g.t.c merged presentation (3)

7/31/2019 G.T.C Merged Presentation (3)

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G.T.C Merged Presentation

--By Ankit Agarwal


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ANILINE POINT


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The aniline point is the lowest

temperature at which equal volume ofaniline and oil are completely miscible

The value gives an indicationof the aromatic content of

diesel oil, since aniline is

an aromatic compound which

is dissolved on heating by the

aromatics in diesel oil.

Cetane number (define)

Q. Describe briefly about Aniline Point


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Importance

Aniline is an aromatic compound

It becomes miscible with an oil by

dissolving aromatic compounds

present in it.

So its give an idea

about the aromatic

contents of any fuel

or oil.


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Aniline

point aromaticcontents

Aromatic

contentsAniline

point


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Diesel Index

It is derivative of aniline point

It is defined as-

[0.018A.PoC+0.32]API

It is measure of ignition quality of fuel

All the diesel fuel are processed to have a dieselindex in the range of 45 to 55

High diesel index is not desirable(as a fuel rich inaromatics gives rise to better calorific value thanparaffin rich fuel for equal weights)


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Cetane number

It is defined as percentage volume of n-cetane

in a mixture of n-cetane and alfa methyl

napthalene which gives the same ignition

delay as the fuel under consideration, when

tested in a CFR engine.


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Significance of aniline point

High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinicand hence has a high Diesel index and very good ignitionquality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and theignition quality is poor.

This test is useful for calculating Diesel Index. Diesel index is defined as:-

[0.018A.PoC+0.32]AP

It can also predict the amount of carbon present inmolecules and is given by the formula

%C=1039.4nD20 -470.4 d20-0.567 AP(oC)-1104.42where n

D20=refractive index at 20oC

d20

=density at 20oC


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ANTI-BIOTICS AND VITAMINES


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What is an Antibiotic?

Antibiotics are products of microorganisms thatreact with and inhibit the growth of other

microorganisms.

An antibiotic is a selective poison.

It has been chosen so that it will kill the desired

bacteria, but not the cells in your body. Each

different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria

in different ways.


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classification

Antibiotics can be classified in severalways. The most common methodclassifies them according to their actionagainst the infecting organism. Some

antibiotics attack the cellwall; somedisrupt the cell membrane; and themajority inhibit the synthesis ofnucleicacids andproteins, the polymers that

make up the bacterial cell.
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classification

Antibiotics are also classified on the basisof chemical structure, as penicillins,cephalosporins, aminoglycosides,tetracyclines, macrolides, or

sulfonamides, among others.


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Vitamin Characteristics

Each vitamin has one or more specificpurposes.

Vitamins are essential to life processes.

Vitamins are generally used by the body withvery minimal changes

Vitamins are usually required in only smallamounts

Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by thebody directly

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Catalytic reforming


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Define Catalytic reforming

1.{Catalytic reforming is a chemical process

used to convert petroleum refinerynaphthas, typically having low octane

ratings, into high-octane liquid products

called reformates which are componentsof high-octane gasoline (also known as

petrol). }


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Question she might ask1) Describe briefly about zeolites (2marks)answer is not in

the presentation **

2) Advantage & Disadvantage of Catalytic cracking

3) Describe FCC briefly4) Definition of Catalytatic reforming

**for any queries on the answers ask kali or prachee


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1. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC):most important conversion process used in

petroleum refineries.

2. USE: converting the high-boiling, high-M.W.hydrocarbon fractions of

petroleum crude oils to more valuable gasoline, olefinic gases and other

products.

3. FEEDSTOCK: portion of the crude oil that has an initial boiling point of 340 C

or higher at atmospheric pressure and an avg. M.W. ranging about 200 to

600 or higher(heavy gas oil).

4. PROCESS: vaporizes and breaks the long-chain molecules of the high-boilinghydrocarbon liquids into much shorter molecules by contacting the

feedstock, at high temperature and moderate pressure, with a fluidized

powdered catalyst.

