(LDR)

Very low

100%[24]

Opto-isolated

triacGaAs infrared LED TRIAC

Low to

mediumVery high

Opto-isolated

mausDoNs infrared LED TRIAC Low to high Extremely high

Solid-state relayStack of GaAs

infrared LEDs

Stack of photodiodes

driving

a pair of MOSFETs or

an IGBT

Low to

high[note 7]

Practically

unlimited

GSM Decoder


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1) 8051 Microcontroller

Embedded system employs a combination of software & hardware to perform a specific

function. It is a part of a larger system which may not be a computerWorks in a reactive

& time constrained environment.

Any electronic system that uses a CPU chip, but that is not a general-purpose workstation,

desktop or laptop computer is known as embedded system. Such systems generally use

microprocessors; microcontroller or they may use custom-designed chips or both. They

are used in automobiles, planes, trains, space vehicles, machine tools, cameras, consumer

and office appliances, cell phones, PDAs and other handhelds as well as robots and toys.

The uses are endless, and billions of microprocessors are shipped every year for a myriad

of applications.

In embedded systems, the software is permanently set into a read-only memory such as a

ROM or flash memory chip, in contrast to a general-purpose computer that loads its

programs into RAM each time. Sometimes, single board and rack mounted general-

purpose computers are called "embedded computers" if used to cont

Embedded System Applications:-

Consumer electronics, e.g., cameras, cell phones etc.

Consumer products, e.g. washers, microwave ovens etc.

Automobiles (anti-lock braking, engine control etc.)

Industrial process controller & defense applications.

Computer/Communication products, e.g. printers, FAX machines etc.

Medical Equipments.

ATMs

Aircrafts

Mechanical field

Electrical field


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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MICROPROCESSORS

AND MICROCONTROLLERS:

A Microprocessor is a general purpose digital computer central processingunit(C.P.U) popularly known as CPU on the chip. The Microprocessors

contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/P O/P ports on the chip itself.

On the other hand a Microcontroller has a C.P.U(microprocessor) in addition

to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer all on a single chip.

In order to make a Microprocessor functional we must add RAM, ROM, I/O

Ports and timers externally to them,i.e any amount of external memory can be

added to it. But in controllers there is a fixed amount of memory which makes them ideal

for many applications.

The Microprocessors have many operational codes(opcodes) for moving data

from external memory to the C.P.U

Whereas Microcontrollers may have one or two operational codes.

DISADVANTAGES OF MICROPROCESSORS

OVER MICROCONTROLLERS

System designed using Microprocessors are bulky

They are expensive than Microcontrollers

We need to add some external devices such as PPI chip, Memory,

Timer/counter chip, Interrupt controller chip,etc. to make it functional.

Types of microcontroller architecture:

There are two types of Microcontroller architecture designed for embedded system

development. These are:

1) RISC- Reduced instruction set computer

2) CISC- Complex instruction set computer


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Difference between CISC and RISC:

CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer. Most PC's use CPU based on this

architecture. For instance Intel and AMD CPU's are based on CISC architectures. Typically

CISC chips have a large amount of different and complex instructions. In common CISC

chips are relatively slow (compared to RISC chips) per instruction, but use little (less than

RISC) instructions. MCS-51 family microcontrollers based on CISC architecture.

RICS stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer. The philosophy behind it is that almost

no one uses complex assembly language instructions as used by CISC, and people mostly use

compilers which never use complex instructions. Therefore fewer, simpler and faster

instructions would be better, than the large, complex and slower CISC instructions. However,

more instructions are needed to accomplish a task. Atmells AVR microcontroller based on

RISC architecture.

History of 8051

Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called 8051 in 1981 this controller had

128 bytes of RAM, 4k bytes of on chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports all

are on single chip. The 8051 is an 8 bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8

bit data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits broken into 8 bit pieces to be processed by CPU. It

has for I/O 8 bit wide.

Features of the 8051:-

Feature Quantity

ROM 4K bytes

RAM 128 bytes

Timer 2

I/O pins 32

Serial port 1

Interrupt sources 6

8051 Architecture Overview

The 8051 family is one of the most common microcontroller architectures used worldwide.

8051 based microcontrollers are offered in hundreds of variants from many different silicon

manufacturers

The 8051 is based on an 8-bit CISC core with Harvard architecture. It's an 8-bit CPU,

optimized for control applications with extensive Boolean processing (single-bit logiccapabilities), 64K program and data memory address space and various on-chip peripherals.


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The 8051 microcontroller family offers developers a wide variety of high-integration and

cost-effective solutions for virtually every basic embedded control application. From traffic

control equipment to input devices and computer networking products, 8051 u.c deliver high

performance together with a choice of configurations and options matched to the special

needs of each application. Whether it's low power operation, higher frequency performance,

expanded on-chip RAM, or an application-specific requirement, there's a version of the 8051

microcontroller that's right for the job.

When it's time to upgrade product features and functionality, the 8051 architecture puts you

on the first step of a smooth and cost-effective upgrade path - to the enhanced performance of

the 151 and 251 microcontrollers.


