guide to louisiana creole orthography

7/23/2019 Guide to Louisiana Creole Orthography

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Namvjr G. C`yjux Jrmh K`mtdjr

@ Kumfj tn Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj

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Fuj tn ` bucljr ng hncpajx dmstnrmhà g`htnrs, tdj Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj

a`bku`kj fjhambjf `gtjr 0=??. Vdj <?td hjbtury mbtjrw`r pjrmnf nbay sjrvjf tn

c`rkmbàmzj `bf fmshnur`kj tdj usj ng tdj a`bku`kj jvjb gurtdjr. C`by

a`bku`kjs, amij Grjbhd spnijb mb Cmssnurm, Cmssmssmppm, `bf @a`l`c`, fmf bnt

wj`tdjr tdj stnrc.Lut Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj fmf. Vnf`y, tdjrj `rj dubfrjfs ng pjnpaj àa

nvjr tdj wnraf wmtd ` fjsmrj tn aj`rb Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj, `bf c`by `rj fnmbk eust

td`t jvjryf`y. Xnhmà cjfm`, jspjhmàay G`hjlnni, d`s ljjb ` pnwjrguaay

ubmgymbk `bf mbstruhtmvj snhmà tnna tn mbgnrc `bf jbk`kj tdj pulamh nb c`ttjrs

pjrt`mbmbk tn tdj a`bku`kj. Uyfjhn cusmh g`cj d`s djapjf tn pnpua`rmzj `bf

rjvànrmzj tdj a`bku`kj, lut mts bjwgnubf prjstmkj `bf hnccubmty vàuj stjcgrnc hnccubmty cjcljrs aj`fmbk tdj cnvjcjbt gnr krj`tjr Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj

a`bku`kj rjhnkbmtmnb `bf aj`rbmbk, `bf ` rjhjbt MXN 78= b`cj hd`bkj grnc

‑Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj Grjbhd– tn Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj.

Vdj hnbtrmlutnrs ng tdms kumfj dnpj tn sjj tdj a`bku`kj krnw r`tdjr

td`b fjhambj gurtdjr. Xn, wj d`vj hncj tnkjtdjr tn prnfuhj tdms usjgua

nrtdnkr`pdy kumfj gnr tdj a`bku`kj. Mt ms bnt tdj gmrst, lut mt wmaa lj tdj gmrstfjsmkbjf spjhmgmhàay gnr tdj c`ssjs, ly Anumsm`bm`bs g`cmam`r wmtd tdj dmstnrmhà

`bf huaturà hnbtjxt ng tdj a`bku`kj. [j d`vj rjvmsmtjf prjvmnus nrtdnkr`pdmjs

usjf tn hnbvjy Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj, `bf wdmaj wjaa-cj`bmbk `bf usjgua mb

`h`fjcmh hnbtjxts, wj gnubf tdjc mb`fjqu`tj. Hnbsjqujbtay, wj d`vj

`l`bfnbjf usj ng Grjbhd, Jbkamsd, `bf D`mtm`b nrtdnkr`pdmjs àa tnkjtdjr tn



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hr`gt ` wrmtmbk systjc td`t ms lntd g`cmam`r `bf `hhjssmlaj tn @cjrmh`bmzjf

Anumsm`b` Hrjnajs. Xmbhj hnccubmty aj`rbmbk d`s ljjb nur nlejhtmvj, mt w`s

mcpnrt`bt gnr us tn hnbsmfjr syclnas `bf snubfs wmtd wdmhd Anumsm`bm`bs `rj

g`cmam`r, `bf wj d`vj usjf tdms `s nur kumfmbk amkdt. Bnw, Anumsm`b`

Hrjnanpdnbjs d`vj `b nrtdnkr`pdy wdmhd tdjy h`b prnufay ha`mc ms ubmqujay

tdjmrs.

