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Practical Designs for Home Modifications andNew Construction

ASSIST IncDirector Roger BorgenichtAccessibility Design Coordinator Melissa HoffmannHome Repair Coordinator David Woodman

Principal Authors2005 Edition 2002 Edition 1998 PrintingRoger Borgenicht Roger Borgenicht Roger BorgenichtMelissa Hoffmann Melissa Hoffmann Jeanne Clark Katrina Mustoe Robert Matkin Eric ThompsonAntonia Vazquez Benjamin Schreiter Brian Zait

Structural Engineering Consultant Charles H. Richardson, P. E

ASSIST Inc is a non-profit Community Design Center that provides architectural design, com-munity planning and development assistance to non-profit and community groups, andhousing and accessibility design assistance to low income households or persons with dis-abilities. ASSIST was founded in 1969 by the Graduate School of Architecture at the Universityof Utah and the Utah Society of the American Institute of Architects.

Copyright, 2005 byASSIST Inc218 East 500 SouthSalt Lake City, Utah 84111

(801) 355-7085

All rights reserved. No part of thisbook may be reproduced in anyform without written permission

from ASSIST Inc.

This publication was prepared by ASSIST Inc

THE ASSIST GUIDEBOOKTO THE

ACCESSIBLE HOME



ASSIST Inc has made every effort to insure that the information con-tained in this guidebook is complete and accurate. However, theauthors and publisher are not responsible for any errors or omissions

and no warranties are made or implied. No guarantee is made asto accuracy or completeness of the information. No representationis made as to whether the information complies with any buildingcode, law, or regulation.

The information contained herein is in the nature of general guid-ance, examples, and suggestions. This guidebook is not in any wayintended to substitute for appropriate architectural, engineering, orcontractor advice. Actual utilization of the information herein willrequire adaptation and modification to the specific person, building,and property to assure compliance with building codes, engineeringrequirements, and safety standards, which may vary from localityto locality and person to person.

Products shown herein are included as examples of available prod-ucts. No endorsement, recommendation, or evaluation of theseproducts or their use is intended or implied.

The authors and publisher shall not be liable nor responsible forany loss or damage arising from the information contained in thisguidebook or its use.

Disclaimer



We would like to thank the many individuals, organizations, andmanufacturers who helped make this book a reality. The efforts ofthe following individuals and groups are greatly appreciated. These

individuals and organizations gave financial support, reviewed theguidebook, provided information, and supplied photos.

For continued support and reviewThe ASSIST Inc Board of Trustees:

Mary Allen Chris QuannJohn Combe Maged Senbel Mary Ann Cowen Soren Simonsen Ann Floor Lisa WhooleryDon Mahoney

The Independent Living Centers of Utah:Active Re-Entry in Price Central Utah Center in Provo

Options for Independence in Logan Red Rock Independent Living Center in St. George

Utah Independent Living Center in Salt Lake City Tri-County Center in Ogden

For review, suggestions, and photographs Debbie Adams William Miller Wayne Bingham Martha Mitchell Marty Blair Kinde Nebeker Tom Brennan Gary Owens Harvey Boyd Rex Pace Rebecca Christiansen Stephanie Peterson

Mary Ann Cowen Ken Reid Karen Denton Tara Rollins Steve Ehninger Eleanor Smith Tom England Mark Smith Diana Epperson Eric Strindberg Roger Evans Barbara Toomer Dave Fitzsimmons Maree Webb

Matt Larsen David Woodman

Debra Mair Margaretta WoolleyJanice McCullough Lynn Zaritsky

Acknowledgments

Publication of 2005 Edition

For accessibility design program supportCommunity Development Block Grant funds Salt Lake County West Jordan

Salt Lake City Taylorsville South Salt Lake Midvale Murray Holladay Sandy Draper Utah Dept. of Community and Economic DevelopmentUtah Governor’s Council for People with Disabilities

American Express Center for Community DevelopmentMorgan Stanley Bank Previous Editions1998 EditionUtah Arts CouncilUnited WayUtah Dept. of Community and Economic DevelopmentUtah State Office of RehabilitationThis project is supported by a grant from the Utah Arts Council andthe National Endowment for the Arts, Washington D.C.