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Block diagram of 8051

Internal Architecture of 8051


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Pin configuration of 8051


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There are four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports

upon RESET are configured as output, ready to be used as output ports. To use any of these

ports as an input port, it must be programmed.


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Port 0:- Port 0 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 32-39) .It can be used for input or output. To

use the pins of port 0 as both input and output ports, each pin must be connected externally to

a 10K ohm pull-up resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain, unlike P1, P2, and

P3.Open drain is a term used for MOS chips in the same way that open collector is used for

TTL chips. With external pull-up resistors connected upon reset, port 0 is configured as an

output port. For example, the following code will continuously send out to port 0 the

alternating values 55H and AAH

Port 0 as input:- With resistors connected to port 0, in order to make it an input, the port must

be programmed by writing 1 to all the bits. In the following code, port 0 is configured first as

an input port by writing 1's to it, and then data is received from the port and sent to P1.


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Dual Role of Port 0 :-Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to

be used for both address and data. When connecting an 8051/31 to an external memory, port

0 provides both address and data. The 8051 multiplexes address and data through port 0 to

save pins. ALE indicates if P0 has address or data. When ALE = 0, it provides data D0-D7,

but when ALE =1 it has address and data with the help of a 74LS373 latch.

Port 1:- Port 1 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 1 through 8). It can be used as input or output.

In contrast to port 0, this port does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up

resistors internally. Upon reset, Port 1 is configured as an output port. For example, the

following code will continuously send out to port1 the alternating values 55h & AAh

Port 1 as input:-To make port1 an input port, it must be programmed as such by writing 1 to

all its bits. In the following code port1 is configured first as an input port by writing 1s to it,

then data is received from the port and saved in R7 ,R6 & R5.

Port 2 :-Port 2 occupies a total of 8 pins (pins 21- 28). It can be used as input or

output. Just like P1, P2 does not need any pull-up resistors since it already has pull-up

resistors internally. Upon reset,Port 2 is configured as an output port. For example, the

following code will send out continuously to port 2 the alternating values 55h and AAH. That

is all the bits of port 2 toggle continuously.

Port 2 as input:- To make port 2 an input, it must programmed as such by writing 1 to all its

bits. In the following code, port 2 is configured first as an input port by writing 1s to it. Then

data is received from that port and is sent to P1 continuously.

Dual role of port 2:- In systems based on the 8751, 8951, and DS5000, P2 is used as simple

I/O. However, in 8031-based systems, port 2 must be used along with P0 to provide the 16-

bit address for the external memory. As shown in pin configuration 8051, port 2 is also

designed as A8-A15, indicating the dual function. Since an 8031 is capable of accessing 64K

bytes of external memory, it needs a path for the 16 bits of the address. While P0 provides the

lower 8 bits via A0-A7, it is the job of P2 to provide bits A8-A15 of the address. In other

words, when 8031 is connected to external memory, P2 is used for the upper 8 bits of the 16

bit address, and it cannot be used for I/O.

Port 3:- port 3 occupies a total of 8 pins, pins 10 through 17. It can be used as input or

output. P3 does not need any pull-up resistors, the same as P1 and P2 did not. Although port

3 is configured as an output port upon reset. Port 3 has the additional function of providing

some extremely important signals such as interrupts. This information applies both 8051 and


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8031 chips. There functions are as follows:-

P3.0 and P3.1 are used for the RxD and TxD serial communications signals. Bits P3.2 and

P3.3 are set aside for external interrupts. Bits P3.4 and P3.5 are used for timers 0 and 1.

Finally P3.6 and P3.7 are used to provide the WR and RD signals of external memories

connected in 8031 based systems.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during

accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash

programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/ 6 the oscillator

frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one

ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation

can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only

during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the

ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN

PORT 3 Function pin

P3.0 RxD 10

P3.1 TxD 11

P3.2 ___

Int0

12

P3.3 ___

Int1

13

P3.4 T0 14

P3.5 T1 15

P3.6 ___

WR

16

P3.7 ___

RD

17


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Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S8252

is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine

cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data

memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch

code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,

however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should

be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is

selected.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

AT89s8252

AT89S8252 is an ATMEL controller with the core of intel MCS-51. It has same pin

configuration as give above.

The AT89S8252 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K

bytes of Downloadable Flash programmable and erasable read only memory and 2K bytes of

EEPROM. The device is manufactured using Atmels high density nonvolatile memory

technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout.

The on-chip Downloadable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system

through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel

AT89S8252 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective

solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S8252 provides the following

standard features: 8K bytes of Downloadable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of

RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two Data Pointers, three 16-bit

timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip


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oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S8252 is designed with static logic for

operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and

interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power Down Mode saves the RAM contents

but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or

hardware reset.

The Downloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and is accessible through the

SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial programming

interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from unless Lock Bit 2 has

been activated.