[j tdjrjgnrj sjji tn st`bf`rfmzj tdj nrtdnkr`pdy prjsjbtjf mb tdms

kumfj, wdmhd ms àrj`fy mb hnccnb usj. Hnbtrmlutnrs `bf hnbsuat`bts nb tdjkumfj àrj`fy cìj usj ng tdms nrtdnkr`pdy, wdjtdjr mb `h`fjcmh pulamh`tmnbs

nr nb snhmà cjfm`. @ffmtmnbàay, tdj rjhjbtay aùbhdjf‘`bf cuhd `pprjhm`tjf‘

Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj Fmhtmnb`ry nbambj àsn usjs tdms s`cj nrtdnkr`pdy.

Vdj s`cj p`thdwnri ng g`htnrs hnbtrmlutmbk tn Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj”s

fjhambj d`s àsn hnbtrmlutjf tn hncpajxmtmjs mb t`xnbncmjs gnr tdj a`bku`kj mb

Jbkamsd. \`hj (mcpnsjf), jtdbmh mfjbtmty (sjag-`shrmljf), `bf tdj b`cj ng tdja`bku`kj nbj spjìs, `rj àa mbtrmh`tjay mbtjrwnvjb mb Anumsm`b` `bf mts

fm`spnrmh hnccubmtmjs. Zbamij mb ntdjr rjkmnbs ng tdj wnraf, gnr Anumsm`bm`bs,

nbj”s r`hmà mfjbtmty tjbfs tn mbgnrc nbj”s jtdbmh mfjbtmty, lntd ng wdmhd

fjtjrcmbj dnw nbj mfjbtmgmjs tdj Anumsm`b` djrmt`kj a`bku`kj spnijb. Vdus,

àtdnukd tdj a`bku`kj tr`bshjbfs r`hmàmzjf mfjbtmtmjs, wdmtj-mfjbtmgmjf

Anumsm`bm`bs cnst ngtjb sjag-mfjbtmgy tnf`y `s Hèub `bf jquàay mfjbtmgy tdja`bku`kj tdjy spjì `s ‑Hèub Grjbhd– (m.j. Anumsm`b` Grjbhd). Xmcma`ray,

la`hi- `bf cmxjf-mfjbtmgmjf Anumsm`bm`bs sjag-mfjbtmgy cnstay `s Anumsm`b`

Hrjnaj `bf mfjbtmgy tdj a`bku`kj `s ‑Hrjnaj Grjbhd– nr ‑Grjbhd Hrjnaj.– Mb

rjàmty, c`by ng tdnsj wdmtj Anumsm`bm`bs `rj Hrjnanpdnbjs, wdmaj c`by ng

tdjmr la`hi `bf cmxjf lrjtdrjb spjì Anumsm`b` Grjbhd.



8

Vdms d`s krj`tay hncpamh`tjf `hhur`tj jstmc`tmnbs ng tdj bucljr ng

spjìjrs ng Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj td`t rjc`mb tnf`y. Ambkumsts Mbkrmf Bjuc`bb-

Dnazshdud `bf Vdnc`s @. Iambkajr jstmc`tj td`t gjwjr td`b 0?,??? spjìjrs

jxmst. Vdjy `rj prnl`lay hansjst tn tdj c`ri nb td`t gmkurj. Xmbhj 0=??, w`rs

`bf mbfustry d`vj rjhnbstmtutjf Anumsm`b` Hrjnanpdnbj hnccubmtmjs, `bf

d`vj ljjb hùsj gnr nut-cmkr`tmnbs ly tdj tdnus`bfs tn bjmkdlnrmbk Vjx`s, `s

wjaa `s tn Hàmgnrbm`, Maambnms, `bf Kjnrkm`. Vnf`y, mt ms hnccnb tn dj`r

Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj spnijb b`turàay nb L`ynu Våhdj `bf mb sncj hmvma p`rmsdjsànbk tdj Cmssmssmppm \mvjr `lnvj Bjw Nraj`bs. Vd`bis tn tjhdbnankmjs `bf

kjbumbj mbtjrjst, cnrj spjìjrs `rj `ppj`rmbk tdrnukdnut tdj b`tmnb `bf

wnraf.m



@apd`ljt `bf @hhjbt C`ris



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Vdj Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj àpd`ljt d`s <8 hnbsnb`bts, 08 vnwjas. Vdjy `rj rjprjsjbtjfljanw mb uppjr- `bf anwjr-h`sj.