Describe briefly about FCC (3marks)


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Drugs


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Type of drug ? Antipyretics lower down temperature of body.

example aspirin , paracetamol etc.

Analgesics relieve or decrease pain of body.

these are of two types narcoticnon narcotic.

example morphine , codeine , heroin ,aspirin etc.

Antiseptics prevent the growth of bacteria.They do not harm to the living tissues .

example Dettol , Savlon , boric acid etc

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Disinfectants prevents the growth of bacteria

these are harmful to living tissues and can not be used on

the skin.used for sterilization of utensils , cloath , floors.

Example phenol , chlorine , hydrogen peroxide .

Antibiotics chemical substance produced by livingcells which is capable of inhibiting the life processes ofmicro-organism.

example penicillin

Sulpha drugs - contain -SO2NH2 group.

this was the first widely used chemotherapy for thecure of bacterial infection in human.

Example- sulphapyridine , sulphadiazine .


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Anesthetics drugs which produces insensibility to vital

functions to all type of cell especially of nervous

system.Example xylocaine , ethyl chloride , nitrous oxide etc.

Tranquillizer chemicals which reduces mental tension, without grossly altering the level of consciousness .

example luminal , seconal , librium etc.

Anti-malarials- drugs that are used to cure malaria.

example primaquine , chloroquine , etc.


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Importance of drugs

chemotherapy-chemotherapy is the use

chemicals(drugs) to selectively destroy

infectious micro-organisms without

simultaneously destroying the host.

A derivative of folic acid known as

methotrexate has proved effective in the

treatment of cancer.

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CELLULOSE


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Cellulose is an organic compound with

the formula (C6H10O5)n,

a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of

several hundred to over ten thousand (14)

linked D-glucose units.


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Derivatives of cellulose are compounds in

which the cellulose has reacted as an

alcohol, giving rise to ether and ester

linkage.There are two major derivatives of

cellulose, namely, cellulose ether and

cellulose ester.


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GLASS


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INTRODUCTION

GLASS IS ANY SUBSTANCE OR MIXTURE OF

SUBSTANCES THAT HAS SOLIDIFIED FROM THE

LIQUID STATE WITHOUT CRYSTALLIZATION.

IT IS REFERRED AS MATERIAL WHICH IS MADE BY THEFUSION OF MIXTURE OF SILICA, BASIC OXIDES AND

FEW OTHER COMPONENTS REACTIVE TOWARDS

THEM

IT IS HARD (TENSILE STRENGTH: 35 TO 70 N/mm2),

BRITTLE, TRANSPARENT, OR TRANSLUCENT

MATERIAL


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CLASSIFICATION

As per composition and properties

Soda lime or crown glass

Flint glass

Pyrex or heat resistance glass

Special types of Glasses

Lead glasses

Borosilicate glasses

High silica glasses

Colored glasses

Fibre glasses


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CONSTITUENTS

aX2O, bYO, 6SiO2X = atom of alkali metal.

Y= bivalent metal.eg: Ca,Pb.

Principle constituent is silica.

Sodium and potassium carbonate

Lime

Manganese dioxide

Cullet

Coloring substance


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MANUFACTURING (important acc. To mam)

The procedure adopted in manufacture of glass

may broadly be divided into following 5

stages:

Collection of raw materials

Preparation of batch

Melting in furnace

Fabrication

Annealing
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COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

Various raw materials used are chalk, soda ash,clean sand, potassium carbonate, litharge, andcoke.

Raw materials generally contain traces of iron

compounds which imparts green color to glass.To avoid such effects, decolorizers are added(Arsenic oxide, cobalt oxide and Manganesedioxide)

Cullet: It indicates waste glasses. It increasesfusibility and prevents loss of alkali duringreaction and also reduces cost.


