Th e cen tral p arad ox of global en vi ron m en tal-ismis th at th e people wh o are th e m ost vocali nd efen se of n atu re are th e p eop le wh o m ostacti velyd estro yi t. A sb i o lo gi stsh averep eated lyrem i n d ed u s, th ep resen tep o ch i swi tn essto anu n p reced en tedattackonsp eci es an dh abi tats. T h em o st vi tal as well as th e m o st glam o ro u s o f th esesp eci es an dh abi tats are fou n di nth e p oorer cou n -tri es o f th e So u th ,su chas B razi l,E cu ad o r,K en ya,T an zan ia, I n don esia, an d I n dia. H owever, th e m ove-m en t for th ei r con servati oni s fu eledp ri n ci p ally byp rocesses ori gi n ati n g i nth e ri ch er cou n tri es of th eN o rth ,su chas N o rway,A u strali a,G erm an y an d ,p reem i n en tly, th e U n i tedStates.T h e A m eri canwi ld ern ess m o vem en t h as a h i s-tory th at exten d s backm ore th ana cen tu ry. I ts twom o st i n flu en ti al an dven eratedfi gu res h ave b eenJo h nM u i r 1 8 3 8 1 9 1 4 ) ,wh ofo u n d edth e Si erraC lu b , an d A ld o L eo p o ld 1 8 8 7 1 9 4 8 ) , wh o co -fou n d edth e Wi ld ern ess Soci ety. M u i r an dL eop oldadvan ced bothscien tific an d eth ical reason s for pro-tecti n g en d an geredsp eci es an deco system s.T h ey,an dth ei r colleagu es, h elp edi n sp i re th e creati onofth eN ati o n alP ark Servi ce, wh i ch i n tu rn p u ti np lace p erh ap s th e wo rld s b est m an agedsystemo fp rotectedareas.U n ti l th e m i d d le d ecad es of th i s cen tu ry, wi ld er-n ess p rotecti oni nth e U n i tedStates was th e p reoc-cu p ati o no f p reco ci o u s p i o n eers,wh o se sh o u ts o falarmso m eti m es ledtoch an ges i np u b li c p o li cy.H o wever, wh en en vi ro n m en tali sm em erged asap op u lar m ovem en t i nth e 1 960s an d1 970s, i t p ri n -ci p allyfo cu sed o n two co n cern s: th eth reatstoh u m anh ealthp o sedb y p o llu ti o n ,an dth e th reatsto wi ld sp eci esan d wi ld h ab i tatsp o sed b yeco -n o m i c ex p an si o n .T h e latter co n cernb ecam e,i nfact, th e d efi n i n g m oti f of th e m ovem en t. T h e d om -i n an ce of wi ld ern ess p rotecti oni nAm eri canen vi -ron m en tali smh as p rom otedanessen ti ally n egati veagen d a:th e p ro tecti o no f p ark s an dth ei r an i m alsby freei n g th emof h u m anh abi tati onan dp rod u c-ti ve acti vi ti es. As th e h i stori anSam u el H ays p oi n tso u t, n atu ralen vi ro n m en tswh i ch fo rm erlyh adb eenlo o k edu p o nas u seless, wai ti n g o n ly tob ed evelo p ed ,n o w cam e tob e th o u gh t o f as u sefu lfor fi lli n g h u m anwan ts an dn eed s. T h ey p layedn oless a si gn i fi can t ro le i nth e ad van cedco n su m ersoci ety th and i dsu chm ateri al good s as h i -fisets ori n door garden s.1Wh i le savi n g th ese i slan ds of bi o-d i versi ty,A m eri canen vi ro n m en tali sts h ave p ai dscan tatten ti o n to wh atwash ap p en i n go u tsi d eth em .T h i s was esp eci ally ap p aren t i nth ei r i n d i f-feren ceto A m eri ca sgro wi n gco n su m p ti o n o fen ergy an dm ateri als.T h e gro wi n g p o p u lar i n terest i nth e wi ldan dth eb eau ti fu lh asth u sn o tm erelyaccep ted th ep aram eters o f th e afflu en t so ci ety b u t ten d