guide to owning and living in a listed building - nw brown

listed livingA PRACTICAL GUIDE TO OWNING

AND OCCUPYING A LISTED PROPERTY

Version 1

Contents

Introduction 3Listed Buildings and conservation areas 4Maintenance and listed properties 11Buildings work/repair 16The insurance of listed buildings 18Glossary 21Contact points 29

These guidance notes are based on currentlegislation and we have tried to make themthorough and informative. If you require anyfurther assistance, please contact the relevantorganisations mentioned in the notes.

This advice is given in good faith and isbased on our understanding of current lawand practice. Neither Ecclesiastical InsuranceGroup plc, nor its subsidiaries accept any

liability whatsoever for any errors or omissionswhich may result in injury, loss or damage,including consequential or financial loss. It isthe responsibility of the Insured or any otherperson to ensure that they comply with theirstatutory obligations and any interpretation orimplementation of this guidance is at the solediscretion of the Insured or other party whomay read these notes.

As the owner or guardian of a heritageproperty, you’re likely to feel both affection foryour home and a desire to maintain itsintegrity. If it’s a listed building, you may alsoconsider yourself the guardian of what is animportant part of our country’s heritage.The joys of ownership can sometimes betempered by the responsibilities that this canbring. Where heritage properties areconcerned, even the smallest repairs can betime-consuming and extremely costly. That’swhy it’s important to have the support ofcompanies with the appropriate knowledgeand products to meet what can be extremelycomplex needs.

Ecclesiastical Insurance, in conjunction with NWBrown Insurance Brokers, would like to introduceone of the first policies specifically tailored to theintricacies of insuring a listed property.

Ecclesiastical’s commitment to the heritageinsurance market is long-standing. Insuringmore Grade I buildings than anyone else,including historic houses and 42 out of 43Church of England cathedrals; Ecclesiasticalunderstand the importance of repairing andrestoring your property faithfully. You can alsofeel confident that, should you ever need toclaim, our specialist claims service is on handto assist you 24 hours a day.

Introducing NW Brown Insurance Brokers

Founded in 1974, NW Brown Insurance BrokersLtd has developed many industry-leadinginitiatives with a particular focus on listed andheritage properties in and around the colleges ofCambridge. Recently this has included thelaunch of tailored products for Landlords’Property Insurance, Tenants’ Contents Insurance,Students’ Possessions Insurance and ExtremeWater Craft. We believe that giving clients thevery highest level of service is the starting pointto any relationship.

Note: NW Brown and Ecclesiasticalprovides this guide without charge.

Ecclesiastical was founded over a century agoby churchmen, to provide insurance for the Church.Since then, we have grown to become one of theUK’s leading insurers of charities, historic buildings,independent schools, and care homes.

LISTED BUILDINGS GUIDANCE NOTES 3

4 GUIDANCE NOTES LISTED BUILDINGS

Listed Buildings

Legislation covering listed buildings is basicallysimilar in England, Scotland, Wales, andNorthern Ireland. There are slight differencesand the listing process is under the controlof separate bodies in each country.Because the mechanics of each system areessentially the same a detailed explanationhas been provided in respect of England withthe main differences for Scotland, Walesand Northern Ireland indicated afterwards.

Listing in England

The Secretary of State for the Department ofCulture, Media & Sport is required to compilelists of buildings of special architectural orhistoric interest, for the guidance of localplanning authorities in the exercise of theirown planning functions under the Planning(Listed Buildings and Conservation Area)Act, 1990.

The first historic buildings survey of Englandwas carried out in the 1950’s and early1960’s, as a result of which statutory listswere provided for all local authority areas.With the revision, in 1970, of the criteria forselecting buildings for listing, a resurvey wasbegun so that the lists could be updated.This resurvey, now complete, will of course becontinually updated.

How the buildings are chosen

English Heritage was created by theNational Heritage Act, 1983. English Heritagerecommends buildings for inclusion onstatutory lists compiled by the Secretary ofState. Under the listing programme English

Heritage consider buildings in 3 main ways:? Spot listing – looking at individual buildings

brought to the attention of EnglishHeritage by local authorities, amenity andhistorical societies and individual membersof the public

? Area lists – every part of England has beenvisited by expert fieldworkers and the bestbuildings selected against the listingcriteria

? Thematic listing – focusing on particularbuilding types such as Industrial Heritageand the defence of Britain

Older buildings are more likely to be listed:? All buildings built before 1700 which

survive in anything like their originalcondition are listed

? Most buildings of 1700 to 1840 arelisted, though selection is necessary

? Between 1840 and 1945, only buildingsof definite quality and character are listed,including those by principal architects

? Post 1945, buildings have to beexceptionally important to be listed

In choosing buildings, particular attentionis paid to:

? Special value within certain types, eitherfor architectural or planning reasons oras illustrating social and economic history(for instance, industrial buildings, railwaystations, schools, hospitals, theatres, townhalls, markets, exchanges, almshouses,prisons, lock-ups, mills)

? Technological innovation or virtuosity(for instance, cast iron, prefabrication,or the early use of concrete)

? Association with well-known charactersor events

Listed buildings and conservation areasBuildings are listed because they are considered to be of special architectural

or historic interest. Conservation areas are areas of special architectural or historic

interest the character of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance.

Anyone who wants to alter orextend a listed building in anyway that affects its character,must obtain ‘Listed BuildingConsent’


? Group value, especially as examplesof town planning (for instance, squares,terraces or model villages)

The Grades

The buildings are classified in grades to showtheir relative importance as follows:

Grade I

These are buildings of exceptional interest(only about 2% of listed buildings so far arein this grade)

Grade II*

These are particularly importantbuildings of more than special interest(some 4% of listed buildings)

Grade II

These are buildings of special interest,which warrant every effort being madeto preserve them (94% or 500,000buildings are Grade II Listed)

The Statutory List

Until 1970, it was the Department’s practice toissue two separate types of list – the provisionallist, which gave the grade and a descriptionof each building, and the statutory list, whichcontained only the addresses of the building.Lists for individual areas, and copies ofindividual entries, can be consulted at the LocalCouncil Planning Department, County CouncilOffices, and most local reference libraries.

The full national list is kept by:

English HeritageNational Monuments Record Centre,Kemble Drive,Swindon SN2 2GZ.

Tel 01793 414600

Building Preservation Notices

In areas waiting to be resurveyed, individualbuildings which are potentially listable cancome under threat of alteration or demolition.In these circumstances, the District Councilcan issue a Building Preservation Notice,which has the effect of protecting the buildingas fully as if it were listed for a period of sixmonths. During this period, an assessmentis made, and if the building qualifies againstthe approved selection criteria, it is addedformally to the statutory list.

It is also open to members of the publicto bring to the Department’s attentionindividual threatened buildings. The buildingswill be assessed and, if they qualify, addedto the statutory list. Without this public interest,many important buildings might be lost ordamaged.