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PREPARATION OF BATCH AND

MELTING IN FURNACE

Raw materials, cullet and decolorizers are finely

powdered in grinding machine. Such a uniform

mixture is known as batch and it is taken for

further process of melting in furnace Batch is melted either in pot furnace or tank

furnace.

Batch is heated in large compartment and itcontains somewhat impure glass.

The furnace is heated by allowing producer gas .


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FABRICATION

Molten glass is given a suitable shape or form inthis stage.

It can either be done manually or by machines.

Different ways of Fabrication Blowing

Casting

Drawing

Pressing

Rolling

Spinning


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Schematic View Of Glass Manufacturing (flow diag. not imp)


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ANNEALING

The Glass after being manufactured is to be

cooled down slowly and gradually. This

process of slow and homogeneous cooling of

glass articles is known as annealing of glass.

It is very important process

Two methods of annealing

Flue treatment

Oven treatment


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TREATMENT OF GLASSES

Bending: The glass may bent in desired shape by placing inoven by suitable heating.

Cutting: The glass is cut in required sizes with help of

diamond or rough glasses.

Opaque making: The glass can be made impervious to light!It is done by grinding glass surface with emery

Silvering: This process consists in applying a very thin coat oftin on surface. The silver is then deposited on this layer oftin.


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POLYMER AND DETERGNETS


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POLYMER

MONOMER

She didnt ticked the other slides in classification so I


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CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS

BASED ON ORIGIN

NATURAL SEMI-SYNTHETIC SYNTHETIC(obtainedfrom

nature )(derived from naturally

occurring polymers by

chemical modifications.)

(prepared in the

laboratories )

VULCANISED RUBBER , CELLULOSE

DIACETATE

POLYTHENE , PVC

,TEFLON , NYLON

She didn t ticked the other slides in classification so I

guess she would like to know the name of others hence

other slides. so, you can refer the next slide in which all

classification is combined


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Acrylic fibers are high performance synthetic fibersthat are made from longchain synthetic polymer composed ofacrylonitrileunits.

Often used as a substitute forwool. Can be used all the year round due to theircomfort factor.

Acrylic Fabrics are mostly used to make such garments, that need to makethe wearer more and more comfortable through moisture management.


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Not only, the acrylic fabrics are high in performance butalso they have a luxurious feel.

They are lightweight.

They are comfortable to wear due to high moisturemanagement.

Dyes can be easily applied to them and they are colorfast.

In cold weather acrylics provide excellent insulation andwarmth without any extra weight.

Wh h i d ?


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What are synthetic detergents ?

Chemicals used to break up and remove grease and grime

essential constituents :

(surface active agents ie surfactants)

subsidiary constituents (builders and additives).

source is mineral oils (hydrocarbon compounds of petroleum or coal).

Molecules generally consist of two parts :

hydrophobic, non polar, long hydrocarbon chain tail attracted to particles of

oil or grease by dispersion forces (Van der Waals or London or Weak Intermolecular

Forces)

hydrophilic, charged or polar head attracted to water molecules.

less sensitive to the effects ofcalcium and magnesium ions in hard water.

Branched-chain are far less biodegradable than continuous-chain synthetic detergents.

How detergents work?
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How detergents work?Detergent shaken with water ,colloidal solutionformed

Solution agitated, gets concentrated and causesfoaming.

unimolecular film on the surface of water, penetratesthe fabric

hydrophobic (water-hating )ends surround the dirt

Hydrophilic (water-loving) ends face the water

mechanical action of rubbing or tumbling dislodges

dirt and grease from fabric.

These get detached and are washed away withexcess of water leaving the fabric clean.


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Disadvantages of detergents

resistant to the action of

biological agents and thus arenon biodegradable.Microorganisms in septic tanksand sewage-treatment plantscannot degrade branched chains.

tendency to produce stablefoams in rivers, causes waterpollution

tend to inhibit oxidation oforganic substances present inwastewaters

Modern-day detergents are designed to be

biodegradable. In some cases they are

manufactured from renewable plant-

derived resources such as carbohydrates

(sucrose, glucose) or plant oils (coconut or

palm oil).