s toseen atu re i tself as m erely o n e m o re go o dtob e co n -su m ed . T h e u n certai ncom m i tm en t of m ost n atu relo versto am o reco m p reh en si veen vi ro n m en tali d eo lo gy i s i llu stratedb y th e p u zzle th at th ey arewi lli n g tod ri ve th o u san d s o f m i les,u si n g scarceo i l an dp o llu ti n g th e atm o sp h ere,tovi si t n ati o n alp ark s an dsan ctu ari esth u s u si n g an ti -eco lo gi calm ean s tom arvel at th e b eau ty o f fo rests,swam p s,R AM AC H AN D R A G U H A is a historian and anthropologist livingin Bangalore. Hehas taught at YaleUniversity, theIndian Insti-tute of Science, and the University of California at Berkeley.His books include a history of the Chipko movement, T h eU n q u i et Wo o d s, 2d ed. (Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 2000), and E n vi ron m en tali sm : A G lobal H i story (NewYork: Longman, 2000).Wilderness lovers like to speak of the equal rights of all species to exist.This ethical cloaking cannot hide the truth that green missionaries are possi-bly more dangerous, and certainly more hypocritical, than their economic orreligious counterparts.3 6 7The Paradox of Global EnvironmentalismR AM AC H AN D R A G U H A1Sam u elH ayes, F rom C on servati on toE n vi ron m en t:E n viron m en tal P olitics inth e U n ited States sin ce World WarTwo,Environmental Review, vol. 6, n o. 1 , 1 982, p . 21 f. Seealso H ayess Beauty, Health and Permanence: The AmericanEnvironmental Movement, 195585 C am bri d ge: C am bri d geU n i versi ty P ress, 1 987) .Nov '00 issue10/13/00 12:46 PMPage 367(Black plate)o r m o u n tai n s p ro tectedas sp eci m en s o f a p ri s-ti n ean d u n to u ch ed n atu re.CO N SUM IN GN ATUREABRO ADC ru ci ally, th e m ost gorgeou s exam ples of pri sti n en atu re are lo catedo u tsi d e th e U n i tedStates an dou tside E u rope as well) . T h e m ost ch arism atic m am -m alsth e tiger an d th e eleph an t, th e rh in oceros an dth e li o n are fo u n di nA si a an dA fri ca;th e m o stch ari sm ati c h abi tats, su chas th e rai n forest, i nL ati nA m eri ca. I n th ed ecad esafterWo rld WarI I , an dm o reso si n ceth e1 9 7 0 s, th egazeo fth eN o rthA tlan ti c wi ld ern ess lo ver h as i n creasi n gly tu rn edou tward . Wh at h i s or h er h om elan dofferedwas n otqu i te as exoti c or attracti ve as wh at m i gh t be fou n do verseas. A n d th eap p ealo ffo rei gn sp eci eswasen h an ced by n ew tech n ologies, su chas satellite tele-vi si o n ,wh i chb ro u gh t th e b eau ti es o f th e ti ger o rth e rai n forest i n to th e li vi n g room . M ean wh i le, ai rtravelh ad b eco m ech eap er, m o reex ten si ve, an dm o rereli ab le; wi th i nd ays of read i n g abou t ati ger or watch i n g i t onyou r screen , youcou ldb ewi th i ti n i tso wnwi ldh abi tat.I n resp o n seto agrowi n g global m ark etfor n atu re tou ri sman dd ri ven also b ystro n gd o m esti c p ressu res,m an y n ati o n s i nth e d evelo p -i n g Sou thh ave u n d ertak enam bi ti ou s p rogram s toco n serve an dd em arcate h ab i tats an dsp eci es fo rstri ct p rotecti on . F or i n stan ce, wh enI n d i a becam ei n d ep en d en t i n1 947, i t h adless th ana h alf-d ozenwi ld li fe