@`, Çç, Ll, Ëë, Hd, Ff, Fe, Jj, Íí, Ää, Gg, Kk, Dd, Mm, Áá, Ee, Ii, Aa, Cc, Bb, Ðð,Nn, Üü, ŜŘ, Nu, _p, \r, Xs, Xd, Vt, Zu, Wv, [w, ]y, Uz.

<.0 @apd`ljt

<.0.0 Wnwjas

Vdj gnaanwmbk hd`rt prjsjbts tdj Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj vnwjas, tdjmr kr`pdjcjs,`bf `pprnxmc`tmnbs mb Jbkamsd. Xncj wnrfs‘jspjhmàay tdnsj hnbt`mbmbk YçS,YôS, YŘS, YuS, `bf YyS‘d`vj àtjrb`tmvj prnbubhm`tmnbs9 mb tdjsj h`sjs lntdspjaambks `rj `hhjpt`laj. Gnr jx`cpaj5 aŘr vs. aär (—dnur”)9 `stä vs. `stŘr (‑bnw–).

_dnbjcj Kr`pdjcj @pprnxmc`tmnbsmb JbkamsdY!S, Y`Smm ` Lrmtmsd5 l`td, p`ss, tnc`tn

YçS ç l`t, pa`mf, la`hiYôS j luttjr, hut, sdut, ajttuhjYjS í p`hj, lìjY"S ä pjt, sjtYmS m lajjf, sdjjt, sajjtY#S á cmss, imssYnS n hn`t, ln`t, cnst

Y$S ü lnukdt, snukdtYŘS Ř b/`YuS nu lnnt, annpYyS u pjwtjr, stjw, cutma`tj

Gnr fmpdtdnbks, wdjrj tdj sjhnbf vnwja ms M (YmS), mt ms spjaajf wmtd tdjhnbsnb`bt ] (YeS).



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<.0.0.0 B`sà vnwjas

Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj d`s ` sjt ng vnwjas wdmhd `rj prnfuhjf ly ajttmbk

`mr ganw nut ng tdj bnsj r`tdjr td`b tdj cnutd. Vdjsj ‑b`sà vnwjas–`rj wrmttjb `s tdj vnwja gnaanwjf ly tdj hnbsnb`bts B (/b/) nr C(/c/). Vdjsj ajttjrs `rj bnt prnbnubhjf, lut smkbà tdj b`sàmz`tmnbng tdj vnwja. Vdj hdnmhj ng /c/ nr /b/ fjpjbfs nb tdj jtycnanky ngtdj wnrf, cìmbk mt j`smjr gnr aj`rbjrs tn rja`tj tdj Hrjnaj wnrf tnmts Grjbhd rja`tmvj, wmtd wdmhd tdjy c`y lj g`cmam`r.

_dnbjcj Kr`pdjcj Jx`cpajs mb Hrjnaj

Y! "S

`b, `c jbf`b (‑mbsmfj–)

jb, jc tjc (‑tmcj–)

Y! "S

mb, mc sd`krmb (‑snrry–)gmc (‑dubkry–)

Y! "S

nb, nc cnutnb (‑sdjjp–)lncl (‑lncl–)

YŘ !S ub, uc aubfm (‑Cnbf`y–)

<.0.0.< B`sà vnwjas gnaanwjf ly /b/ `bf /c/

Ljhùsj B `bf C `rj bnt prnbnubhjf wdjrj tdjy `rj usjf tnmbfmh`tj b`sà vnwjas, mt ms bjhjss`ry tn d`vj spjhmà spjaambks gnrh`sjs wdjrj ` b`sà vnwja ms gnaanwjf ly `b B nr C wdmhd msprnbnubhjf.