2002 EditionAmerican Express Centurion Bank Washington Mutual Bank Foundation

American ExpressCenter for Community

Development



Simpson Strong-Tie Company , Inc, 4637 Clabot Drive, Pleasanton,CA 94588

Schlage Lock Company , 2401 Bayshore Blvd., San Francisco, CA 94134

Sunset Publishing Co ., Sunset Decks, Ideas and Plans-Building Tech-niques , copyright 1990, Sunset Books Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025

The National Wheel-O-Vator Co., Inc. , 509 W. Front St., Roanoke, IL61561

For the contribution of computer supportand software

Adobe Systems Inc. , 345 Park Ave., San Jose, CA 95110-2704

Autodesk , Inc., 111 McInnis Parkway, San Rafel, CA 94903

Dan Peay, Microsoft , 735 South 475 East, Centerville, UT 84014

Paul Slack, Iomega , 1821 W. Iomega Way, Roy, UT 84067

Derek Bingman, Graduate School of Architecture , University of Utah,Salt Lake City, UT

Monsen Enginneering , 960 South Main, Salt Lake City, UT 84101

Gillies Stransky Brems Smith Architects , 357 West 200 South, Salt LakeCity, UT 84101

Valentiner Crane Brunjes Onyon Architects , 524 South 600 East, SaltLake City, UT 84102

For the use of illustrations andproduct materials

Access Industries , 4001 East 1038th Street, Grandview, MO 64030

American Standard Inc. , One Centennial Avenue, P. O. Box 6820,Piscataway, NJ 08855

Apex Dynamics , 6225 Shiloh Road, Unit C, Alpharetta, GA 30005

Bemis Manufacturing Company , 300 Mill St, Sheboygan Falls, WI 53085

Concord Elevator Inc. , 7900 Nelson Road, Panarama City, CA 91402

Essex Electronics Inc. , 1130 Mark Ave., Carpinteria, CA 93013

Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation , Taliesin West, P.O. Box 4430, Scotts-dale, AZ 85261

JH Industries, Inc. , 1981 East Aurora Road, Twinsburg, OH 44087

Meditek Ltd. , Wentworth House, 9 Kings Rd, Fleet, HampshireGU513SE

Robert I. Merrill Co , 575 West 3900 South, Salt Lake City, UT 84123

NT Falcon Lock , 2850 Orbiter St., Brea, CA 92821

Pemko , 4226 Transport St., Ventura, CA 93006

Porta-Ramp, Crump Products Inc. , 952 South 3rd Street, Louisville, KY40203

Prairie Heritage Cabinetry and Furniture, 27111 IndependenceAve- Bldg. B, Sioux Falls, SD 57108

Prairie View Industries, Inc. , Fairbury, NE 68352-0575

Savaria Inc. , 1101 Highway #13 Laval, Quebec H7W 4V3, Canada



Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION 2

STANDARD DIMENSIONS 4

HOME ENTRY 6

RampsRamp Planning 10

Ramp Construction• Wood 20

• Metal 41 • Concrete 42

Low Rise Steps 44

Hardware, Lumber, & Finishes 46

Porch Lifts 48

INTERIOR ACCESS 50

Doorways 50

Lifts 52 Stair Lifts Inclined Platform Lifts Overhead Lifts

Elevators 53

BATHROOM MODIFICATIONS 54

Typical 5’x8’ Bathroom 54 Tub Seat / Transfer Bench

Curb Shower Roll-In Shower

Bathroom Alterations 56 Tub Modifications Curb Shower Roll-In Shower Cabinet Modifications

KITCHEN MODIFICATIONS 60

Typical Kitchen Layouts 60 Roll-Under Sinks Cabinets and Breadboards Ranges and Ovens Shelving

NEW HOME CONSTRUCTION 64

Accessible Home Features 65

No-Step Entry 66

Bathroom Access 68

Kitchen Access 72

Accessible Floor Plans 76



LEVELS OF ACCESSIBILITY 78

Visitability Features 80

Usability Features 82

Accessibility Features 83

RESOURCES 84

Resources in Utah

Financial Assistance

REFERENCES 88

Publications

Design Guidelines

Technical Assistance

INDEX 90



1



2

Many people with physical disabilities lead activeroles in our society. Today there is a new focus onhelping people with physical disabilities to function

independently at home, in the work place, andin the community.