reserves;i t n o w h as m o re th an4 0 0p ark san dsan ctu ari es, coveri n g 4.3 p ercen t of th e cou n -tryth ere are p rop osals to d ou ble th i s area) . A si m -i larex p an si o n o fterri to ryu n d erwi ld ern essco n servati o ncanb e o b servedi no th er A si anan dAfri cancou n tri es too. T h ese p ark s are govern edbytwo axi om s: th at wi ld ern ess h as to be bi g, con ti n u -ou s wi ld ern ess an dth at all h u m ani n terven ti oni sbad for th e reten tionof diversity. T h ese axiom s h aveledto th e con sti tu ti onof n u m erou s very large san c-tu ari es, wi tha total banonh u m ani n gress i nth ei r coreareas. I nth e p rocess, h u n d red s of th ou san d so f I n d i anvi llagers h ave b eenu p ro o tedfro mth ei rh om es, an dm i lli on s m ore h ave h adth ei r access tofu el, fod d er, an dsm all ti m ber restri ctedor cu t off.F ive m ajor grou ps fu el th e m ovem en t for wildlifeco n servati o ni nth e So u th .T h e fi rst are th e ci ty-d wellers an dfo rei gnto u ri sts wh om erely seaso nth ei r li ves,a weekat a ti m e,wi thth e wi ld .T h ei rm o ti ve i s strai gh tfo rward :p leasu re an dfu n .T h esecon dgrou pcon si sts of ru li n g eli tes wh o vi ew th ep ro tecti o no f p arti cu lar sp eci es fo r ex am p le,th eti geri n I n d i a) ascen tralto th ereten ti o n o ren h an cem en t of n ati on al p resti ge. T h e th i rdgrou pi s com p osedof i n tern ati on al con servati onorgan i -zati o n ssu ch asth eWo rld C o n servati o n U n i o n I U C N )an dth e Wo rldWi ld li fe F u n d ,wh o se m i s-si on s are ed u cati n gp eop le an dp oli ti ci an s abou tth evi rtu eso fb i o lo gi calco n servati o n . A fo u rthgrou pcon si sts of fu n cti on ari es of th e state forest orwi ld li fe servi ce m an d atedby law to p h ysi cally con -tro l th e p ark s.Wh i le so m e o ffi ci als are gen u i n elyi n sp i redby a love of n atu re, th e m ajori tyat leasti nA si a an dA fri caare m o ti vatedm erely b y th ep o weran d sp i n -o ffb en efi ts o verseastri p s, fo rex am p le) th atco m ewi thth e job. T h e fi n algro u p areb i o lo gi sts,wh o beli eve i nwi ld er-n ess an dsp eci es p res-ervati o n fo rth esak eofsci en ce.T h esefi vegro u p sareu n i ted i n th ei rh o sti li tyto th efarm -ers, h erd ers, swi d d encu lti vators, an dh u n ters wh oh ave lived inth ewildfromwell before it becam e a p ark or san ctu ary.T h ey see th ese h u m ancom -m u n i ti es as h avi n g a d estru cti ve effect onth e en vi -ron m en t,th ei rform sofli veli h ood ai d i n gth edisappearan ce of species an d con tribu tin g to soil ero-si on , h abi tat si m p li fi cati on , an dworse. O ftenth ei rfeelin gs are expressed instron gly pejorative lan gu age.Tou ri n g Afri ca i n1 957, on e p rom i n en t m em ber ofth e Si erra C lu b sh arp ly attack edth e M asaifor graz-i n g cattle i nAfri cansan ctu ari es. H e h eldth e M asaito be i llu strati ve of a larger tren d , wh erei n i n creas-in g popu lationan d in creasin g lan d u se,rath er th ani n d u stri al exp loi tati on , con sti tu tedth e m ai nth reatto th e world s wildern ess areas. T h e M asai an dth eirh erds of econ om ically worth less cattle,h e rem arked, h ave alread