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Advantages of detergents

clean effectively and lather well even in hard water and saltwater (sea water) ie. no scum formation

do not decompose in acidic medium

more soluble in water than soaps have a stronger cleansing action than soaps

As derived from petroleum, they save on natural vegetable

oils, which are important cooking medium.


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OCTANE NUMBER


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KnockingIt is defined as sharp sounds

caused by premature combustion of part of

the compressed air fuel mixture in an internal

combustion engine.

It may sometimes also cause damage to

engine parts.


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Definition: The octane number of a petrolsample is defined as the percentage of

isooctane(2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) in a mixture

of isooctane and n-heptane which matches thefuel under test in knocking characteristics.


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The knocking characteristics of petrol sample are described by the

octane number or antiknock value. Higher the octane number,

lower is the tendency to knock and better is the quality of petrol.Isooctane (2,2,4-trimethyl pentane) has the leat knocking

tendency and its octane number is arbitrarily fixed as 100.

n-Heptane, a straight chain hydrocarbon, has highest tendency to

knock and is assigned an octane number zero.

Octane rating does not relate to the energy content of the fuel(heating value). It is only a measure of the fuel's tendency to

burn in a controlled manner, rather than exploding in an

uncontrolled manner (knocking).

Measures the ability of a fuel to resist knocking when ignited in amixture with air in an engine.
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Effects of Octane Rating

Octane rating reflects the quality,

purity, refinement, efficiency and

heat bearing capacity of petrol.Hence we have different grades of

Petrol for different uses ranging for

your bikes to spacecrafts.


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POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

Polyvinyl chloride


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Polyvinyl chloride

# Polyvinyl chloride commonlyabbreviated PVC, is

a thermoplastic polymer. It is a vinyl

polymer constructed of repeating vinyl

groups (ethenyls) having one of

their hydrogen replaced with a chloridegroup.

Pipes


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Pipes

PVC pipes in use

with intumescent firestops at NortownCasitas, North York, Ontario.

Roughly half of the world's polyvinyl

chloride resin manufactured annually is

used for producing pipes for various

municipal and industrial applications.

Classification of polyethene


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Classification of polyethene Based on sales worldwide the most important polyethylene

grades are

# High density polyethylene (HDPE) 0.941 g/cm3

with low branching stronger intermolecular forces & high tensilestrength it find uses in products such as milk jugs, detergentbottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers and water pipes,one third of all toys are made of HDPE

# Low density polyethylene (LDPE) 0.9100.940 g/cm3

With high degree of short and long chain branching it has lessstrong intermolecular forces & therefore lower tensile strengthbut greater ductility, used for both rigid containers and plasticfilm applications

# Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) 0.9150.925 g/cm3with significant numbers of short branches ,compared to LDPE ithas higher tensile strength higher impact and punctureresistance it is used in making thin film packaging bags usedpredominantly in film applications for its toughness


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Applications

Grocery bags

Bottles

Children's toy

Bullet proof vests

Packaging

Piping

Containers

Industrial Applications Laminates

Wire & CableApplications

Blending

Plastic welding Adhesives

Appliances

AutomotiveApplications

Cosmetics

Fabrics

Flooring


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What is synthtetic rubber..??

Synthetic rubber is obtained by improving properties ofnatural rubber by treating chemically.

Synthetic rubber is any type of artificial elastomer,invariably a polymer.

An elastomer is a material with the mechanical (ormaterial) property that it can undergo much more elasticdeformation

under stress than most materials and still return to itsprevious size without permanent deformation.


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Application of synthetic rubber Polyurethane rubber are one of the best rubbers for

abrasion resistance and are therefore used inreciprocating seals.

Some synthetic rubber is used for vibration absorption.

Due to good ozone resistance. Polychloroprene rubber

is used with mineral oils and greases and dilute acidsand alkalis, but is unsuitable in contact with fuels

Chloroinated polyethylene rubber is used for hoselinings.