Protection

The fact that a building is listed as of specialarchitectural or historic interest does notmean that it will be preserved intact in allcircumstances, but it does ensure that thecase for its preservation is fully considered,through the procedure for obtaining listedbuilding consent.

Listed Building Consent

Anyone who wants to demolish a listedbuilding, or to alter or extend one in any waythat affects its character, must obtain ‘ListedBuilding Consent’ from the local planningauthority or, in some circumstances, theSecretary of State. The procedure is similarto that for obtaining planning permission.(Details can be obtained from the PlanningDepartment of any Local Authority).

It is an offence to demolish, alter or extenda listed building without Listed BuildingConsent and the penalty can be a fine,imprisonment, or both.


Listed Building Consent and planning

permission

Anyone wishing to redevelop a site onwhich a listed building stands will need bothListed Building Consent for the demolition,and planning permission for the new building.Similarly, anyone wishing to alter or extend alisted building in a way which would affectits character, and whose proposed alterationamounts to development for which specificplanning permission is required (as distinctfrom a general permission given by theGeneral Development Order), will also needto apply for planning permission and forListed Building Consent.

The local planning authority must notifyEnglish Heritage of all planning applicationsfor works affecting the fabric or setting ofGrade I or Grade II* listed buildings. SomeGrade II applications are also notified.

Appeals

If an application for Listed Building Consentis refused by the local planning authority, orgranted subject to conditions, the applicanthas a right of appeal to the Secretary of State.

On receipt of an appeal, the Secretary ofState will normally hold a local inquiry if eitherthe applicant or the local authority ask him todo so. The procedure for appealing is virtuallyidentical to the procedure for appealingagainst a refusal of planning permission,but the applicant can include, as one of thegrounds of appeal, an argument that thebuilding concerned is not of specialarchitectural or historic interest and oughtnot to be listed.

Recording of buildings to be demolished

If you are granted Listed Building Consentto demolish a building – either wholly orin part – you must not do so until EnglishHeritage has been given an opportunityto make a record of it. So if you proposeto demolish part or all of a listed building,you should tell the English Heritage atthe National Monuments Record Centre,Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2GZ either

before or immediately after you get ListedBuilding Consent.

You can get a form for this purpose from thelocal planning authority. You must then waitfor at least a month (the period runs fromone of two dates – the date on which ListedBuilding Consent is given or the date onwhich English Heritage is notified, whicheveris the later).

During that time, you must allow EnglishHeritage reasonable access to the building.

If English Heritage completes its records ofthe building within the month, or statesthat it does not wish to record it, you canthen demolish the building at once.

Repairs

If a local authority consider that a listedbuilding is not being properly preserved, theymay serve on the owner a ‘Repairs Notice’under Section 48 of the Planning (ListedBuildings and Conservation Areas) Act, 1990.This notice must specify the works whichthe authority consider reasonably necessaryfor the proper preservation of the buildingand explain that if it is not complied withwithin two months, the authority may makea Compulsory Purchase Order and submitit to the Secretary of State for confirmation(Section 47 of the Act).

Sections 54 and 55 of the Act state that ifthe building is unoccupied, the authoritycan serve a notice on the owner giving himseven days’ notice of their intention to carryout repairs which are urgently necessary tosecure its preservation and recover the costfrom the owner. If the owner deliberatelyneglects the building in order to redevelopthe site, the local authority may not onlyacquire the building, but may do so at aprice which excludes the value of the sitefor redevelopment. These powers may alsobe exercised by the Secretary of State.

Owners of listed buildings can, in somecases, get grants or loans to help them withrepairs and maintenance.


Grants and loans

English Heritage operate several grantschemes for historic buildings and monumentsand some conservation areas. Including aJoint Church Grant Scheme with the HeritageLottery Fund and grants for Historic Buildingsand Monuments.

Local authorities may supplement a grant fromEnglish Heritage, for example for a modesthistoric building outside a conservation area. Ahouse renovation grant could also be soughtfrom the local authority.

VAT and listed buildings

This is a complicated issue and it may benecessary to make contact with the localRevenue & Customs Department forclarification. However, some listed buildingsenjoy a more favoured position as regards VATthan do unlisted buildings. VAT zero-rating isavailable for ‘approved alterations’ (that is,alterations which both require and obtain listedbuilding consent from the appropriate planningauthority) to listed buildings . Works of repairor maintenance are standard-rated, as isthe construction of a new building within thecurtilage of a listed building (unless the newbuilding is designed as a dwelling or is to beused for a qualifying purpose). For more detailrefer to the leaflet VAT: Protected buildings(708/1/90) available from VAT offices.

Certificates of immunity against Listing

Where an application has been made for planningpermission for any development involvingalteration, extension or demolition of a building,or where such planning has been granted, theSecretary of State may issue a certificate statingthat he does not intend to list the building.

The issue of such a certificate in respect ofa building shall preclude the Secretary ofState for a period of five years from listing thatbuilding. Further, the local planning authorityshall not serve a building preservation noticein relation to the building.

Conservation areas

Buildings, whether they are listed orunlisted, can be situated in one of the 9,000conservation areas designated since theCivic Amenities Act, 1967. The approachto designation of conservation areas haschanged greatly since 1967.

Section 54A of The Town and CountryPlanning Act, 1990 emphasises theimportance of including firm conservationarea policies in the local plan, which in turnshould be based on a clear definition ofwhat constitutes the special architecturalor historical interest which warranteddesignation in each case.

A conservation area is ‘an area of specialarchitectural or historic interest, the characteror appearance of which it is desirable topreserve or enhance’ (Section 69). Localplanning authorities have a duty from time totime to review the extent of designation anddesignate further areas if appropriate. In orderto preserve the character and appearance ofan area, it may also be necessary for the localplanning authority to make a direction underArticle 4 of The Town and Country Planning(General Permitted Development) Order, 1995.

It is the quality and interest of areas, ratherthan individual buildings, which shouldbe the prime consideration in identifyingconservation areas.

A conservation area is ‘an area of special architecturalor historic interest, the character or appearance of whichit is desirable to preserve or enhance.’


So the contribution of a given building,group of buildings, their relationship to otherbuildings and/or spaces can all determinethe designation given to a conservation area.

It can therefore be seen that whether it isrepair, enhancement, or even demolition,under consideration planning consent will berequired from the local planning authority fora building in a conservation area, and certainconditions may attach to that permission.

List of statutes

The relevant Acts of Parliament are as follows:

? Planning (Listed Buildings andConservation Areas) Act, 1990

? Ancient Monuments and archeologicalAreas Act, 1979

? Local Government (MiscellaneousProvisions ) Act, 1982

? Civic Amenities Act, 1967? The Planning (Listed Buildings and

Conservation Areas) (Scotland) Act 1997

Listed buildings in Scotland, Wales and

Northern Ireland

Although there are different legislative acts,essentially the legislation covers the sameareas. The main areas of difference areindicated below.