y overgrazedan dlai dwaste to m u chofth e 23,000 squ are m i les of T an gan yi k a th ey con trol,an das th ey m ove i n to th e Seren geti , th ey bri n g th ed esert wi thth em , an dth e wi ld ern ess an dwi ld li fem u st bow before th ei r h erd s.2T h i rty years later, th e WorldWi ld li fe F u n di n i ti -ateda cam p ai gnto save th e M ad agascar rai n forest,3 6 8 CURRENT HISTORY November 20002L ee M erri amT albot, Wi ld ern ess O verseas,Sierra ClubBulletin, vol. 42, n o. 61 957) .The Northern wilderness lover has largely beeninsensitive to the needs and aspirations of humancommunities that live in or around habitats they wish to preserve for posterity.Nov '00 issue.corrected10/17/009:24 PMPage 368(Black plate)th e h om e of th e ri n g-tai ledlem u r, th e M ad agascarserp en t eagle,an do th er en d an geredsp eci es.T h egro u p sfu n d -rai si n gp o stersb o asted sp ectacu larsk etch es of th e lem u r an dth e eagle an dof th e h alf-tonelep h an t bi rdth at on ce li vedonth e i slan dbu ti sn o wex ti n ct. M an i sarelati ven ewco m ertoM ad agascar, n o tedth e acco m p an yi n g tex t, b u tevenwi thth e m ost basi c of toolsaxes an dfi reh eh asb ro u gh td evastati o n to th eh ab i tatsan dreso u rces h e d ep en d s o n . T h e p o sters alsoh adap i ctu re o f a m u d d y ri ver wi thth e cap ti o n : Slash -an d-bu rnagri cu ltu re h as brou gh t devastati onto th eforest, an di ni ts wak e, erosi onof th e top soi l.EN VIRO N M EN TAL IM PERIALISMT h i s p oster su cci n ctly su m m edu pth e con serva-ti on i st p osi ti onwi thregardto th e trop i cal rai n for-est. T h i s h old s th at th e en em y of th e en vi ron m en ti s th e h u n ter an dfarm er li vi n g i nth e forest, wh o i stoo sh ort-si gh tedfor h i s, an dou r, good . T h i s beli ef o rp reju d i ce) h asi n fo rm ed th em an yp ro jects,sp readacross th e globe, to con sti tu te n atu re p ark sby evi cti n g th e ori gi n al h u m ani n h abi tan ts of th eseareas, wi thscan t regardfor th ei r p ast or fu tu re. Allth i s i s d o n e i nth e n am e o f th e glo b al h eri tage o fb i o lo gi cal d i versi ty.C yn i cs m i gh t co n clu d e,h o w-ever, th at tri bal p eop le i nth e M ad agascar or Am a-zo nfo rest are ex p ectedtom o ve o u t o n ly soth atresiden ts of L on donor N ew York canh ave th e com -fort of k n owi n g th at th e lem u r or tou canh as beensavedfor p osteri tyevi d en ce of wh i chi s th enp ro-vi d edfor th emby way of th e wi ld li fe d ocu m en taryth ey canwatchonth ei r televi si onscreen s.R aym o n d B o n n ersrem ark ab le1 9 9 3 b o o k o nAfri cancon servati on , At the Hand of Man: Peril andHope for Africas Wildlife, lai dbare th e i m p eri ali sm ,u n co n sci o u s an dex p li ci t,o f N o rth ernwi ld ern esslovers an dbi ologi sts work i n g onth at lu ck less con -ti n en t. B on n er rem ark s th at:A fri can s[h aveb een ]i gn o red , o verwh elm ed ,m an i p u latedan do u tm an eu vered b y a co n ser-vati o ncru sad e led ,o rch estrated ,an dd o m i n atedby wh i te Western ers. . . . As m an y Afri can s see i t,wh i te p eo p le are m ak i n g ru les top ro tect an i m alsth at wh i te p eo p le wan t tosee i np ark s th at wh i