Initially accessibility design began at the levelof public facilities and is currently mandated byfederal guidelines and local municipal buildingcodes for public, commercial, and multifamilyhousing.

Surprisingly, our homes are still places whereaccessibility may be the most difficult. Ifa person becomes disabled in anycapacity, whether temporary orpermanent, mobility in their homemay be significantly impaired. Themost common difficulties involveentry into the home, use of thebathrooms and kitchen, andnavigating doorways and halls.

This book addresses these issues andprovides planning and constructionguidance for modifying existing

homes and also how to include arange of accessibility features intonew homes. The goal is to providepractical information for the do-it-yourself designer as well as for contractors,builders, and architects.

The User

INTRODUCTION

When designing for a person with a disability, it is impor-tant to know their capabilities and strength. This helpsto determine the degree of assistance that is needed.

It is also helpful to know if the disability is temporary orpermanent, if it will become more severe over time, andthe number of people the modification may need toaccommodate.

Know the type of mobility aid or device and thefrequency of use. A person using a walker most of thetime may also use a wheelchair some of the time.

Also, take into account the capability and limitationsof the mobility aid. Walkers and wheelchairs come

in various types and sizes. Each has a differentdimension, turning radius, and height.

Measure the chair or walker in the planningand design process, including allowances

for hands and arms at the sides. Powerwheelchairs may have different space

requirements for maneuverability thanmanual chairs. Keep in mind that

some people, or their family andfriends, may use both a manual

and a power wheelchair.

T h e r e a r e v a r i o u s c o d erequirements and guidelines

related to accessibility designand are a necessary tool in planning.

However, guidelines cannot take the placeof designing for a individual’s specific needs and

desires.



3



4

STANDARD DIMENSIONS

3 ’ - 0 ” m

i n

4 ’ - 0 ” m

i n

5 ’ - 0 ” m i n

3 ’ - 0 ” m

i n

5’-0” code4’-0” often adequate*

5’-0” code

4’-0” often adequate*

5’-0” code

4’-0” often adequate*5’-0” code6’-0” preferred

1 8 ” - 2 4 ”

5 ’ - 0 ” c o d e

6 ’ - 0 ” p r e f e r r e dBottom Up

LandingDown

90 degree Landing

DownSwitchback

Landing

Down

Top Landing

112 8 .3 % 4 .8

120 5 % 2 .8

Sloped Pathway - 1 in 20

Pathways

*must be approved by building official

Ramp Width Ramp Rails and Curbs

3 ” m

i n i m u m c u r b

1 9 ” m

i d r a i l

3 4 ” h a n d r a i l h e i g h t

2” maximum handrail width

1/4” maximum

Door Thresholds

1/2” maximum1

2

U p

Up

Ramps

Ramp Landings

Standard Ramp - 1 in 12“A foot of ramp for each inch of rise”



5

Maneuvering Space at Doorways

60”

4 8 ”

30”

3 6 ” d o o r

Clear Floor Space

Grab Bar Reinforcement

Clear Opening at Doors

2 7 ” -

2 9 ”

3 0 ” -

3 4 ”

32” clear opening

32” clear opening

0”-12”

18” - 24”

3 6 ” w i d e d o o r

Sink and Counter Clearances

32” clear opening

Wheelchair Turning Space

6 ”

3 ’ - 0 ”

o n c e n t e r 6 ’ - 0 ”

o n c e n t e r

3 6 ” d o o r

2x10 Solid Blocking



6

HOME ENTRY

Home entrance is usually the most frus-trating of problems for a person with adisability. A person may become dis-

abled because of age, health issues,or accident and find that their homeno longer meets their needs. However,modifications can often be made toallow a person to continue to use theirhome.