_dnbjcj Kr`pdjcj Jx`cpajsY! "bS

Y! "cS

übb, `bc l`bübb (‑l`b`b`–)C`f`bc (‑Crs.–)

jbb, jbc tjbb (‑tjbfjr–)gjbc (‑wnc`b–)

Y! "bS Y! "cS äbb, mbc làäbb (‑wdàj–)l`tmbc

(‑l`ptmsc–)Y! "bS nbb Dynustnbb (‑Dnustnb–)

I`ratnbb (‑H`ratnb–)YŘ !bS ubb, ucc iíiubb (‑sncjnbj–)



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<.0.0.8 Nrà vnwjas gnaanwjf ly /b/ `bf /c/

Xmcma`ray, tdjrj `rj sncj h`sjs wdjrj ` vnwja ms bnt b`sà (m.j. mt ms‑nrà–) lut ms gnaanwjf ly tdj snubf /b/ nr /c/. Vn `vnmf hnbgusmnb wmtd b`sà vnwjas, tdjsj snubf hnclmb`tmnbs àsn d`vj tdjmr nwbspjhmà spjaambk. Vdjrjgnrj, lntd l`b`bb `bf l`bübb `rj `hhjptjfprnbubhm`tmnbs `bf spjaambks gnr ‑l`b`b`.–

_dnbjcj Kr`pdjcj Jx`cpajsmb Hrjnaj

@pprnxmc`tmnbsmb Jbkamsd

Y`bS Y`cS `bb, `cc C`f`cc (‑Crs.–)l`b`bb (‑l`b`b`–)

Lrmtmsd @5tnc`tn

YmbS mbb, mcc c`sdmbb(‑c`hdmbj–)I`rmcc (b`cj)

lj`btj`c

Y#bS ább I`trább (b`cj)Cìsácc (b`cj)

imb

<.0.< Hnbsnb`bts

Vdj gnaanwmbk hd`rt prjsjbts tdj Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj hnbsnb`bts, tdjmrkr`pdjcjs, `pprnxmc`tmnbs mb Jbkamsd, `bf vnhà gj`turj.

_dnbjcj Kr`pdjcj @pprnxmc`tmnbsmb Jbkamsd

Jx`cpajs mb Hrjnaj

YlS l ljst lílí (‑l`ly–)

YsS ë hjbtjr ë` (‑td`t–)s smt `sm (‑tn smt–)

Yt % S hd tj`hdjr hduí (‑tn imaa–)YfS f fjat` fäat`Yf&S fe e`c fe`l (‑fjvma–)YgS g g`b gmy (‑kmra–)YkS k k`cj kíccYdS d d`c a`d`sd (‑`x–)Y&S e ajmsurj enuí (‑tn pa`y–)

YiS i iytj inurm (‑tn kn–)



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YaS a a`cl aíiüa (‑shdnna–)YcS c cntdjr c`ccYbS b bnrtd bürY 'Smmm ð eà`pjðn c`ðä (‑w`y–)YpS p p`rt pnp` (‑f`f–)YrSY( SYr/f/tS

mbmtmà5 YrS cmffaj 05Y( Scmffaj <5Yr/f/tSgmbà5 Y( S

r a`ffjrsmajbt

mbmtmà5 rnu (‑rnux–)cmffaj 05 Jbrmyät (b`cj)cmffaj <5 p`raí (‑tn spjì–)gmbà5 sd`r (‑h`r–)

Y % S sd sdmbj, c`sd sdví (‑d`mr–)YtS t tjbfjr tjbbYvS v v`b vjbfí (‑tn sjaa–)YwS w wmb w` (‑tn sjj–)YeS y y`wb yí (‑tdjy–)YzS z znn znzn (‑lmrf–)

<.< @hhjbt c`ris (fm`hrmtmhs)

Xjvjrà fm`hrmtmhs nr `hhjbt c`ris `rj jcpanyjf `bf `rj ha`ssjf mbtn 6h`tjknrmjs5 snubf sdmgtjrs, strjss, dncnbycmh, `bf tdj prjtjrmt tjbsj c`rijr.

Vdj fm`hrmtmhs nr `hhjbt c`rijrs `rj5• `hutj• kr`vj• hmrhucgajx

<.<.0 Vdj `hutj

Vdj `hutj `hhjbt, nr aìsjb íku, d`s < gubhtmnbs.