tep eo p le vi si t.Wh y sh o u ldA fri can s su p p o rt th esep ro gram s?...A fri can s d on o t u se th e p ark s an dth ey d on o t recei ve an y si gn i fi can t b en efi ts fro mth em . Yetth eyarep ayi n gth eco sts. T h erearei n d i rect eco n o m i c co stsgo vern m en t reven u esth at gotop ark s i n steado f sch o o ls.A n dth ere ared i rectp erso n alco sts[th ati s, fro m th eb an o nh u n ti n g an dfu el co llecti n g,o r th ro u ghp h ysi cald i sp lacem en t].A Z am b i anb i o lo gi st,E .N .C h i d u m ayo ,ech o esB on n ers argu m en t: T h e on ly th i n g th at i s Afri canab o u t m o st co n ven ti o n al co n servati o np o li ci es i sth at th ey are p racti cedonAfri canlan d .3B o n n ers b o o kfo cu ses o nth e elep h an t,o n e o fap p ro x i m atelysi x an i m alsth ath aveco m etoacqu i retotem i cstatu s am on g Westernwi ld ern esslo vers.A n i m al to tem s ex i stedi nm o st p rem o d ernso ci eti es, b u tasth eN o rwegi an sch o larA rn eK allan dp o i n ts o u t,i nth e p ast th e i n ju n cti o nn o tto k i ll th e totem i c sp eci es ap p li edon ly to m em bersof th e grou p . H i n d u s d o n ot askoth ers to worsh i pth e co w,b u t th o se wh olo ve an dch eri shth e ele-p h an t,seal,wh ale,o r ti ger try toi m p o se a wo rld -wi d e p ro h i b i ti o no ni ts k i lli n g.N oo n e,th ey say,an ywh ere,an yti m e,sh all b e allo wedtoh armth ean i m al th ey h o ldsacredeveni f as wi thth e ele-p h an t an dseveral sp eci es o f wh ale)sci en ti fi c evi -d en ce h as establi sh edth at sm all-scale h u n ti n g wi lln o t en d an ger i ts vi ab le p o p u lati o n s an dwi ll,i nfact, save h u m anli ves p u t at ri skby th e exp an si on ,afterto talp ro tecti o n , o fth elebensraumo fth etotem i c an i m al. T h e n ew totem i sts also i n si st th atth ei rsp eci esi sth eo n lytru ei n h ab i tan to fth eo ceano r fo rest,an daskth at h u m anb ei n gs wh oh ave li vedi nth e sam e terrai n an dwi thth ese an i -m alsfor m an y gen erati on s be sen t elsewh ere.4T h rou gh ou t Asi a an dAfri ca, th e m an agem en t ofp ark s h as sh arp ly p osi tedth e i n terests of p oor vi l-lagers wh o h ave trad i ti on ally li vedi nth emagai n stth ose of wi ld ern ess lovers an du rbanp leasu re seek -ers wh o wi shto k eepp ark sfree of h u m ani n terfer-en ce free, th ati s, o fh u m an so th erth anth em selves. T h i s con fli ct h as ledto vi olen t clash esbetweenlocal p eop le an dgovern m en t offi ci als. Atp resen t,th e m ajo ri ty o f wi ld li fe co n servati o n i sts,dom estic or foreign , seemto believe th at species an dh abi tat protecti oncansu cceed on ly th rou gha pu n i -ti vegu n s-an d -gu ard sap p ro ach . H o wever, so m eSou th ernscien tists h ave called for a m ore in clu sivelyThe Paradox of Global Environmentalism 3 6 93E . N . C h i d u m ayo, R eali ti es for Asp i ri n g You n g Afri canC on servati on i sts, i n D aleL ewi san d N i ck C arter,ed s.,Voices fromAfrica: Local Perspectives on Conservation Wash -i n gton , D .C .: WorldWi ld li fe F u n d , 1 993) , p . 