guide to academic referencing - amazon s3€¦ · greater clarity about your aims and objectives...
TRANSCRIPT
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 1
Guide to academic referencing
Contents
1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1
2 The Harvard system ............................................................................................................ 2
3 The Vancouver system ....................................................................................................... 7
1 Introduction
A referencing system provides:
Rules for how to cite the work of others in your own text
Rules for how to format a reference list showing full details of all the sources cited in
your text
There are many different referencing systems but in this technical supplement we will
provide an overview of two that illustrate alternative approaches to referencing. The first is
the Harvard system which is an example of what is known as an author-date referencing
system because sources are cited using the author(s) surname and the date of publication of
the work. The reference list is then organised alphabetically by surname. The second is the
Vancouver system, which is a numerical system in which work is cited using a number which
is in turn linked to the reference list.
You should be aware that there are many differences even within these two styles. Many
academic institutions and publishers have their own variations on the basic systems. We will
point some of these out in what follows but it is important that you familiarise yourself with
the specific requirements of your own institution or any publisher that you are working with.
Neville (2010) provides a detailed guide to most aspects of referencing using different
formats. Many universities offer guidance on their preferred referencing style, as do most
publishers.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 2
2 The Harvard system
The Harvard system is widely used in social sciences and a version of it is used in this book.
2.1 Citing the work of others in your text
There are two ways of citing the work of others in your text:
1. Greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project (Jankowicz 2005).
2. Jankowicz (2005) argues that greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research
project.
In the first example, the work (Jankowicz 2005) is simply cited as the source of and authority
for the claim, in the second example the author is being given voice as the active proposer of
the argument. The latter gives the author more prominence. Either method can be used in a
given text.
When quoting directly from another work, you should include the page number from which
the quote is taken, for example:
‘Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came
from, who developed them, why and when’ (Neville 2011, p. 8).
Or:
Neville (2011, p. 2) points out that ‘many students find referencing a pain, a mechanistic chore and a complete
bore.’
If no year is given in the source use (n.d.) or (no date). For a web page if no date is given on
the page, use the year you accessed the site.
When a source has two or three authors, the surnames are given in full, e.g. Smith and Jones
(2000). When there are four or more, the first author is given in full and the others are
replaced by ‘et al.’ (meaning ‘and others’), e.g. Patel et al. (2010).
If citing more than one source in the same place, the sources should be cited in chronological
order, with the earliest publication coming first, e.g.: (Mintzberg 1983; Hahn and Taylor
2001; Christensen 2005).
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 3
If citing multiple works by the same author arrange them in chronological order, with the
earliest publication coming first, e.g. Mintzberg (1983, 1985). If citing two or more sources
published by the same author in the same year, a lower case letter (a, b,…n) is added after the
year to distinguish the separate works. This is then repeated in the reference list. For
example: de Vaus (2002a, 2002b).
2.2 Formatting the Reference List
The reference list is a list of all the works that you have referenced in your writing. It is
usually placed at the end of the main text, before any appendices. Under the Harvard system,
all of the references appear in a single list, organised alphabetically by first author’s surname,
for example:
JANKOWICZ, A. D. (2005) Business Research Projects. 4th edn. London: Thomson Learning.
LACLAU, E. and MOUFFE, C. (2001) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. 2nd edn. London: Verso.
MORRELL, K. (2008). The narrative of ‘evidence based’ management: a polemic. Journal of Management
Studies. Vol. 45 No. 3, pp. 613–35.
The referencing system lays down conventions regarding how different types of work (i.e.
book, academic journal article, website, etc.) should appear in the reference list.
Reference to online material is made by giving the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
which is the web address at which the material is located or, if it is available, the DOI (Digital
Object Identifier) which is a unique digital identifier for an electronic document such as a
book or journal. The date on which the material is accessed is also given in the reference, as
shown in the examples below.
Table 1 gives examples of widely-used source types using the Harvard system.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 4
Table 1: Example referencing using the Harvard system
Source type Basic format Example
Book
(single
author)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of
publication). Title. Edition number [if
not the first]. Place of publication:
publisher.
MINTZBERG, H. (1973). The nature of managerial
work. New York: Harper and Row.