Modifying the home entry for accessibilityusually involves three options; ramps, lowrise steps, or lifts. Another alternative, iffeasible, is a sloped pathway.

Options

RampA ramp is usually the first option a person thinks of as asolution for home entry. The cost of a ramp is determinedby the ramp length and the materials involved in con-struction. Maintenance is required for upkeep. With verylong term use the replacement of the surface material orstructural members may also be required.



7

Low Rise StepsIn some situations low rise steps are all a person needs to changelevels. Well placed handrails and steps with a rise of 4 inches areeasy to navigate. Deep treads are helpful for a person using awalker.

LiftWhen a ramp is not feasible, whether due to site considerations,ramp size, or user abilities, a vertical lift can provide a good solu-tion. Space requirements are small and usually require a con-crete slab and pathway. Controls can be modified to be fullyautomatic. A lift requires electrical power and needs periodicmaintenance. An overhead cover is useful for weather protectionbut is not necessary as the lift is intended for exterior use.

4” min

12” - 24”



8

Typical Homes

BungalowBungalows generally have high steps and smallfront and side yards. The back or side doorsfrequently have steps inside the dwelling whichmake it infeasible to put a ramp in the back orside yard. In this example, the ramp fits at theexisting opening of the porch.

RamblerIn general, ramblers usually have less rise thanother types of homes and a ramp may not be nec-essary. In this situation, a pathway was sloped upto the entry. The soil and sod were gently slopedat each side of the pathway for safety.

ContemporaryIn contemporary homes a level entry can be in-corporated into the overall design and provide anattractive entry. In this example a sloped pathwayprovides easy access to the front door and thelandscaping is level with the pathway.



9

Two StoryOlder homes can often be difficult to make acces-sible. In this particular two story home the yard wassmall and had an abrupt rise where the existingpathway and public sidewalk met. The solutionrequired building up the existing porch with a plat-form, adding another pathway, and providing aporch lift. The lift was accommodated by cuttingthrough the porch wall. Happily, the lift was alsounder the existing porch overhang.

Mobile HomeMany mobile homes have a 30 to 36 inch rise tothe entrance. A ramp can often be built from aplatform at one of the entries. This particular rampis at the back entry of the dwelling. The drivewayprovides the landing at the end of the ramp.

Split LevelA split-level home almost always requires a lift dueto height considerations. Sometimes a lift can beinstalled in the garage with an opening cut in anexisting wall for entrance. More frequently, lifts areinstalled near a back deck and have a pathwayfrom the front of the home or driveway. If there isa step from the deck to the door threshold, modi-fications to the deck or threshold are necessary.



10

RAMP PLANNING

In ramp planning there are a number offunctional considerations related to thelocation and size of a ramp.

Assessment of the entrances to the homeis the first step in planning for a ramp. Lookat each entrance carefully including thegarage or carport entrance. Each en-trance is different with unique factors toconsider. One entrance will often workbetter than another.

Clear Width of the Exterior DoorOpeningThis is the measurement from the doorstopmolding to the inside edge of the doorin an opened position. A 2’-8” minimumclear opening is desirable. With standardhinges, a 3’-0’’ wide door is necessary toachieve a 2’-8’’ clear opening. A smalleropening may work, but should be verifiedwith the needs of the individual user.

Weather ExposureA northern exposure can be a problem inthe winter due to ice and snow.

A roof dripping on a ramp can increasethe ice hazard in winter as well as make itslick in rainy weather. The addition of gut-ters and downspouts can often eliminateor minimize this hazard.

Planning a ramp under a carport or in agarage provides weather protection andminimizes maintenance.

Rise at Each EntryThe rise is the difference between the doorthreshold and the ground below. For eachinch of rise plan for one foot of ramp. Thehigher the rise, the longer the ramp.

Front Entry30” Rise

Back Entry36” Rise

ClearOpening



11

Locate property lines and zoning

setbacks to define limits of poten-tial structures. Verify property lineswith local zoning department andneighbors. If other options are notpossible, variances can sometimesbe obtained from local officials.