49.4Arn e K allan d , Seals, Wh ales an dE lep h an ts: TotemAn i -m alsan d th eAn ti -U seC am p ai gn s, i n Proceedings of theConference on Responsible Wildlife Management B ru ssels:E u rop ean B u reau forC on servati on an d D evelop m en t,1 994) . See also K allan d s M an agem en t by Totem i zati on :Wh ale Sym bolisman d th e An ti-Wh alin g C am paign ,Arctic,vol. 46, n o. 21 993) .Nov '00 issue10/13/00 12:46 PMPage 369(Black plate)dem ocratic approachto con servation , wh ereby tribalpeople an d peasan ts canbe in volved inm an agem en tan dd eci si onm ak i n g an dcanbe fai rly com p en satedfor th e loss of th ei r h om es an dli veli h ood .5EN VIRO N M ATERIALISTS?T h e N orth ernwi ld ern ess lover h as largely beeni n sen si ti ve toth e n eed s an dasp i rati o n s o f h u m anco m m u n i ti es th at li ve i no r aro u n dh ab i tats th eywi shto p reserve for p osteri ty.At th e sam e ti m e,h eo rsh eh asalso b een i n sen si ti veto th ed eepasym m etri es i nglobal con su m p ti on , to th e fact th ati t i s p reci sely th e self-co n fesseden vi ro n m en tali stwh o p racti cesali festyleth atlaysan u n b earab lebu rd enonth e fi n i te n atu ral resou rces of th e earth .T h e U n i tedStates an dth e cou n tri es of WesternE u rope con su m e a sh are of th e world s resou rces rad-i cally ou t of p rop orti onto th ei r p ercen tage of th eworld s popu lation . A recen t stu dy by th e Wu ppertalI n sti tu te for C li m ate, E n vi ron m en t, an dE n ergy, i nWu p p ertal,G erm an y,n otesth atth eN orth laysexcessive claimto th e Sou th sen viron m en tal space.T h e way th e global econ om y is cu rren tly stru ctu red,it argu es,th e N orthgain s ch eap access to ch eap rawm aterials an d h in ders access to m arkets for processedp rod u cts fromth ose cou n tri es; i t i m p oses a system[th eWorld Trad eO rgan i zati on ]th atfavorsth estron g;i tm ak esu seoflargeareasoflan d i n th eSou th , toleratin g soil degradation , dam age to region alecosystem s, an dd i sru p ti onof local self-reli an ce; i texp orts toxi c waste; [an d ] i t clai m s p aten t ri gh ts tou ti li zati onof bi od i versi ty i ntrop i cal regi on s. . . .Seen agai n st th e back d ropof a d i vi d edworld ,says th e rep ort,th e excessi ve u se of n atu re an di tsresou rces inth e N orthis a prin cipal block to greaterju sti ce i nth e wo rld ....Aretreat o f th e ri chfro mo verco n su m p ti o n i sth u san ecessaryfi rststeptowards allowin g space for im provem en t of th e livesof ani n creasi n g n u m ber of p eop le.T h e p roblemth u s i d en ti fi ed , th e rep ort i tem i zes,i nm eti cu lo u s d etai l,h o w G erm an y cantak e th eleadi nreori en ti n g i ts econ om y an dsoci ety towarda m ore su stai n able p ath . I t begi n s wi thanexten d edtreatm en t of overcon su m p ti on , th e excessi ve u se ofth e global com m on s by th e West over th e p ast 200years, an dth e terrestri al con sequ en ces of p rofli gateli festylesn am elyso i lero si o n , fo restd ep leti o n ,b i o d i versi tylo ss, an d ai ran d waterp o llu ti o n . I tth eno u tli n es a lo n g-ran ge p lanfo r red u ci n g th e th rou gh p u tof n atu re i nth e econ om y an dcu tti n gd ownonem i ssi on s.6C on sider, con versely, th e approachto global en vi-ron m en tal problem s advocated by a m anregarded asth edean