Scotland

Scottish buildings are covered by the Planning(Listed Buildings and Conservation areas)(Scotland) Act 1997, with the body controllingthe system being Historic Scotland.

The listing categories being A, B, and C (S).

Category A (Approx 8%): Buildings of nationalor international importance, either architecturalor historic, or fine little altered examples ofsome particular period, style or building type.

Category B (Approx 60%): Buildings ofregional or more than local importance, ormajor examples of some particular period, styleor building type which may have been altered.

Category C(S) (Approx 32%): Buildings oflocal importance, lesser examples of anyperiod, style or building type, as originallyconstructed or altered; and simple, traditionalbuildings which group well with others incategories A and B or are part of a plannedgroup such as an estate or an industrialcomplex.

Buildings may also be linked in A or B classgroups to indicate their position in relation toa wider set of buildings with which they forma related whole such as an industrial estate,an urban square or a village high street.

Wales

Welsh listed buildings are covered by thePlanning (Listed Buildings and ConservationAreas) Act 1990 and the system is controlledby CADW. The listing categories broadlyfollow those used by English Heritage.

Northern Ireland

Buildings are listed in accordance withthe Article 42 of the Planning (NorthernIreland) Order 1991. The lists are compiledand maintained by the Environmentand Heritage Service department of theDepartment of the Environment.

The listed categories are A, B+, B1 & B2

Grade A: Buildings of national importanceincluding both outstanding grand buildingsand the fine, little altered example of someimportant style or date.

Grade B+: Buildings that might have meritedA status but for relatively minor detractingfeatures such as impurities of design, or lowerquality additions or alterations. Also buildingsthat stand out above the general mass ofgrade B1 buildings because of exceptionalinteriors or some other features.

Grade B1 and Grade B2: Buildings of localimportance or good examples of someperiod or style. Some degree of alterationof imperfection may be acceptable.

Routine ongoing maintenance on a regular basis will in thelong run prove to be far less costly than allowing buildings togradually deteriorate. Then, major repairs could becomenecessary at great expense.


Routine ongoing maintenance on a regularbasis will in the long run prove to be far lesscostly than allowing buildings to graduallydeteriorate, until major repairs becomenecessary at great expense.

It is important to remember that an insurancepolicy is not a maintenance contract and onlycovers repairs following specified events, suchas fire, storm or flood. It is a general conditionof insurance that all reasonable steps mustbe taken to prevent loss or damage to theproperty insured and to maintain the propertyin a good condition and in a good state ofrepair. If a building is poorly maintained andsubsequently becomes damaged followingan insured loss, the property owner couldbe required to contribute towards the costof carrying out repairs.

Maintenance work to historic buildings

There is a very strong probability that anhistoric building will be listed, in which caselisted building consent from the local authoritywill be required for any demolition works orthe removal of fixtures. Consent will alsobe required for any alterations or extensionswhich would affect the character of thebuilding. Planning permission and buildingregulations approval may also be required.If a building is in a Conservation area butnot specifically listed then Conservation areaconsent may also be required. It is alwaysadvisable to contact the local authorityplanning department before undertakingany works. Routine maintenance whichdoes not materially alter the building in anyway would not normally need consent.

Maintenance work might, however, requireconsent if the structure was a scheduledancient monument. If in doubt, however,contact the local authority first.

Careful consideration should always begiven to any work on a listed building.The use of specialist materials and specialistskills are usually required and only reputableprofessionals with experience of workingon historic buildings should be employed.This includes surveyors, architects, buildersand other tradesmen.

Wherever possible, repairs should be carriedout to the historic fabric rather than replacingoriginal features with new materials. Historicbuildings can be permanently damaged ifrepairs are not carried out by skilled personsusing traditional techniques.

Routine maintenance

Relatively simple jobs undertaken on a regularbasis can have a significant impact in keepinga building in good order over the long term.The most important aspect of maintenance isthe protection of a building from water anddamp penetration.

The necessary safety precautions must betaken when working at high levels particularlyon roofs. Ladders are a means of access,not a safe working platform. If you do nothave the appropriate scaffolding then workmust be left to contractors.

Maintenance of listed propertiesThere are probably few other areas where the expression, ‘a stitch in time saves nine,’

is more appropriate than in connection with the maintenance of historic buildings.

Careful consideration shouldalways be given to any work ona listed building


The following should be undertaken at leastevery six months, preferably during the springand autumn:

Roof check

All roofs should be checked to ensure thatthey are in good order and any missing orslipped slates and tiles are replaced. Ridgetiles should also be checked to ensure thatthey have not become loose and are allowingwater to get in.

Rainwater fittings and disposal

Roof valleys, gutters, hoppers and downpipesneed to be cleared of leaves, pigeon droppingsand other debris to ensure a free-flow ofstorm water and to prevent overflowing, whichwill cause damage to the fabric of the building.In cold weather, water which is unable to drainaway will freeze, causing damage to the fabricof the building by expansion. Storm drainsand soakaways also need to be checked toensure that water is satisfactorily carriedaway from the structure.

Repainting

The routine painting of external woodwork isessential to prevent dampness and the onsetof rot although painting is not necessarilyadvisable or appropriate for the structuredwood work of a timber framed building. Puttyin windows should also be regularly inspectedand replaced where necessary, as shouldthe bedding of the window within the wall.In the case of listed buildings, there maybe restrictions on the choice of colour.The existing colour should not be changedsignificantly without reference to the localauthority planning department.

Removal of plant growth

Climbing plants and creepers, particularly ivy,can cause damage to buildings, will causepersistently damp walls and can also blockroof valleys and gutters. Ivy will intrude intomortar joints and may eventually cause the

cracking of masonry. The excessive growth ofclimbing plants can also cause damage tofoundations. Climbing plants must be strictlycontrolled or, ideally, removed.

Ivy must never be pulled away from a wall asthis could cause damage to both the masonryand mortar joints. Ivy must be first killed eitherby cutting through the stem or by poisoningthe root system. On environmental grounds,biocides should not be used. Once the ivyhas died back, it must then be very carefullyremoved from the wall.

Chimneys and flues

Open fires are a particular feature of historicbuildings and routine maintenance isnecessary to reduce the risk of chimney fires.This is particularly the case with thatchedproperties. (See Ecclesiastical Guidance Noteon thatched properties for more information.)

Chimneys in use should be cleaned at leasttwice a year. Generally, the chimney should beswept at the end of the ‘burning’ season andjust before the start of the next. Dependingon the type of fuel used, the chimney mayrequire sweeping more often. Chimneysshould be regularly examined to ensure theyare not damaged. This can be checked fromthe ground using binoculars. If there is anyevidence of damage, repairs should beundertaken before the chimney is used again.

Routine repairs

In addition to the routine maintenance outlinedabove, the undertaking of minor repairs ona regular basis will reduce the need for muchcostlier work at a later date. It is important toremember that only experienced builders usingthe correct materials should be employed.