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<.<.0.0 Xtrjss

Xmcma`r tn Xp`bmsd, Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj d`s strjssjf syaa`lajs. @s `

kjbjrà ruaj, tdj gmbà syaa`laj mb wnrfs‘spjhmgmhàay wnrfs `bf b`cjsjbfmbk mb tdj ajttjr-@‘`rj strjssjf. Gnr tdms rj`snb, wj fn bnt usjtdj `hutj nb gmbà vnwjas. Nb àa ntdjr syaa`lajs, dnwjvjr, wdmhd `rjajss grjqujbt, wj fn usj tdj `hutj.

*Vdj í /j/ fnjs bnt gnaanw tdms strjssjf p`ttjb `bf ruaj.

Gnr mbst`bhj, wdjb ` wnrf wmtd `b `hutj ms bnt gnaanwjf ly `bntdjr wnrf rjqumrmbk strjss, amij p` (bnt9 nr, fnb't), tdj wnrf rjt`mbs mts

`hutj (j.k. -ëàa` 3 tdnsj).

<.<.0.< _rjtjrmt

Mb wrmttjb Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj, wj àsn usj tdj `hutj nb tdj gmbà ajttjrmb vjrls (mg ` vnwja) tn vmsuàay sdnw ` hncpajtjf `htmnb. Vdms fnjsbnt hd`bkj tdj quàmty ng tdj wnrf ly sdmgtmbk tdj strjss nb td`t

syaa`laj. Mt ms smcpay ` vmsuà mbfmh`tmnb gnr tdj rj`fjr td`t tdj p`sttjbsj ms ljmbk jcpanyjf ljhùsj sncj hnccubmtmjs, jspjhmàay tdnsjànbk tdj Cmssmssmppm \mvjr, usj tdj mbgmbmtmvj mb lntd tdj prjsjbt`bf p`st tjbsjs.

Vdms ljhncjs jspjhmàay mcpnrt`bt wdjb usmbk tdj prjtjrmt mbrjkua`r vjrls, ` ha`ss ng vjrls wdjrj tdj spjìjr/wrmtjr d`s tdjnptmnb ng usmbk tdj prjtjrmt nr tdj prjsjbt pjrgjht. Vdj a`ttjrrjqumrjs tdj p`st tjbsj c`rijr tí wdjrj`s tdj gnrcjr fnjs bnt.

Mrrjkua`r vjrls mb tdj p`st tjbsj bjhjssmt`tjs tdj prjsjbt pjrgjhtc`rijr tí , `s tdj mbgmbmtmvj ms usjf mb tdj prjsjbt tjbsj ng td`t vjrlha`ss. Xtmaa djrj, `s `b `ffjf `ssur`bhj gnr tdj rj`fjr, `s ms tdj h`sjgnr tdj prjsjbt pjrgjht ng rjkua`r vjrls, wj `hhjbtu`tj tdj gmbà ajttjrng tdj vjrl (nbay mg mt ms ` vnwja) wmtd `b `hutj `hhjbt. Mrrjkua`r

vjrls, tdjrjgnrj, nbay hncj mb tdj prjsjbt pjrgjht gnrc, `bf td`tgnrc h`b jxprjss lntd tdj prjtjrmt `bf tdj prjsjbt pjrgjht,fjpjbfmbk nb tdj cj`bmbk hnbvjyjf ly tdj spjìjr.



>2

Jx`cpajs

<.<.< Vdj kr`vj

Vdj kr`vj, nr a`isjb kr`v , ms usjf nb vnwjas J, M, `bf N `s sdnwb mb sjhtmnb<.0.0. Mt ms bnt jcpanyjf nb tdj vnwjas @ `bf Z.

<.<.8 Vdj hmrhucgajx

<.<.8.0 Dncnbycs

Vdj hmrhucgajx (R) ms fjpanyjf wdjrj wnrfs snubf tdj s`cj `bf `rjspjaajf tdj s`cj wmtd fmggjrjbt cj`bmbks (dncnbycs). Vdms msjspjhm`aay mcpnrt`bt gnr fmggjrjbtm`tmbk sncj sulejht prnbnubs `bfpnssjssmvj `fejhtmvjs mb wrmtmbk.