Features

Compatible with MCS-51Products

8K bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Downloadable Flash Memory

- SPI Serial Interface for Program Downloading

- Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

2K bytes EEPROM

- Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles

4.0V to 6V Operating Range

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

Three-Level Program Memory Lock

256 x 8 bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Three 16 bit Timer/Counters

Nine Interrupt Sources

Programmable UART Serial Channel

SPI Serial Interface

Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

Interrupt Recovery From Power Down

Programmable Watchdog Timer

Dual Data Pointer

Power Off Flag

Pin Description


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Furthermore, P1.4, P1.5, P1.6, and P1.7 can be configured as the SPI slave port select, data

input/output and shift clock input/output pins as shown in the following table.

Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

Hardware interfacings and programming

There are two types of programming language used for microcontroller programming:

1)Low Level Language(Assembly Language)

2) High Level Language(C Language)_

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during

accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash

programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/ 6 the oscillator

frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one

ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation

can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only

during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the

ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.


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PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S8252

is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine

cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data

memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch

code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,

however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should

be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt

programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming when 12-volt programming is

selected.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Hardware interfacings and programming

There are two types of programming language used for microcontroller programming:

1) Low Level Language(Assembly Language)

2) High Level Language(C Language)

Advantages of C over Assembly language programming:

Knowledge of the processor instruction set is not required.


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Details like register allocation and addressing of memory and data is managed by the

compiler.

Programs get a formal structure and can be divided into separate functions.

Programming and program test time is drastically reduced, this increases efficiency.

Keywords and operational functions can be used that come closer to how humans think.

The supplied and supported C libraries contain many standard routines such as numeric

conversions.

Reusable code: Existing program parts can be more easily included into new programs,

because of the comfortable modular program construction techniques.

The C language based on the ANSI standard is very portable. Existing programs can be

quickly adapted to other processors as needed.

KEIL PROGRAMMING STEPS

Open Keil from the Start menu

The Figure below shows the basic names of the windows referred in this document

Select New Project from the Project Menu.


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Name the project Toggle.a51

Click on the Save Button.

The device window will be displayed.

Select the part you will be using to test with. For now we will use the Dallas Semiconductor

part at89s52.

Double Click on the Atmel Semiconductor.


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Scroll down and select the at89s52 Part

Click OK

Click File Menu and select New.


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A new window will open up in the Keil IDE.

Copy the example to the Right into the new window. This file will


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toggle Ports 1 and 2 with a delay.

ORG 0H

MOV A, #55H

AGAIN:

MOV P1, A

MOV P2, A

ACALL DELAY

CPL A

SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:

MOV R3, #200

OUTER: MOV R2, #0255

INNER: DJNZ R2, INNER

DJNZ R3, OUTER

RET

END

Click on File menu and select Save

As

Name the file Toggle.a51


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Click the Save Button

Expand Target 1 in the Tree Menu

Click on Project and select Targets, Groups, Files


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Click on Groups/Add Files tab Under Available Groups select Source Group 1 Click Add

Files to Group button

Change file type to Asm Source file(*.a*;

*.src)

Click on toggle.a51

Click Add buttonClick Close Button

Click OK button when you return to Target,

Groups, Files dialog box


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Expand the Source Group 1 in the Tree menu to ensure that the file was added to the project

Click on Target 1 in Tree menu Click on Project Menu and select Options for Target 1


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Select Target Tab Change Xtal (Mhz) from 50.0 to 11.0592

Select Output Tab Click on Create Hex File check box Click OK Button


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Click on Project Menu and select Rebuild all Target Files In the Build Window it should

report

0 Errors (s), 0 Warnings You are now ready to Program your Part

Comment out line ACALL DELAY by placing a Semicolon at the beginning. This will allow

you to see the port change immediately. Click on the File Menu and select Save


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Click on Project Menu and select Rebuild all Target Files In the Build Window it should

report 0 Errors (s), 0 Warnings Click on Debug Menu and Select Start/Stop Debug Session

The Keil Debugger should be now be Running.


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Click on Peripherals. Select I/O Ports, Select Port 1

A new window should port will pop up. This represent the Port and

Pins


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Step through the code by pressing F11 on the Keyboard. The Parallel Port 1 Box should

change as

you completely step through the code.

To exit out, Click on Debug Menu and Select Start/Stop Debug Session


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C PROGRAM:-

#include

//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

///*******************************************************************

void delay(unsigned int temp);

//********************************************************************

///////////////////delay routine///////////////////////////////////

void delay(unsigned int temp)

{

while(temp!=0)

{

temp--;

}

}

/////////////////////main program///////////////////////////////////////

void main()

{

P3=0x00;

P0=0x00;

while(1)

{

if(P3==0x01)

{

P0=0x09;

delay(10);

}

if(P3==0x02)

{

P0=0x06;


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delay(10);

}

if(P3==0x03)

{

P0=0x08;

delay(10);

}

if(P3==0x04)

{

P0=0x01;

delay(10);

}

if(P3==0x05)

{

P0=0x00;

delay(10);

}

}

}


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CONCLUSION

This machine is used from the farthest places. Then these types of car will be controlled

from anywhere in the world by using two 2g mobile phones.


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Bibliography

8051 microcontroller by Mohammad ALI Mazidi

Referenceswww.google.com

www.8051projects.net

www.projectinfo.com

www.numitechsolutions.com


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http://www.google.com/http://www.8051projects.net/http://www.projectinfo.com/

gsm controlled car

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