Re-pointing brick and stoneworkRe-pointing should always be carried outusing a similar mortar type to match theoriginal. For historic buildings, this will usuallymean a lime-based mortar. A hard cement-based mortar will lead to cracking and thepossible collapse of the walling material.

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Damage to historic buildingscan often be caused by poorlymaintained heating systemsand electrical installations.


Where joints are eroded, re-pointing isimportant as it will prevent water frompenetrating into joints causing damage infreezing weather. Where the mortaris soft but the joint is not badly erodedaction is unlikely to be needed.

Repairs to doorsWhere a door has become damaged ordecayed, it is usually only in a small part ofthe door, as often as not being the bottomrail which has become waterlogged. Thereplacement of the entire door is not normallynecessary and the splicing-in of a newbottom rail is usually all that is required.

Repairs to windowsAs a general rule, repair should always beconsidered before replacement. Decay willusually only affect a small part of the windowand new sections of wood can be pieced-in,thus prolonging the window's life span.The use of uPVC is usually unacceptablefor historic buildings.

Plasters and rendersPlaster or render should not normally beapplied to a surface that is not alreadyrendered. However, where there is evidenceof an earlier, lost render, there may be goodtechnical reasons for reinstating one of anappropriate traditional composition.

In the case of listed buildings, Listed BuildingConsent would have to be obtained beforedoing so, particularly externally. Where repairsare being carried out, it is necessary to identifythe type of plaster or render which was usedin order that a similar type may be used for therepair. The colour, texture and porosity of thenew render should be the same as the existing.

Traditional lime-based materials shouldalways be used. Waterproof renders such asmodern, hard cement renders should not beused as these produce an impermeable skin,which traps moisture, causing damage to theunderlying fabric of the building. Render shouldnot be painted with modern, waterproof paints,which will not allow a building to breathe.Limewash is the traditional protective coating

for lime plaster and is suitable for limestone,lime render, wattle and daub, and cob buildings.Limewash allows a building to ‘breathe’ so thatany damp may evaporate and not becometrapped in the walls.

Cleaning stone, brickwork and timberThe cleaning of listed buildings may requirelisted building consent. If you are in anydoubt, however, then contact should bemade with your local authority conservationofficer. Cleaning should only be undertakenif essential as part of a wider scheme ofrepair and should always be carried out byexperienced contractors.

The nature of the material to be cleanedshould be correctly identified, including thetype of brickwork and the type of stone.The degree of resistance to cleaning of bothbrick and stone will vary depending on thehardness of the material. Areas which are notbeing cleaned, such as doors and windows,need to be properly protected during thecleaning process.

The three principal methods for cleaning bothbrick and stone are washing, mechanicaland chemical. Expert advice must be obtainedbefore embarking on any cleaning processas damage is likely to be irreversible.


Heating and electricsDamage to historic buildings can often becaused by poorly maintained heating systemsand electrical installations. Old pipework canleak and cause water damage. The largenumber of electrical appliances now in usein most buildings can cause old electricalwiring to become overloaded, heat up andcause fires.

Gas fired central heating systems should besubject to an annual maintenance contractwith a GAS SAFE REGISTER™ registeredinstaller. The annual maintenance checkshould include all radiators and pipes as wellas the boiler itself to ensure there are noleaks.

Oil fired boilers should also be subject toan annual maintenance contract. Oil storagetanks should be protected with a bund orcatch-pit to collect any oil which may leakfrom a damaged or ruptured tank.

All water installations including pipes andtanks should be adequately lagged to protectthem from freezing.

Every five years electrical installations shouldbe checked for safety by a qualified electricalcontractor. Any defective wiring or equipmentshould be brought up to the relevant standardunder the present IEE. Regulations.Alterations or extensions to the fixed electricalsystem should always be carried out by anapproved contractor.

Only electrical contractors with full scoperegistration or membership to work oncommercial installations with the NationalInspection Council for Electrical InstallationContracting (NICEIC), The ElectricalContractors Association (ECA) or The NationalAssociation of Professional Inspectors andTesters (NAPIT) should be employed.

Electricians or electrical contractors who areonly registered to undertake work on domesticinstallations under Part P of the BuildingRegulations are not acceptable other than forwork in buildings solely occupied as privatedwellings.

The guidance inthis section on themaintenance ofhistoric propertiesis supported by

Society for theProtection ofAncient Buildings

Relatively simple jobs undertaken on a regular basis canhave a significant impact in keeping a building in goodorder over the long term.


Work may involve the presence of personsunfamiliar with the site and the introduction ofadditional hazards, such as flammable liquidsand hot working. Security may becompromised by the use of scaffoldinggiving access to upper floors.

You should maintain extra vigilance duringthese periods and closely supervisethe activities of all contractors.

Basic precautions

All workmen should be shown the locationof fire extinguishers and be told whereresponsible officials or telephones canbe found in the event of an emergency.

The local police and fire brigade shouldbe advised if major repair works are to beundertaken. During the contract period,responsible officials should inspectthe buildings carefully at the end of everyday to ensure that all is in order. Wheneverpossible, irregular visits should also bemade during the day.

Smoking

Smoking should be prohibited if possibleand should never be permitted withinbuildings. Where permitted, it should beconfined to clearly defined outside areas withadequate waste disposal arrangements andthe areas should be thoroughly inspected atthe end of each working day.

Temporary electric wiring

All temporary electric wiring should complywith BS 7671 ‘Requirements for ElectricalInstallations’. Circuits should be physicallydisconnected from the mains

supply at the end of the day, even wherethe mains switch is turned off at night.

Waste materials

Paper, plastic, cardboard, crates and allother combustible waste materials should beremoved from the site at the end of eachworking day or kept in a lockable lidded metalskip well away from buildings (we wouldsuggest a distance of at least six metres).

Flammable materials

Provision should be made for gas cylinders,paints, oils, flammable liquids and buildingsmaterials to be stored outside and well awayfrom buildings. Large quantities should bestored in a bunded container. If spraying ofroof timbers is undertaken, this should only bedone in a well-ventilated atmosphere. Smokingshould be banned and all forms of heatingswitched off until work is complete.

Site huts

Temporary huts should be erected wellaway from the buildings and secured outsideof working hours.

Building work/repairDuring the periods when buildings are undergoing repairs, maintenance or extension

work, there is an increased risk of fire, theft and accident.

A hot work permit must bein place to ensure thatcontractors obtain permissionbefore they commence suchwork and that checks are madeat the end of the day


Warning notices and barriersshould be erected to keepunauthorised persons awayfrom the site

Theft

During building work, extra precautionsshould be taken. Areas not in use should bekept locked. Vulnerable or attractive itemsor equipment should be kept in secure stores.The intruder alarm system may be proneto false alarms during this period whendust, draughts, etc. can occur. It should beremembered that access to areas aboveground level is possible due to the presence ofscaffolding. Ladders, etc. should be removedand secured at the end of each working day.The use of intruder alarm protection onexternal scaffold should be considered.

Safety

Suitable barriers and warning notices shouldbe erected to keep unauthorised personsaway from the site.