@s ` ruaj ng tducl, tdj hmrhucgajx wmaa lj usjf nb tdj aj`st hnccnbng tdj < wnrfs td`t snubf‘`bf `rj wrmttjb‘tdj s`cj.

Gnr jx`cpaj5 pyí (‑gnnt–) vs. pyå (‑sdrul,– ‑trjj,– ‑l`sj–)

_rjsjbt

vs.

_rjtjrmtCn snrtm Cn snrtãCn sdw`zm Cn sdw`zãCn w` Cn wàCn iwm Cn iwã



>>

<.<.8.< _nssjssmvj ̀ fejhtmvjs

Vdj hmrhucgajx ms àsn usjf tn c`ri pnssjssmvj prnbnubs. Vdmsfmstmbkumsdjs tdjc grnc tdj sulejht prnbnubs, wdmhd wnuafntdjrwmsj lj wrmttjb mfjbtmhàay (j.k. cn ‑M– vs. cö ‑cy–).

Hrjnaj Jbkamsdcö cytö ynur (mbgnrcà)

vnu ynur (gnrcà)sö dms, djr, mtsbö nur

vnu ynur (paurà), yàa”s yå tdjmr



_ubhtu`tmnb



>M

_ubhtu`tmnb ruajs kjbjràay gnaanw tdnsj ng ZX Jbkamsd. Vdjsj sd`rjfpubhtu`tmnb ruajs `ppay tn, lut bnt amcmtjf tn tdj5 pjrmnf, hncc`, jxha`c`tmnb

pnmbt, qujstmnb c`ri, p`rjbtdjsms, `pnstrnpdj, qunt`tmnb c`ris (fnulajmbvjrtjf hncc`s), sjhnbf qunt`tmnb c`ris (smbkaj mbvjrtjf hncc`s), hnanb,sjcm-hnanb, f`sdjs, lr`hijts, jaampsjs.

8.0 Vmcj

_ubhtu`tmnb ruajs rjk`rfmbk tmcj `bf hamc`tj tjcpjr`turjs gnaanw tdnsj mbJbkamsd (hnanb (5) `bf (µ)). Vdj `llrjvm`tmnbs ng @C `bf _C `rj fmggjrjbt,

dnwjvjr, mb td`t `gtjrbnnb mb Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj ms a`prícmfm (ac), jvjbmbk ms swà (sw) `bf cnrbmbk ms c`tmb (c` ). Vdjmr `llrjvm`tmnbs `rj rjprjsjbtjf ly tdjgmrst twn ajttjrs mb anwjrh`sj.

0?5?? @C 0?@C 0?5?? _C0?5?? c` 0? c` 0?5?? sw

8.< @llrjvm`tmnbs

Xmcma`ray, `llrjvm`tmnbs gnr A`tmb `bf Krjji tjrcs wmaa lj sd`rjf wmtd Jbkamsd. Vdj nbay jxhjptmnb tn tdj `llrjvm`tmnb ruajs `rj tdnsj gnr snhmà tmtajs mbAnumsm`b` Hrjnaj. Xncj jx`cpajs `rj mb tdj t`laj ljanw.

Xupjrshrmpts Nrfmb`ry`llrjvm`tmnb

Vjrc @llrjvm`tmnbmb Jbkamsd

Fä Fä Fnitä Fr.

G s Gs gms Er. Ea Ea Eíbírà Kjb.Cí Cí Cmsdí Cr.Cc Cc C`f`bc Crs.Cza Cza C`bczäa Cmss_sä _sä _rngísä _rng.Xb- Xb- Xmb- Xt.



H`pmt`amz`tmnb `bf Dypdjb`tmnb



>K

H`pmtàmz`tmnb `bf dypdjb`tmnb ruajs mb Anumsm`b` Hrjnaj gnaanw A`tmba`bku`kj ruajs.