of tropical biology, th e Am ericanscien tistD an i el Jan zen . I naned i tori al wri ttenfor th e O cto-ber 1 988 i ssu e of th e jou rn al Conservation Biology,Jan zenasked h is fellow biologistsprofessors as wellas grad u ate stu d en tsto d evote 20 p ercen t of th ei rfu n d s an dti m e to trop i cal con servati on . H e calcu -lated th at th e $500 m illionan d th e 20,000 m an -yearsth u s gen eratedwou ldbe en ou ghto solve vi rtu allyall n eotrop i cal con servati onp roblem s. Wh at canacad em i csan d research ercom m i tteesd o? ask sJan zen . H e offers th i s an swer:Si gn i fi can t i n p u t canbe an yth i n g fromvolu n tary secretari al workfor afu n d-raisin g drive to a m egalom an iacal effort to boot-strapanen ti re trop i cal cou n try i n to a p erm an en tcon servati on ecosystem . Jan zen assu m esth atm on ey p lu s bi ologi sts wi ll su ffi ce to solvevi rtu allyalln eotrop i calcon servati on p roblem s, alth ou ghsom e of u s th in k th at a m ore effective solu tionwou ldbe for bi ologi sts to th row th em selves i n to a m egalo-m an iacal effort to bootstrap bu t on e tem perate cou n-tryJan zen s own in to livin g off its ownresou rces.Wildern ess lovers like to speak of th e equ al righ tsof all sp eci es to exi st. T h i s eth i cal cloak i n g can n oth i d e th e tru thth at greenm i ssi on ari es are p ossi blym o re d an gero u s,an dcertai n ly m o re h yp o cri ti cal,th anth ei r econ om i c or reli gi ou s cou n terp arts. T h eglobali zi n g ad verti ser an dban k er work s for a worldi nwh i cheveryon e, regard less of class or color, i s i nanecon om i c sen se anAm eri canor Jap an esed ri v-in g a car, drin kin g a P epsi, own in g a refrigerator an da wash i n g m ach i n e. T h e m i ssi on ary, h avi n g d i scov-eredC h ri st or Allah , wan ts all p agan s or k affi rs alsoto sh are i nth e d i scovery. T h e con servati on i st wan tsto p ro tectth eti gero rwh alefo rp o steri ty, yetexp ects oth er p eop le to m ak e th e sacri fi ce, exp ectsi n d i gen ou s tri bal p eop le or fi sh erfolkto vacate th efo rest o r th e o ceansoth at h e m ay en jo y h i s o wnb ri ef h o li d ay i nco m m u n i o nwi thn atu re.B u t fewam o n g th ese lo vers o f n atu re scru ti n i ze th ei r o wnli festyle, th ei r ownh eavy reli an ce onn on ren ewablereso u rces,an dth e eco lo gi cal fo o tp ri n t th ei r co n -su m p ti onp attern s leave onth e soi l, forest, waters,an dai r of lan d s oth er th anth ei r own . I3 7 0 CURRENT HISTORY October 20005F or th ou gh tfu l su ggesti on s as to h ow th e i n terests of wi ldspecies an d th ose of poor h u m an s m igh t be m ade m ore com -patible, see M . G adgil an d P. R . S. R ao,A Systemof P ositiveI n cen ti ves to C on serve B i od i versi ty,Economic and PoliticalWeeklyM u m bai , I n d i a) , Au gu st 6, 1 994; See also Ash i shK oth ari ,Salon i Su ri ,an d N een aSi n gh , C on servati on i nI n d i a:AN ewD i recti on , Economic and Political Weekly,O ctober 28, 1 995.6Wolfgan g Sach s, R ei n h ardL osk e, M an fredL i n z, et al.,Greening theNorth: A Post-Industrial Blueprint for Ecology andEquity L on d on : Z edB ook s, 1 998) .Nov '00 issue10/13/00 12:46 PMPage 370(Black plate)