Book
(two or
three
authors)
Use standard book format but
separate authors with a comma and
use ‘&’ to link the final author.
COGHLAN, D. & BRANNICK, T. (2010). Doing action
research in your own organization. 3rd edn. London:
Sage.
Book
(four or
more
authors)
For four or more authors, list first
author and replace others with et al.
(‘and others’). This is optional;
alternatively you can include all
names.
DANERMARK, B., et al. (2002). Explaining society.
Critical realism in the Social Sciences. London:
Routledge.
Book
(multiple
titles by the
same author
in the same
year)
If citing two or more sources
published by the same author in the
same year, a lower case letter (a, b,…
n) is added after the year to
distinguish the separate works.
DE VAUS, D. (2002a). Analyzing Social Science Data.
London: Sage.
DE VAUS, D. (2002b). Surveys in Social Research. 5th
edn. Abingdon: Routledge.
Book
(edited)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or
eds.) (Year of publication). Title.
Edition number [if not the first]. Place
of publication: publisher.
FLEETWOOD, S. & ACKROYD, S. (eds.) (2004). Critical
realist applications in organisation and management
studies. London: Routledge.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 5
Source type Basic format Example
Book
(online)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of
publication). Title. Edition number [if
not the first]. [Online] Place of
publication: publisher. Available from
URL [Accessed date of access].
MARSHALL, A. (1920). Principles of economics. 8th
edn. [Online] London: Macmillan and Co. Available
from http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/
marP.html [Accessed 15 Sep. 2013].
Chapter in
an edited
book
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of
publication). Title. In Author(s)
[SURNAME, initials] (ed. or eds.) Title.
Edition number [if not the first]. Place
of publication: publisher, pp. [page
numbers].
KANDOLA, B. (2012). Focus groups. In SYMON, G. &
CASSELL, C. (eds.) Qualitative organizational research.
London: Sage, pp. 258–74.
Conference
paper
(published in
conference
proceedings)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials) (Year of
publication). Title of paper. In
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (ed. or
eds.) or Originator Title of conference
proceedings. Place of publication:
publisher, pp. [page numbers].
EZINGEARD, J.-N., BIRCHALL, D. & SPINKS, N. (2002).
Understanding the Business and Technology
Landscape of the UK Engineering Industry: A Study of
the Intellectual Capital Base. In IEEE 2002 IEEE
International Engineering Management Conference.
Cambridge: IEEE, pp. 391–6.
Conference
paper
(not
published in
conference
proceedings)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials) (Year of
publication). Title of paper. Paper
presented at Full title of conference.
Location of conference, date of
conference.
SPINKS, N. (2007). Process Governance: Moving OM
Beyond Planning and Control. Paper presented at
18th Annual Conference of the Production and
Operations Management Society. Dallas, 4–7 May
2007.
Journal
article
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of
publication). Title of article. Name of
journal. Vol. [volume number], No.
[issue number], pp. [page numbers].
GREEN, L. V. & SAVIN, S. (2008). Reducing delays for
medical appointments: a queuing approach.
Operations Research. Vol. 56, No. 6, pp. 1526–38.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 6
Source type Basic format Example
Journal
article
(online
journal)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of
publication). Title of article. Name of
journal [Online]. Vol. [volume
number], No. [issue number], pp.
[page numbers]. Available from URL or
DOI [Accessed date of access].
KELLE, U. (1997). Theory Building in Qualitative
Research and Computer Programs for the
Management of Textual Data. Sociological Research
Online [Online]. Vol. 2, No. 2. Available from
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/2/2/1.html
[Accessed 29 Apr. 2004].
Report
(named
authors)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] (Year of
publication). Title. Place of
publication: publisher.
BOSWORTH, D. (1999). Empirical Evidence of
Management Skills in the UK. Nottingham:
Department for Education and Employment.
Report
(authors not
named)
Originator (Year of publication). Title.
Place of publication: publisher.
ENGINEERING EMPLOYERS’ FEDERATION (2001).
Unlocking our potential: the case for supporting skills
development. London: Engineering Employers’
Federation.
Report
(online)
Author(s) [SURNAME, initials] or
Originator (Year of publication). Title.