Remember, the law requires a greater dutyof care to be shown towards children thantowards adults.

CDM regulations

The Construction (Design & Management)Regulations apply to all construction work inGreat Britain. You should be aware of yourresponsibilities under these regulations.

As a ‘client’ – an individual or organisation forwhom construction work is being carried out,you have a number of specific duties underthe CDM Regulations; however you canappoint a competent person to assist you inthe discharge of these duties if you wish. TheApproved Code of Practice to the CDMRegulations summarises the duties of a clientas follows:

? Check the competence and resource of allappointees

? Ensure there are suitable managementarrangements for the project includingwelfare facilities

? Allow sufficient time and resources for allstages

? Provide pre-construction information todesigners and contractors

A project is notifiable to the HSE if theconstruction phase will be longer than 30 daysor 500 person days of construction work, andfor such projects, clients must:? Appoint a CDM coordinator? Appoint a Principal contractor? Make sure construction work does not

start unless there are suitable welfarefacilities, and a construction phase plan isin place

? Provide information relating to the healthand safety file to the CDM co-ordinator

? Retain and provide access to the healthand safety file

Insurance

As soon as building work is contemplated, yourinsurer should be advised. Your architect willindicate your insurance obligations under theterms of the contract. You may need to arrangeadditional insurance cover in respect of:

(a) the existing structure together with thecontents, and

(b) the works and all unfixed materials andgoods other than builders’ plant, toolsand other equipment.

You should ascertain that the contractors haveeffected suitable insurances against PublicLiability (Third Party) risks and Employers’Liability risks and that such insurances havebeen extended by specific reference to protectthe interests of your business by the inclusionof an Indemnity to Principal clause.

Fire prevention on construction sites

The ‘Joint Code of Practice on the Protectionfrom Fire of Construction Sites and BuildingsUndergoing Renovation’ is published jointlyby The Fire Protection Association and theConstruction Confederation. The code givesguidance on emergency procedures, fireprotection, temporary covering materials,electrical and gas supplies, storage, portablefire extinguishers, site security against arson,temporary accommodation, site storage offlammable liquids and waste materials.


Insuring a heritage building is essentiallyno different from insuring a modern building.The difficulties usually arise from deciding forhow much to insure. Specialist advice shouldalways be obtained.

The following guidance relates to buildingswhich are in a generally good state of repairand which are occupied. Limitations tothe cover available will apply to unoccupiedbuildings or those in a poor state of repair.

What type of rebuilding cover should

be selected?

The object of an insurance policy is to placethe insured in the same financial situationafter the loss as they were in immediatelyprior to the loss.

The sum insured under the policy should bebased upon the rebuilding cost of the propertyand represents the limit of the insurancecompany’s liability in the event of a loss.

The insurance of listed buildingsYour home is often the largest single asset you own so it is essential thatadequate insurance is affected in order to protect this investment.


How much should the building be

insured for?

The sum insured should represent the costof reinstating the entire structure if totallydestroyed. This envisages replacement witha building of equivalent quality, design andstyle whilst complying with current legislation.

The figure should also include an allowance tocover temporary site work to protect the buildingand adjoining properties after damage. Thecosts of archaeological excavation, recordingand conservation, demolition, removal of debris,Architects, Surveyors and other professionalfees incurred in the rebuilding also need tobe included.

With heritage buildings it is important that allthe various elements of the building includingfixtures and fittings, external boundary wallsand railings etc. are also included within thesum insured.

Heritage buildings tend to be moreexpensive to repair and rebuild than modernbuildings of similar size. Whilst in the eventof total destruction a modern property maybe permitted on the site in the event ofa partial loss rebuilding in the same styleas the original may be required. It is notuncommon for the cost of a major restorationfollowing a partial loss to far exceed thecost of an equivalent modern structure.Most losses are partial resulting in the needto restore only part of the total structure.

Following damage an owner’s freedomof action can be limited by legislation, whichseeks to protect the structure and site.

Consequently the time taken to restore ahistoric building is likely to be longer thana modern building. Typically an average listedbuilding can take from 12 to 24 monthsto restore, but periods of 48 months or moreare not unknown. If provision for inflationduring the period of insurance and rebuildingis not included under the policy then anallowance in this respect must be madewithin the sum insured.

What happens if the property

is underinsured?

If the sum insured (declared value)proves to represent less than the rebuildingcost of the property then the InsuranceCompany may well reduce the amount ofthe claim proportionately. This is knownas the application of average.

For example

Amount of claim

Sum insured(declared value)

Full rebuilding costsof the entire building

Calculation

Are owners legally required to insure

a heritage building?

As with other buildings there is no legalrequirement to insure a building evenwhere the building is Listed or within aConservation area. The legislation relatingto listed buildings makes no referenceto the need to take out insurance.

The legislation does however imposevarious duties and limitations upon theowner of a listed building regardingthe repair, maintenance or demolition.

The prudent owner therefore regardsadequate insurance of the building asessential not only to protect their propertybut also to enable them to meet theirstatutory obligations.

An owner may also of course be requiredto insure the property under the termsof a contract or agreement such as a lease,loan, mortgage, investment portfolio, trust,or some other legal arrangement.

a

b

c

b ÷ x =c a £150,000

£300,000

£500,000

£1,000,000


In most instances, therefore, it is appropriateto base the sum insured upon the totalrebuilding of the existing structure.

Who can help decide the sum insured?

It is important that appropriate specialist adviceis sought when deciding the sum to be insured.The use of the BCIS Guides to RebuildingCosts is likely to be inappropriate as theserelate predominately to modern buildings orin the case of houses those built after 1914.

Chartered Quantity Surveyors, CharteredSurveyors, & Architects with experience inhistoric buildings can provide such advice.Prior to appointing such a consultant it isimportant to establish their level of experiencewith listed buildings, the basis of theirvaluation and the fee they will charge.

Ecclesiastical also provides advice regardingthe sum to be insured for their policyholders.This advice is without additional charge topolicyholders but is provided for insurancepurposes only and represents the limit ofliability under the policy.

Further information can be obtained from:

n The Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyorswww.rics.org.uk

n The Royal Institute of British Architectswww.riba.org

n Ecclesiastical Insurance Officewww.ecclesiastical.co.uk


Abacus

flat slab on top of a capital, usually squarein classical and Romaneqsue, circular oroval in Gothic.

Abutment

the solid part of a pier from which an archsprings. It can be used to describe the divisionof the arches within a bridge.

Acanthus

plant with thick scalloped leaves used as partof the decoration of a Corinthian capital.

Aisle

lateral portion of a church or cathedral parallelto the nave, choir and chanel and separatedfrom them by an arcade. Except in so-calledhall churches, the aisles are usually muchlower in height than the central nave etc,thus allowing for a clerestory.

Alcove

a recess in a room sometimes set asidefor a bed.

Almonry

a building adjacent to a monastery in whichalms were distributed to the poor.