Polyolefin Elastomers are compatible with mostolefinic materials, are an excellent impact modifier forplastics, and offer unique performance capabilities forcompounded products.


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Currently synthetic polyisoprene is being usedin a wide variety of industries in applicationsrequiring low water swell, high gum tensile

strength, good resilience, high hot tensile, andgood tack.

Butyl rubber is widely used in manymanufacturing process.

POLYBUTADIENE also has a major applicationas an impact modifier for polystyrene


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Urea Formaldehyde Resin

Urea-formaldehyde, also known as urea-

methanal. urea-formaldehyde resin, any of a class of

synthetic resins obtained by chemical

combination of urea (a solid crystal obtained

from ammonia) and formaldehyde (a highly

reactive gas obtained from methane).

Uses and its application


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Uses and its application Urea-formaldehyde resins are mostly used as

adhesives for the bonding of plywood,particleboard, and other structured woodproducts.

It is used in decorative laminates, textiles,

paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle resistantfabrics, cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc.

Urea formaldehyde is used in agriculture as acontrolled release source of nitrogenfertilizer.

Urea-formaldehyde polymers are also used totreat textile fibres in order to improve wrinkle

and shrink resistance


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UNIT OPERATIONS

Chemical engineering unit


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Chemical engineering unit

operations

Consist of five classes: Fluid flow processes:

1. Fluidized Bed

Heat transfer processes:

1. Convection2. Condensation

3. Radiation

Mass transfer processes:

1. Principle

2. Applications: astrophysics Thermodynamic processes:

1. Gas liquefaction

Mechanical processes:

1. Crushing and pulverization


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Fluid Flow Processes

A fluidized bed is formed when a quantity of

a solid particulate substance is placed under appropriate

conditions to cause the solid/fluid mixture to behave as

a fluid.

Pressurized fluid through the particulate medium.

Results in the medium then having many properties and

characteristics of normal fluids.

The resulting phenomenon is called fluidization.


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Fluid Flow Processes

Consists of fluid-solid mixture that exhibits fluid-like

properties.

Inhomogeneous mixture of fluid and solid

Objects with different densities compared to the bed can, by

altering either the fluid or solid fraction, be caused to sink or

float.

Enables good thermal transport inside the system and good

heat transfer between the bed and its container.


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Mechanical Processes

Cornish stamps A portable rock crusher

mine rock crusher Mobile crusher

Types Of Crushers
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Heat Transfer

Exchange of thermal energy from one physical systemto another.

Classified into various mechanisms

1. Heat conduction2. Convection

3. Thermal radiation

4. Phase-change transfer.

Because of a temperature-difference.

Path Function


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Mass Transfer

Net movement of mass from one location to another.

Mass remains conserved.

Difference in concentration between two points.

Area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Thermodynamics : extent of separation .

Mass transfer : rate at which the separation will occur.


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What are Pharmaceuticals ???

A pharmaceuticals are also referred to

as medicine, medication or medicament.

They are loosely defined as any chemicalsubstance intended for use in the medical

diagnosis, cure, treatment

or prevention of disease


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Antibiotics/ Antibacterial :C d th t kill l d th th f b t i b t th


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Compound that kills or slows down the growth of bacteria but they

now denote many antimicrobial compounds.

Most of these are chemically semisynthetic modifications of various

natural compounds. Antibacterial are classified

on the basis of origin as :

biosynthetic

semisynthetic synthetic

according to biological activity,

bactericides

bacteriostatic

Beta-lactams - Penicillin

Aminoglycosides

Sulphonamides


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IMPORTANCE OF GCT


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INTRODUCTION

Gen. chem. Technology is a subject which give us insightto the various chemical industries adding value to life.

It can be treated as a tool helping in efficient use ofresources while increasing productivity of industries.

As the importance of industries to human life is enormousso the role of GCT in Industries.