Proximity to vehicle drop off/pick

up needs to be taken into accountin relation to convenience andaccessibility. Consider the normaltraffic patterns to entrances andyard. Note trees, shrubs, and otherplantings as well as grade changesin the yard. In this particular case, thedriveway also serves as the bottomlanding.

Set Back Line

Property Line

P r o p e r t y

L i n e

Ramp UpLanding

Locate a ramp to main-tain maximum use of theyard for mowing, weeding,moving garbage cans, or

playing.

Maintain pedestrianaccess route when-ever possible.

Maintain access to gas meters, wa-ter shut off valves, sewer clean-outs,hose-bibs, telephone and electricalboxes, sprinklers, and crawl spacevents or window egress from a base-ment.

Site ConsiderationsWhen planning for a ramp the follow-ing things on the site need to be taken

into consideration.



12

Measuring the Rise of Existing StairsThe first step in determining the total rise involves measuring the height of each indi-vidual step. In some homes, the variation between steps may vary as much as 1/4 to1 inch. The total stair rise can be confirmed by measuring from the top of the porch tothe sidewalk or ground.

Measuring the Rise

Calculating the rise is an important stepin planning for a ramp. This calculationneeds to be done with accurate measure-

ments. It can be tempting to estimatethe length, slope, and location of a ramp;however, this may create more problemsthan it solves. If a ramp is too steep, it canbe hard for someone in a wheelchair tonavigate the slope and can cause loss ofcontrol in descent. Even pushing a personin a wheelchair up a slope that is too steepmay be difficult and unsafe. If a personwith a walker cannot navigate steps, theslope on a ramp may need to be evengentler than for a person in a wheelchair.Too steep a slope can force a person us-ing a walker to lean at an uncomfortableangle which can cause the person tobecome unsteady.

6 1/2”

Measuring the Sill and ThresholdMeasurement of the height of the sill and the threshold at the door entry also needs tobe included in the calculations.

1” Threshold

5” Sill

Door

6 1/4”

6 1/4”

61/2 +6 1/4 +6 1/4= 19” Total

19”

6” Total



13

Stringline level from sill

30” Total

Sidewalk

Measuring the Rise from an Existing Sidewalk In many situations the ground is uneven or is sloped away from the porch. The degreeof this grade change may seem insignificant to the eye, but can add additional inchesto the rise. Remember, even though it may be only a few inches, this translates intoadditional feet in ramp length. A string level, available at most hardware stores, is ahelpful tool for measuring this grade change if a builder’s level is not available.

Measuring the Porch SlopeIt is also important to measure the slope on the porch in determining the total rise. Afour foot level is a helpful tool for accomplishing this task.

1” Total



14

= 26”

= 4”= 30”

= 30’-0”

After each of the measurements is takenand double checked to verify accuracy,the total is calculated to get the total

rise. In the example shown, subtractingthe porch rise from the total rise leaves4 inches of site slope. Once the site riseis determined and included in the totalcalculation, the length of the ramp canbe determined.

Remember, local building codes and ac-cessibility standards require one foot oframp for one inch of rise (8.3% slope or1 in 12). This means that a total rise of 30inches will require at least 30 feet of ramp.Any platforms and landings also need to

be added to this dimension. This usuallyis much more ramp than most peoplevisualize.

Steps (total)Sill & Threshold (total)

Porch Slope (total)

1:1 2 (8. 3 % ) 4.8 Degrees

30’ - 0”

3 0 ”

Porch Rise

Site SlopeTotal Rise

Total Ramp Length

Determining Ramp Length

= 19”= 6”= 1”

121



15

GARAGE

HOUSE

3’-0”

22’-6” 3’-0” 41’-0” 21’-6” 3’-0” 4’-0”

P U B L I C S I D E W A L K

3 ’ - 6 ” 4 ’ - 0 ”

1 7 ’ - 0 ”

N

Site Plan

P O R C H

DRIVEWAY

GRADE

100’-6”

GRADE100’-0”

FLOOR LEVEL 103’-0”

ROOF OVERHANG

Measuring the SiteOnce the entrance is determined and thetotal rise is calculated, the house, yard,sidewalks, and landscape elements needto be measured and located.