Almshouse

a building devoted to the shelter of poorpersons and often endowed by a richbenefactor such as a merchant. Some werefor men or women of a specific social orprofessional background and were known ascolleges, such as Morden College, Blackheath,and College of Matrons, Salisbury.

Ambo

an elevated lectern or pulpit in the nave.

Ambulatory

semi-circular or polygonal aisle enclosing anapse.

Annulet

shaft-ring, found especially in EarlyEnglish styles.

Anthemion

ornament based on the honeysuckle andfrequently empoyed by Robert Adam andhis followers.

Apse

a semicircular domed recess at the east end ofthe chancels, or chapels, or against the eastwall of a transept, the latter prevalent inRomanesque ‘greater church’ planning.

Arcade

range of arches supported on piers or columns.

Arabesque

geometrical and complicated decorationinvolving interwined tendrils and foliage. Usedby the Greeks and Romans, it was a favouritetheme of Robert Adam.

Aqueduct

a bridge for conveying water across a lowerlevel such as a valey. In England they werefrequently built for canals with the watercarried in a cast iron trough.

Architrave

lowest of the three main parts of theentablature in classical architecture.

Ashlar

cut stone worked to even aces and right-angled edges.

GlossaryThis section contains definitions of terminology frequently

encountered when dealing with historic buildings and may assist

when discussing insurance matters

A


Attic

top storey of a house, in classical architectureit is often defined as such by a boldlyprojecting cornice at its base.

Bailey

open space or court within walls of a castle,often called a ward in late medieval castles.

Baldacchino

a canopy placed over an altar, supported oncolumns; a good modern example is that in StPaul’s Cathedral, London.

Ball-flower

a fourtheenth-century decoration comprising aglobular flower of three petals enclosing asmall ball.

Balustrade

series of balusters supporting a handrail orcoping. Can be used to adorn a parapet ormark the divisions of a garden terrace.

Barbican

an outwork or defence before a fortified gate.Examples remain at Bodium Castle, Sussex,and Lion Tower, Tower of London.

Barge-boards

overhanging decorated boards against theincline of the gable of a building. Many fineexamples survive on half-timbered houses ofthe sixtheenth century.

Baroque

the architecture of the seventeenth and earlyeighteenth centuries, characterised by concaveand convex wall surfaces. Sometimes the rulesof classical proportions were deliberatelydistorted. Asymmetry was also a deliberatecharacteristic of Continental Baroque at itsmost extreme. In England the term is limited tobuilding between about 1660 and 1730 at thehands of such architects as Wren, Hawksmoor,Vanbrugh, Talman, Archer, and Gibbs, and ismuted by classical restraint; in comparison withthe Italians, Bernini, Borromini and Guarini.

Basilica

in medieval architecture, an aisled churchwith celestory. It originally had an apse atone end and was the basis of Early Christianchurch planning.

Bastion

projection at the angle of a fortification.

Battlement

parapet with a series of indentations orembrasures known as crenelles etween raisedporrtions or merlons. Such a parapet isdescribed as being crenellated.

Bay

internal division of a building by piers orcolumns against the wall and transversearches in ceiling or vault.

Bay-window

angular or curved projection of a house front.

Beak-head

norman ornamental motif consisting of arow of grotesque bird or beast heads withbeaks usually biting into the semi-circularor roll-moulded surround of the arch ofa door or window.

Belfry

upper stage of a tower where bells are hung.

Bellcote

framework of timber or stone on a roof fromwhich to hang bells.

Blind Tracery

tracery purely for decorative purposesapplied to walls without glazing or openings.Extensively used during the Norman and EarlyEnglish periods.

Block capital

(also called cushion capital). Romanesquecapital cut from a cube by having the lowerangles of each side rounded off to thecircular shaft below.

B


Boss

key stone at the meeting of vault ribs.It is usually decorated with figure orfoliated carving.

Brickwork

brick laid in courses according to specificpatterns or bonds.

Broach

Early English spire generally octangonal inplan, rising from the four sides of the tower.A small pyramidal piece of masonry covers thetriangular space at each of the four corners.

Buttress

stone or brick support projecting from a wall togive additional strength especially where thepressure of internal vaulting places stressagainst the interior surfaces.

Cable moulding

norman moulding imitating rope or a twistedcord.

Capital

carved or moulded block of stone placed ontop of column.

Cartouche

decorative tablet or frame for inscriptions orcoat of arms.

Caryatid

whole female figure supporting an entablature.

Castellated

battlemented.

Castle

a building fortified for defence. Usually of stoneand flint, although towards the end of theMiddle Ages a number were built of brick.

Chancel

part of church in which the altar is placed. Itusually refers to the whole of the church eastof the crossing.

Chancel arch

arch dividing chancel from nave.

Chantry chapel

chapel attached to, or inside church endowedby a benefactor for the saying of mass for hissoul and those of his family on specific feastdays. A chantry bequest might include fundsfor the retaining of a priest for this purpose aswell as teaching grammar to the local children.

Chequer-work

an alternating use of coloured brick squares,often black and red, or stone and flint,resembling a chessboard, often found inEast Anglia.

Chevet

french term for the east end of a churchincluding chancel, ambulatory and radiatingchapels. The best English example is atWestminster Abbey.

Chevron

Zigzag ornament found in Norman work.

Chinoiserie

decoration to evoke a feeling of China. Itaffected furniture and porcelain as well asarchitecture where pagodas, teahouses andpavillions became popular.

Celestory

upper storey of nave, choir, and transept wallspierced by windows.

Coffering

ceiling decoration of recessed square orpolygonal ornamental panels.

Coving

the curving of the side of ceilings above thewall cornice to give an added dimension, as inthe Double Cube Room at Wilton House.

Corbel

block of stone beneath roof eaves, or tosupport wall shafts. Often they were carvedwith figurative decoration.

Cornice

a projecting ledge forming the top section ofthe entablature in Classical architecture.

Crocket

leaf-like decoration sprouting from the slopingsides of spires, pinnacles, gables, etc.

C


Crossing

space at intersection of nave, chancel andtransepts; in a cathedral often marked by acentral tower as at Canterbury and York.

Cusp

projecting point between the foils inGothic tracery.

Diaper work

surface wall decoration composed of square orlozenge shapes.

Dog-tooth

early English ornament consisting of a seriesof four leaves converging to a point to form astar shaped pattern, set between mouldedbands.

Dome

a vault over a circular or polygonal base,semicircular segmented, pointed or bulb-shaped in section. Often raised on a drum, e.g.St. Paul’s Cathedral.

Dormer

window placed vertically in the slope of a roof,sometimes hidden by a balustrade.

Eaves

underpart of a sloping roof overhanging a wall.

Engaged columns

columns attached to, or partly sunk into, a wall.

Entablature

the whole of the horizontal members above acolumn comprising architrave, frieze andcornice in classical architecture.

Entasis

slight convex deviation from the vertical usedon classical columns to prevent an opticalillusion of concavity.