[Online]. Available from URL or DOI
[Accessed date of access].
ROLLS-ROYCE (2013). Rolls-Royce Holdings plc annual
report 2012. [Online]. Available from
http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/
rolls_royce_annual_report_2012_tcm92-44211.pdf
[Accessed 16 Sep. 2013].
Website Originator (Year). Title of site or page.
[Online]. Available from URL or DOI
[Accessed date of access].
TRANSPORT FOR LONDON (2012). Company
information. [Online]. Available from
http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/4510.aspx
[Accessed 16 Sep. 2013].
2.3 Common variations on the Harvard system
There are many variations on the Harvard style. Common ones include:
Author surnames in the reference list are not capitalised.
Item titles in the reference lists are underlined rather than shown in italics.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 7
Abbreviations Vol. and No. in journal references omitted (see example in Vancouver
system).
Different conventions regarding punctuation of author initials, use of commas, etc.
‘Available at:’ (with or without colon) replaces ‘available from’ for online sources.
References to page numbers in citations replace ‘p’ with a colon. For example:
(Neville 2011, p. 8) is replaced by (Neville 2011: 8).
Make sure you check your institution’s requirements and, above all, be consistent.
3 The Vancouver system
The Vancouver system is an example of a recurrent numbering style of referencing.
3.1 Citing the work of others in your text
Each source is cited by using a number in superscript or brackets the first time it appears and
these numbers are then used in the reference list. The same number is used each time the
source is cited in the text. For example:
Greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project (1).
If you are using the author’s surname in the main text, insert the reference number after the
name, for example:
Jankowicz (1) argues that greater clarity about your aims and objectives will improve your research project.
Using superscript rather than brackets this would be written as ‘Jankowitz1 argues…’ If the
source has more than one author use the first author’s surname followed by et al. (meaning
‘and others’), for example ‘Danermark et al. (2) argue…’
When quoting directly from a source, you should include the page number from which the
quote is taken, for example:
‘Academic study involves not just presenting and describing ideas, but also being aware of where they came
from, who developed them, why and when’ (3, p 8).
Or:
Neville (3, p 2) points out that ‘many students find reference a pain, a mechanistic chore and a complete bore.’
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 8
If using superscript the referencing in the above examples would be Neville3 (p. 2)
.
If referencing more than one source in the same place, the sources should be cited in
numerical order, e.g.: (1,3,12) or 1,3,12
.
3.2 Formatting the Reference List
As with the Harvard system, the reference list is a list of all the works that you have
referenced in your writing. It is usually placed at the end of the main text, before any
appendices.
Under the Vancouver system, all of the references appear in a single numbered list in the
order in which they are cited in the main body, for example:
1. Jankowicz A. Business research projects. 4th edn. London: Thomson; 2005.
2. Danermark B, Ekström M, Jakobsen L, Karlsson JC. Explaining society: critical realism in
the social sciences. London: Routledge; 2002.
3. Neville C. The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd edn. Maidenhead:
Open University Press; 2010.
The referencing system lays down conventions regarding how different types of work (i.e.
book, academic journal article, website, etc.) should appear in the reference list. Reference to
online material is made by giving the full URL (Uniform Resource Locator) which is the web
address at which the material is located or, if it is available, the DOI (Digital Object
Identifier) which is a unique digital identifier for an electronic document such as a book or
journal. The date on which the material is accessed is also included in the reference, as shown
in the examples below.
Table 2 gives examples of widely-used source types using the Vancouver system.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 9
Table 2: Example referencing using the Vancouver system
Source type Basic format Example
Book
(single
author)
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title.
Edition number [if not the first]. Place
of publication: publisher; year of
publication.
Mintzberg H. The nature of managerial work. New
York: Harper and Row; 1973.
Book
(multiple
authors)
Separate multiple authors with a
comma.
For more than six authors, list the first
six, separated by commas, and replace
the names of others with et al. (‘and
others’).
Coghlan D, Brannick T. Doing action research in your
own organization. 3rd edition. London: Sage; 2010.
Book
(edited)
Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or
eds.). Title. Edition number [if not the
first]. Place of publication: publisher;
year of publication.
Fleetwood S, Ackroyd S (eds.). Critical realist
applications in organisation and management
studies. London: Routledge; 2004.