Sketch the building and the surround-ing site. Measure the house, windows,window wells, doors, porches, stairs, anddriveway.

G R A D E

1 0 0 ’ - 6 ”

PORCH

PROPERTY LINE

METER

PROPERTY LINE 88’-0”

P R O P E R T Y L I N E

P R O P E R T Y L I N E 5 8 ’ - 0 ”

1 1 ’ - 0 ”

1 4 ’ - 0 ”

6 ’ - 0 ”

6 ’ - 0 ”

1 4 ’ - 0 ”

7 ’ - 0 ”

Locate property lines, sprinklers, utility me-ters, hose bibs, trees and plants, and otherrelevant information. Also, measure roofoverhangs and downspouts. Note whichdirection is North on the site plan. Makeseveral copies for drawing possible rampconfigurations.



16

Once the site has been measured, rampconfigurations need to be considered.There are three typical ramp types:

straight ramps, 90 degree ramps, andswitchback ramps. For safety, ramps musthave flat landings at doorways and atpoints where the ramp switches direction.It is very difficult to open a door using awheelchair or a walker while positionedat an angled slope on a ramp.

Straight Ramp

Switchback Ramp

Ramp

Ramp Top LandingMid

Land-ing

RampTop Landing

RampTop Landing

R a m p

MidLand-

ing

90 Degree Ramp

Ramp Configurations



17

Ramp in a GarageA ramp in the garage is very advanta-geous. Not only is it close to the vehicle

drop off, it is also protected from theweather. These are typical ramp layouts ina garage. A 90 degree ramp can achievelonger distances and accommodate ahigher rise. The straight ramp works witha shorter rise. In each situation spaceis allowed for one car. When planningfor a ramp in a garage, be sure to allowroom for an access aisle from the vehicleto the ramp.

Deck with RampIntegrating a ramp with a deck is anotheroption. If designed well it can provide an

attractive way onto the deck for every-one.

TopLanding

RampMidLanding

Garage

Entry Entry

TopLand-

ing

Ramp

Garage

Garage Entry

G a r a g e

E n t r y

Deck

LandingRamp

R a m p



18

Laying Out Ramp Options

Once the site plan is drawn, use copiesor tracing paper to sketch possible rampconfigurations. Remember to allow at

least one foot of ramp for each inch ofrise.

At this point, referencing the StandardDimensions section for a more completeunderstanding of typical ramp elementsand their dimensions may be helpful.

In this example the rise is large and yardspace is limited. The back door rise is high-er, has a northern exposure, and does nothave a convenient accessible route intothe home. With these site considerations,the ramp will work best at the front.

Option AThis is usually the first layout considered - a straight run. In manyinstances it will work. However, in this situation the distance fromthe porch to the driveway only allows a 9 foot ramp. With a 30”rise, this would make the ramp much too steep and unsafe.

Total Rise = 30”Total Ramp Length = 9’Slope= 1 in 3.6

Driveway

P u b l i c S

i d e w a l k

*Level Site



20

WOOD RAMP CONSTRUCTION

Overall Framing PlanThe overall layout of a plywood ramp and the typical fram-ing members are shown here.



21

2 x 4 bearing blocksbolted with 1/2” diame-

ter thru bolts or lag bolts

2 x 4 railing support(maximum span forhandrail = 3’ -0”)

Support 2 x 10 stringeron bearing block andattach to 4 x 4 postwith 3 exterior grabberscrews

1-1/2” x 2” top rail withedges rounded to 3/8”radius (Alternate hand-rail: standard handrailstock of non nger joint -ed lumber, free of cracksand loose knots)

2 x 4 midrail with edgesrounded to 3/8” radius

4 x 4 pressure treatedpost (maximum span be-tween posts = 10’ -0”)

2 x 4 joists @ 16” on cen -ter hung on joist hangers

Post base connector

Concrete footing

2 x 4 nailers attachedbetween joists with grabber

screws @ 8” on center

Ramp SectionThis ramp cross section shows the founda-tion and framing members and their rela-

tionship to each other in more detail. Gen-erally, ramps are framed with 4 x 4 treatedwood posts, 2 x 10 stringers, 2 x 4 joists @ 16inches on center, 3/4 inch plywood deck-ing, and 2 x 4 handrail supports.