Facade

the exterior face of a building.

Fanlight

window often semicircular and over a door.Often decorated with radiating glazing barssuggesting the shape of an opening fan.

Fleche

slender spire of wood or lead on ridge of roof.

Flush work

decorative mixture of lint and dressed stonesometimes forming tracery patterns as in anumber of East Anglian churches.

Fluting

verticle channelling in the shafts of a column.

Foliated

leaf-shaped, of carving usually round capitals.

Frieze

middle division of a classical entablature.

Gable

the end wall of a building, the top of whichconforms to the shape of the roof behind oracts as a brick screen. The edges are oftendressed with stone coping.

Galilee

a porch or chapel at the west end of a church,eg Durham Cathedral.

Gallery

a passage linking two major wings of a house;it could also be used for the display of a familyportraiture. Jacobean examples have intricatestrapwork ornamented ceilings.

Garderobe

lavatory or privy in a medieval building.

Gargoyle

projecting water spout often carved in the formof a human or animal face.

Gazebo

summerhouse or belvedere in a picturesquegarden. Common in the seventeenth andeighteenth centuries.

D

E

G


Giant order

classical ordered pilasters rising through two ormore storeys. Used by Talman, Hawksmoor,Gibbs, etc.

Hall

the principal living room of a medieval house.Also the main assembly room of a school,college, or a court of justice.

Herringbone work

brick, stone or tile laid diagonally instead ofin horizontal courses. Where alternate courseslie in oopposing directions they create azigzag pattern.

Hexastyle

a portico or centrepiece having six detachedcolumns.

Jamb

straight side of an archway, window anddoorway.

Jetty

the upper storeys of a house resting onprojecting floor joists and so creating theeffect of an overhang. The Shambles inYork, and Mercery Lane, Canterbury, retainjettied buildings projecting over half thethoroughfare below.

Keep

massive tower of a norman castle; square,polygonal or circular, eg. White tower, Towerof London.

Keystone

middle stone of an arch or a rib vault.

Lady chapel

chapel dedicated to Our Blessed Lady usuallyto the east of the chancel. At Ely Cathedral it isto the north and almost detached.

Lancet arch

arch with acutely pointed head common in theEarly Gothic period from about 1175.

Lantern

a square or polygonal tower or structure inwhich all faces are pierced by large windows.When over a crossing the tower is open frombelow, as at York Minster.

Lintel

horizontal beam or stone laid on twoverticle posts thus bridging an opening.Stonehenge shows its most simple form.

Long and short work

saxon manner of wall cornering with stonesplaced with the long sides alternatively uprightand horizontal.

Louvre

opening, often with lantern over roof ridge tolet smoke from central hearth escape.

Lucarne

small opening in spire or a roof; in the formerto allow air to circulate round timbers.

Machicolations

a projecting gallery on castle walls or towers inwhich the floor is pierced by holes to allow thedropping of missiles onto an assailant below.

Masonry

the craft of cutting, jointing and laying stonefor building.

Mausoleum

monumental place of burial for family,so called after tomb of King Mausolusat Halicarnassus.

Metope

in classical architecture of the Doric order,the panel in the frieze between the triglyphs.

Misercord

in choir stalls, a bracket on the underside of ahinged seat which allowed the occupant somesupport during long periods of standing.

Motte

a steep mound on which the stone keep of acastle was erected in the eleventh and twelfthcenturies, e.g. York Castle.

H

J

K

L

M


Narthex

enclosed vestibule or covered porch againstwest front of a church.

Newel

central post in a spiral staircase.

Obelisk

loft pillar of square section tapering towardsthe top and ending in a point.

Ogee

a semicircular arch which is pulled up intoa point at its crown.

Order

in classical architecture it consists of column,with base, capital and entablature accordingto one of the following styles: Greek Doric,Roman Doric, Tuscan Doric, Iconic, Corinthian,Composite.

Oriel

window projecting from a façade at firststory or above.

Palladian

architecture movement expounding the ideasand principles of Andrea Palladio 1508-80.Jones is considered the first disciple but themovement proper is eighteenth century, andspread to the Continent, as well as America.

Parapet

low wall along edge of roof or piece of groundwhere there is a sudden drop. Often has thesame purpose as a balustrade.

Pediment

low-pitched gable used in Classical,Renaissance and Neo-Classical architecture,above a portico, doors and windows. In theBaroque age they were often curved, andbroken in the centre for a cartouche, orpiece of sculpture.

Pendentive

concave triangular spandrel used to direct theweight of a dome to one of four or eight piers.Wren’s St Stephen, Walbrook, and St Paul’sCathedral have excellent examples.

Piano nobile

principal storey of a house, usually emphasisedby the windows of greater height than on theother floors.

Piazza

open space surrounded by buildings. Italian inconcept, it was brought to England by InigoJones and first used at Covent Garden in the1630’s.

Pier

arch or lintel support frequently squarein section. In Romanesque, it often hasattached shafts.

Piscina

basin for washing the Communion or Massvessels provided with a drain. Set on the southwall of the chancel of a church and oftenadorned with moulding.

Plat-band

a horizontal band of ashlar stonework, slightlyprojecting from a façade.

Plinth

projecting base of a wall or column.

Portico

centrepiece of a house or a church withClassical columns supporting an entablatureand pediment.

Presbytery

in cathedral or greater church planning, thepart lying east of the choir in which the altaris placed.

Pulpitum

stone screen in a cathedral and abbey to shut

off the choir from the nave, as in Canterbury

Cathedral.

N

O

P


Quoins

dressed stones at the angle of a building. Theyare usually placed in alternating courses oflong or short blocks, and the edges may bechamfered, or cut away at an angle of 45o

to the two other surfaces.

Rederos

screen behind and above altar as in NewCollege Chapel, Oxford.

Rood

cross or crucifx.

Roof

the construction of wood which affords asupport for lead, tile or slates so covering thetop of a building. In open timbered roofs theframework can be admired, and adopts anumber of constructional varaitions.

Rose window or (wheel window)

circular window with patterned traceryarranged to radiate from the centre. Excellentexamples are at Lincoln Cathedral.

Rotunda

building circular in plan.

Rustication

courses of stone or brick withchamfered edges.

Sanctuary

area around the main altar of achurch: presbytery.

Sedilia

seats for the priest and deacons (usuallythree) against the south wall of a chancelnext to the piscina.

Solar

upper living room of a medieval house.

Spandrel

the roughly triangular space formed by thecurvature of an arrch, the vertical wall shaft,and horizontal string course marking thearcade division.

Spire

pyramidal erection, generally octagonalin plan, placed on top of a tower.

Splay

chamfer or opening out of the jamb of window,usually on the interior.

Squint

hole cut in wall or pier of chancel to allowview of main altar from adjacent chapel.

Steeple

the tower and spire of a church normallyhousing bells.

Stiff-leaf

the roughly triangular space formed on capitalsand bosses during the Early English period.