6.0 Zppjr-h`sj Gmrst Ajttjrs

• Lusmbjss b`cjs•

Hnubtrmjs• Kmvjb b`cjs (gmrst, cmffaj, a`st b`cjs)• B`tmnbàmtmjs• _rnpjr b`cjs•

Xtrjjt b`cjs•

Vmtajs (snhmà, pulamh`tmnbs, jth.)

6.< Anwjr-h`sj Gmrst Ajttjrs

•

@fejhtmvjs (mbhaufmbk mb hnubtry/pa`hj b`cjs)• Bnubs (ubajss tdj gmrst wnrf ng ` sjbtjbhj)

6.8 Dypdjb`tmnb

Dypdjb`tmnb ms hncpuasnry wdjrj twn nr cnrj wnrfs nr b`cjs `rj àw`ysuttjrjf tnkjtdjr lut `rj bnt krnupjf tnkjtdjr wmtdnut sp`hjs nr dypdjb`tmnbs.Wjrls `rj jxjcpt grnc dypdjb`tmnb.

Vdjsj kjbjràay mbhaufj tdj gnaanwmbk krnups ng wnrfs5• @bmcàs `bf mbsjhts (j.k. cnusd-`-gí 3 gmrjgay)• Hdrmstm`b s`mbt b`cjs (j.k. Xmb-Enzäg)•

Hnubtrmjs `bf ntdjr pa`hj b`cjs (j.k. Aít`-Umbm)• Kmvjb b`cjs (fnulaj `bf trmpaj l`rrja gnrjb`cjs `bf surb`cjs)• Mcpjr`tmvjs (j.k. fübb-cü ë` 3 kmvj cj td`t)• Bucljrs (h`rfmbà `bf nrfmb`ry)• _rnbnubs (pnstbncmbà)• Ztjbsmas (j.k. pwà-`-grm 3 grymbk p`b)



>O

6.8.0 Fjcnbstr`tmvj _rnbnubs

Fjcnbstr`tmvjs àsn usj dypdjb`tmnb, `bf h`b lj jmtdjr prnbncmbà(jspjhmàay paurà fjcnbstr`tmvjs mb snutdwjst Anumsm`b`) nrpnstbncmbà.

6.8.0.0 Xmbkua`r fjcnbstr`tmvjs

Vdms fufj Vdms hìj Vd`t fufj Vd`t hìj

lnuk-ëma` k`tn-ëma` lnuk-ëàa` k`tn-ëàa`

6.8.0.< _aurà fjcnbstr`tmvjs

Vdjsj hncj mb prnbncmbà `bf pnstbncmbà gnrcs. Lntd `rj`hhjpt`laj `bf tjbf tn lj rjkmnbà.

_rnbncmbàs _nstbncmbàs

Vdjsjfufjs

Vdnsj fufjs Vdjsj fufjs Vdnsj fufjs

ëå lnuk ëå lnuk-yíëå lnuk-ëàa`

lnuk-ëma`yí lnuk-ëà`yí



>E

Jbfbntjs

% Mbkrmf Bjuc`bb-Dnazshdud, Vdnc`s @. Iambkajr. <?08. Anumsm`b` Hrjnajstruhturj f`t`sjt. Mb5 Cmhd`jams, Xus`bbj C`rm` & Cùrjr, _dmamppj &D`spjac`td, C`rtmb & Duljr, C`kbus (jfs.) @ta`s ng _mfkmb `bf HrjnajA`bku`kj Xtruhturjs Nbambj. Ajmpzmk5 C`x _a`bhi Mbstmtutj gnr Jvnautmnb`ry@btdrnpnanky. (@v`ma`laj nbambj `t dttp5//`pmhs-nbambj.mbgn/hnbtrmlutmnbs/:8,@hhjssjf nb <?0:-0<-07.)

%% A;8 4;#(8@8 C'B %& *;8 &;#+*8+ L8+&%#( #= C!S.

%%% [djrj tdj Ð ms usjf, wdjb ` vnwja prjhjfjs mt, tdj vnwja rjt`mbs mts nrmkmbàsnubf `bf fnjs bnt b`sàmzj wmtd tdj Ð.

Vdus, amð 3 Yam + ð 3 ajjðS `bf k`ðí 3 Yk` + ðíS.

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