Book
(online)
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title.
Edition number [if not the first].
[Online] Place of publication:
publisher; year of publication.
Available from URL [Accessed date of
access].
Marshall A. Principles of economics. 8th Edition.
[Online] London: Macmillan and Co; 1920. Available
from http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/
marP.html (Accessed 15 Sep. 2013).
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 10
Source type Basic format Example
Chapter in
an edited
book
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title. In:
Author(s) [Surname initials] (ed. or
eds.) Title. Edition number [if not the
first]. Place of publication: publisher;
year of publication, p [page numbers].
Kandola B. Focus groups. In: Symon G, Cassell C (eds.)
Qualitative organizational research. London: Sage;
2012, p 258–74.
Conference
paper
(published in
conference
proceedings)
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of
paper. In: Author(s) [Surname initials]
(ed. or eds.) or Originator Title of
conference proceedings. Place of
publication: publisher; year of
publication, p [page numbers].
Ezingeard J-N, Birchall D, Spinks N. Understanding the
Business and Technology Landscape of the UK
Engineering Industry: A Study of the Intellectual
Capital Base. In: IEEE 2002 IEEE International
Engineering Management Conference. Cambridge:
IEEE; 2002, p 391–6.
Conference
paper
(not
published in
conference
proceedings)
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of
paper. Paper presented at Full title of
conference; Date of conference [year,
month, day]; Location of conference.
Spinks N. Process Governance: Moving OM Beyond
Planning and Control. Paper presented at 18th
Annual Conference of the Production and Operations
Management Society; 2007 May 4–7; Dallas.
Journal
article
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of
article. Name of journal. Year of
publication; volume number (issue
number): page numbers.
Green L V, Savin S. Reducing delays for medical
appointments: a queuing approach. Operations
Research. 2008; 56(6): 1526–38.
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 11
Source type Basic format Example
Journal
article
(online
journal)
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title of
article. Name of journal [Online] Year
of publication; volume number (issue
number): page numbers. Available
from URL or DOI [Accessed date of
access).
Kelle U. Theory Building in Qualitative Research and
Computer Programs for the Management of Textual
Data. Sociological Research Online [Online] 1997;
2(2). Available from http://www.socresonline.org.uk/
2/2/1.html [Accessed 29 Apr. 2004].
Report
(named
authors)
Author(s) [Surname initials]. Title.
Place of publication: publisher; year of
publication.
Bosworth D. Empirical Evidence of Management Skills
in the UK. Nottingham: Department for Education
and Employment; 1999.
Report
(authors not
named)
Originator. Title. Place of publication:
publisher; year of publication.
Engineering Employers’ Federation. Unlocking our
potential: the case for supporting skills development.
London: Engineering Employers’ Federation; 2001.
Report
(online)
Author(s) [Surname initials] or
Originator. Title. [Online]. Year of
publication. Available from URL or DOI
[Accessed date of access].
Rolls-Royce. Rolls-Royce Holdings plc annual report
2012. [Online]. 2013. Available from
http://www.rolls-royce.com/Images/rolls_royce_
annual_report_2012_tcm92-44211.pdf [Accessed 16
Sep. 2013].
Website Originator. Title of site or page.
[Online]. Year. Available from URL or
DOI [Accessed date of access].
Transport for London. Company information.
[Online]. 2012. Available from http://www.tfl.gov.uk/
corporate/about-tfl/4510.aspx [Accessed 16 Sep.
2013].
3.3 Common variations on the Vancouver system
There are many variations on the Vancouver style. Common ones include:
Management Research: Applying the Principles © 2015 Susan Rose, Nigel Spinks & Ana Isabel Canhoto 12
Author surnames in the reference list are capitalised.
Use of Vol. [volume] and No. [issue number] when referencing journals (see example
in the Harvard system).
Different conventions regarding punctuation of author initials, use of commas, etc.
‘Available at:’ (with or without colon) replaces ‘available from’ for online sources.
As with any referencing system, make sure you check your institution’s requirements and,
above all, be consistent.
Reference
Neville, C. (2010). The complete guide to referencing and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd ed.
Maidenhead: Open University Press.