Strapwork

sixteenth and early seventeeth centurydecoration, Flemish in origin, and consistingof interlaced bands like leather straps. Foundon plaster ceilings as well as woodwork.

String course

projecting horizontal band set into walls;it does not have the relief of a cornice.

Stucco

plasterwork or fine-quality extrenal rendering,often painted.

Swag

festoon formed by a carved piece of clothholding fruit or flowers and supportedat each end.

Tabernacle

richly ornamented niche or freestandingcanopy. Also the receptacle for the sacramentin the centre of an altar, or to one side ofthe sanctuary.

Term

classical sculptured figure whose lowerhalf turns into a pedestal.

Q

R

S

T


Terrace

a row of houses joined together as a unifieddesign, with the centre sometimes emphasisedby a pediment. Also a raised space or platformin front of a building.

Timber framing

construction where basic structure is built oftimber framework with the space in betweenfilled with brickwork or plaster; frequently thetimber work has been covered with plaster,brick or tiles.

Tracery

the intersecting stone framework of a Gothicwindow. The vertical strips are know asmullions, horizontal intersecting bars, transoms.Towards the head (top) of a window the tracerybreaks into a decorative mesh of geometricalor flamboyant patterns.

Transept

transverse arm of a cruciform church.

Tribune

gallery above aisles with arches opening tothe nave.

Triforium

gallery with arches opening to nave and choirimmediately below the celestory.

Trygliphs

blocks with vertical grooves separating themetopes in a Doric frieze.

Turret

small tower (square, round, or polygonal) oftenfound in military architecture.

Tympanum

space between the lintel of a doorway and thearch above it and in Norman period oftenadorned with carvings of Christ, as well assecular themes, eg. Barfreston, Kent.

Undercroft

a crypt or vault under a church or chapel.

Vault

– rib, an arched roof usually of stone in whichthe blocks filling the panels or cells are held

in place by a web or ribs.– tunnel or continuous stone roof either

semicircular or pointed barrel in section.– groin two tunnel vaults of identical

shape intersecting at right angles over asquare bay as in Canterbury Cathedralwestern crypt.

Venetian arch

window with three openings of which thecentral one is larger and arched.

Varandah

open gallery with roof or canopy supportedon light pillars, often of cast iron.

Villa

country house, usually a secondary and smallerresidence of a wealthy family.

Volute

curved corner scroll of an ionic capital.Also a block of stone with serpentinecurved forming one side and used as adecorative motif in Baroque architecture,eg St Martin’s Ludgate, by Wren.

Voussoir

wedge-shaped stone used in arch construction.

Wainscot

timber lining to walls.

Wheel window

circular window with spoked tracery found inthe Norman period. Sometimes also called arose window, although this is really a laterdevelopment in which tracery asssumespetal shapes.

Zigzag

norman decoration known as chevron.U

V

W

Z


English Heritage

Customer Service DepartmentPO Box 569, Swindon SN2 2YPTel 0870 333 1181www.english-heritage.org.uk

Department of Culture,

Media & Sport

2-3 Cockspur StreetLondon SW1Y 5DHTel 020 7211 6200www.culture.gov.uk

Department for Environment,

Food & Rural Affairs (Defra)

Customer Contact UnitEastbury House30-34 Albet EmbankmentLondon SE1 7TLTel 020 7238 2188www.defra.gov.uk

Ancient Monuments Society

St Ann’s Vestry Hall2 Church EntryLondon EC4V 5HBTel 020 7236 3934www.ancientmonumentssociety.org.uk

Council for

British Archaeology

St Mary’s House66 BoothamYork YO30 7BZTel 01904 671417www.britarch.ac.uk

CADW

Welsh Assembly GovernmentPlas CarewUnit 5/7 Cefn CoedParc NantgarwCardiff CF15 7QQTel 01443 336000www.cadw.wales.gov.uk

Environment and

Heritage Service

Historic Buildings General EnquiriesWaterman House5 - 33 Hill StreetBelfastCounty AntrimNorthern Ireland BT1 2LATel 028 9054 3145www.ehsni.gov.uk

Society for the Protection

of Ancient Buildings

37 Spital SquareLondon E1 6DYTel 020 7377 1644www.spab.org.uk

Society for the Protection

of Ancient Buildings

in Scotland

33 Barony StreetEdinburgh EH3 6NXTel 0131 557 1551www.spab.org.uk/scotland

Contact pointsThe organisations noted below are able to provide help and

information in connection with heritage buildings.


Georgian Group6 Fitzroy SquareLondon W1T 5DXTel 0871 750 2956

The Victorian Society1 Priory GardensBedford ParkLondon W4 1TT020 8994 1019www.victorian-society.org.uk

Twentieth Century Society70 Cowcross StreetLondon EC1M 6EJTel 020 7250 3857www.c20society.org.uk

Historic ScotlandLongmore HouseSalisbury PlaceEdinburgh EH9 1SHTel 0131 668 8600www.historic-scotland.gov.uk

The National TrustPO Box 39Warrington WA5 7WDTel 0870 458 4000www.thenationaltrust.org.uk

The National Trust for ScotlandWemyss house28 Charlotte SquareEdinburghScotland EH2 4ETTel 0131 243 9300www.nts.org.ukNational Trust for Northern IrelandRowallane HouseSaintfieldBallynahinchCo Down BT24 7LHTel 028 9751 0721www.nationaltrust.org.uk

Royal Commission on theAncient and Historic Monumentsof Scotland John Sinclair House16 Bernard TerraceEdinburgh EH8 9HXTel 0131 662 1456www.rcahms.gov.uk

Royal Commission on theAncient & Historical Monumentsof Wales Plas Crug AberystwythCeredigionSY23 1NJTel 01970 621200www.rcahmw.gov.uk

If you would like more information aboutEcclesiastical, please visit

www.ecclesiastical.com

If you would like more information aboutN.W. Brown, please visit

www.nwbrown.com

Ecclesiastical Insurance Office plc. (EIO) Reg. No. 24869. Ecclesiastical Insurance Group plc. (EIG) Reg. No. 1718196. Ecclesiastical Life Ltd. (ELL) Reg. No. 243111.Ecclesiastical Investment Management Ltd (EIM) Reg. No. 2170173. Allchurches Mortgage Company Ltd. (AMC) Reg. No. 1974218. Ecclesiastical Financial Advisory ServicesLtd. (EFAS) Reg. No. 2046087. Ecclesiastical Risk Services Ltd. (ERS) Reg. No. 6290300. All companies are registered in England at Beaufort House, Brunswick Road,Gloucester, GL1 1JZ, UK. EIO, ELL, EIM & EFAS are authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority and are members of the Financial Ombudsman Service. EIO &ELL are members of the Association of British Insurers and EIM is a member of the Investment Management Association.

POD701 1 04/10

Beaufort House, Brunswick Road,Gloucester GL1 1JZ

© Ecclesiastical Insurance Office plc 2010

guide to owning and living in a listed building - nw brown

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