The sound knowledge of it is must for chemical engineersto perform better and efficiently in industries.


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STRENGTH & WEAKNESSES

Strength Weakness

Large and very fast growing

petroleum market.

A huge pool of trainedtalent .

Competitive labour cost.

Fifth biggest in context of

distillation capacity

Insufficient baseinfrastructure.

High feedstock cost

compared to middle eastcountries.

Prevalence and use of oldtechnology.

Less oil reserves ascompared to Middle eastand American continent.


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MEPS

The extraction becomes difficult at some oil reservesduring bad climatic conditions in certain regions

during some part of year.

It heavily reduces the productivity and concur

losses.(Tomsk in Russia).

Pipeline passes through the caprice climatic

condition resulting disruptions in oil transport.

.


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MEPS

Refineries usually at small scale are built usually tohandle certain crude types.

Venezuelan crude cant be handled by refinerieshandling Middle east crude.

To enhance productivity and profit refineries need to

be located near to reserves which is not possible in

most cases.

hl lk l d


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MEPS in chlor-alkali industry

Caustic soda- Chlorine Production

Corrosion

Choice of Cell Design

Purification of Brine

Environmental concern


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MEPS

Solvay Process-Production of Na2Co3

Ammonia Recovery

Development of suitable Calcining Equipment

Waste Disposal

Economic Balance on tower Design


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CEMENT

Q i h i h k


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Questions she might ask

What is cement and types of cement

Describe briefly about portland cement

Use of cement

WHAT IS CEMENT????


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WHAT IS CEMENT????

Material with adhesive and cohesive

properties

Any material that binds or unites -

essentially like glue

Definition: Cement is a crystalline

compound of calcium silicates and other

calcium compounds having hydraulicproperties (Macfadyen, 2006).

FUNCTION OF CEMENT


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FUNCTION OF CEMENT

to bind the sand and coarse aggregate

together

to fill voids in between sand and coarse

aggregate particle

to form a compact mass

T f C t


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Types of Cement

2 types of cement normally used in buildingindustry are as follows:

a) Hydraulic Cement

b) Nonhydraulic Cement

H d li C t


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Hydraulic Cement

Hydraulic Cement sets and hardens by

action of water. Such as Portland Cement

In other words it means that hydrauliccement are:

Any cements that turns into a solid product

in the presence of water (as well as air)resulting in a material that does not

disintegrate in water.

N h d li C t


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Nonhydraulic Cement

Any cement that does not require water totransform it into a solid product.

2 common Nonhydraulic Cement are

a) Lime

- derived from limestone / chalk

b) Gypsum

PORTLAND CEMENT


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PORTLAND CEMENT

Chemical composition of Portland Cement:

a) Tricalcium Silicate (50%)

b) Dicalcium Silicate (25%)

c) Tricalcium Aluminate (10%)

d) Tetracalcium Aluminoferrite (10%)

e) Gypsum (5%)

FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE


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FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM SILICATE

Hardens rapidly and largely responsible forinitial set & early strength

The increase in percentage of this compound

will cause the early strength of Portland

Cement to be higher.

A bigger percentage of this compound will

produces higher heat of hydration and

accounts for faster gain in strength.

FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE


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FUNCTION :DICALCIUM SILICATE

Hardens slowly It effects on strength increases occurs at ages

beyond one week .

Responsible for long term strength

FUNCTION :TRICALCIUM ALUMINATE


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Contributes to strength development in the

first few days because it is the first compound

to hydrate .

It turns out higher heat of hydration andcontributes to faster gain in strength.

But it results in poor sulfate resitance and

increases the volumetric shrinkage upon drying.

Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate


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Cements with low Tricalcium Aluminate

contents usually generate less heat,

develop

higher strengths and show greater

resistance to sulfate attacks.

It has high heat generation and reactive

with soils and water containing moderate

to high sulfate concentrations so its least

desirable.

FUNCTION : TETRACALCIUM


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ALUMINOFERRITE

Assist in the manufacture of Portland Cementby allowing lower clinkering temperature.

Also act as a filler

Contributes very little strength of concrete

eventhough it hydrates very rapidly.

Also responsible for grey colour of Ordinary

Portland Cement


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MANUFACTURING OF PORTLAND


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CEMENT

The 3 primary constituents of the raw

materials used in the manufacture of

Portland Cement are:a) Lime

b) Silica

c) Alumina Lime is derived from limestone or chalk

Silica & Alumina from clay, shale or bauxite

There are 2 chief aspects of the


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manufacturing process:

FirstTo produce a finely divided mixture of raw

materials chalk / limestone and clay / shale

Second

To heat this mixture to produce chemical

composition

There 2 main process that can be used in

manufacturing of Portland Cement that is

i) wet process ii) dry process

WET PROCESS


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WET PROCESS

Raw materials are homogenized by crushing,grinding and blending so that approximately

80% of the raw material pass a No.200 sieve.

The mix will be turned into form of slurry by

adding 30 - 40% of water.

It is then heated to about 2750F (1510C) in

horizontal revolving kilns (76-153m length

and 3.6-4.8m in diameter.

Natural gas petroluem or coal are used for


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Natural gas, petroluem or coal are used for

burning. High fuel requirement may make it

uneconomical compared to dry process.

DRY PROCESS


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DRY PROCESS

Raw materials are homogenized by crushing,grinding and blending so that approximately

80% of the raw material pass a No.200 sieve.

Mixture is fed into kiln & burned in a dry state

This process provides considerable savings in

fuel consumption and water usage but the

process is dustier compared to wet process

that is more efficient than grinding.

DRY PROCES & WET PROCESS


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In the kiln, water from the raw material isdriven off and limestone is decomposed into

lime and Carbon Dioxide.

limestone lime + Carbon Dioxide In the burning zone, portion of the kiln, silica

and alumina from the clay undergo a solid

state chemical reaction with lime to producecalcium aluminate.

silica & alumina + lime calcium aluminate

DRY PROCES & WET PROCESS

The rotation and shape of kiln allow the


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The rotation and shape of kiln allow the

blend to flow down the kiln, submitting it to

gradually increasing temperature.

As the material moves through hotter

regions

in the kiln, calcium silicates are formed

These products, that are black or greenish

black in color are in the form of small

pellets, called cement clinkers

Cement clinkers are hard, irregular and ball

shaped particles about 18mm in diameter.

The cement clinkers are cooled to about


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The cement clinkers are cooled to about

150F (51C) and stored in clinker silos.

When needed, clinker are mixed with 2-5%

gypsum to retard the setting time of

cement

when it is mixed with water.

Then, it is grounded to a fine powder and

then the cement is stored in storage bins or

cement silos or bagged.

Cement bags should be stored on pallets in

a dry place.

Uses


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Uses

Cement mixed with water is virtually a plastic stone, and it canbe used for many purposes in place of stone with economy in

shaping to the form required.

It may be used for shop floors, buildings, foundations for

heavy machinery, bridge piers, walks, waterworks dams,reservoirs, walls, dry-docks, culverts, etc.

A concrete casing will protect iron or timber structures from

corrosion in air or in water, and will protect exposed iron work

of structures from effects of conflagration.

The most common use for Portland cement is in the

d f l


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production of Concrete. Concrete is a composite material

consisting of aggregate (gravel and sand), cement, and

water. Portland cement is also used in mortars (with sand and

water only) for plasters and screed, and in grouts

(cement/water mixes squeezed into gaps to consolidate

foundations, road-beds, etc.).

Cement has advantage in securing a hard, fire-proof

material

In marine use, concrete is limited because of its weight. It

may be used as permanent ballast in the bilges of steel

ships, and is an effective protection from corrosion.


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FERTILIZERS- SCANNED PICTURES


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g.t.c merged presentation (3)

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