3/4” pressure treated ormarine plywood



22

Structural Supports

4 x 4 post

Joint between 2 x 10’s at post

Steel joist hanger

2 x 4 bearingblock

2 x 4 joist

2 x 4 nailers

Bearing Block Of special note in this drawing is the bear-ing block detail. The bearing block is forsupport where the ends of the stringerscome together. It is important to plan thelength of the stringers so they meet at theposts. The bearing blocks then provide thecontinuity of support necessary.

NailersThis section details the 2 x 4 nailer which is

screwed to the 2 x 10 stringer. The nailerallows support for the 3/4” plywood deck-ing.

2 x 10 stringers

These drawings show in detail how thedifferent framing members of a plywoodramp are joined.

3/4” pressure treatedor marine plywooddeck



23

HandrailsHandrails require careful detailing to func-tion safely and serve the user well. Typical

details are shown here. It is helpful at thispoint to relate back to the overall framingplan to understand the coordination ofthe details with the overall design.

Codes in some areas may require using1-1/4 to 1-1/2” wide handrails. If so, analternative to the 2” wide rail shown is touse 1-1/2” diameter, 3/4 round non-finger

jointed, knot free, wood handrail material. Handrails can be mounted on 4x4 postsor rail supports.

Handrails are required by code on allramps higher than 6”. They are not re-quired on sloped pathways that have aslope of 1:20 or gentler.

3” exterior grabber

Round handrail to 3/8”radius

1-1/4” at bearing spot

Chamfer top supports 45degrees to t handrail

2”

1-1/2”

2 x 4 rail support

4 x 4 Post 2 x 4 Rail Support

Corner DetailOf special note is the detail of the handrailat the corner of the ramp platform. Thisdetail allows for a continuous and smoothhandrail at a 90 degree corner with ad-equate rail support in both directions.

Handrail

Midrail

4 x 4 post

Handrails



24

4 x 4 pressure treatedpost sunk in ground

2” minimum gravel base

Sunken PostThis detail is for use at the beginning posts at the base of the ramp. It is sunk in theground to provide rigidity for the handrails. It is also an option for other posts in the rampconstruction. The post should be placed a minimum depth of 2’-6”; deeper if frost depthin the area requires it. This can be confirmed with the local building official.

3 0 “ m i n i m u m

12”

Concrete

The details presented here are examplesthat have been developed for the con-struction of a basic wood ramp. Wood

ramps are usually cost effective and theconstruction is within the ability of anyonewith basic construction skills. A disadvan-tage of a wood ramp is that the materialsdo deteriorate over time. It is recom-mended that the deck, handrails, posts,and wood joists of the ramp be checkedregularly for structural stability.

These details are presented as typicalexamples and do not apply to every situ-ation. The details may require some ad-

aptation to each individual situation.

F r o s t d e p t h

8”

4 x 4 pressure treat-ed post

Post base connector sunkin concrete footing

Footings

Concrete FootingThis detail can be used at most locations, except at the two beginning posts of the ramp.For rigidity, the beginning posts at the base of the ramp need to be sunk in the groundas pictured below. The footing should be placed at a minimum depth of 2’-6”; adjustedto the frost depth required in the area. Confirm with the local building official.

Dome concrete to drain



25

Slab On GradeThis detail can be used for ramps built on a driveway, in a garage, orconcrete sidewalk where the post would be on an existing slab. Thisdetail is appropriate for all posts except the posts at the beginningof the ramp.

Precast PierThis is an alternate detail that is sometimes used in place of theconcrete footing detail.

4 x 4 pressure treatedpost sunk in ground

4 x 4 pressure treated post

2” minimum gravel base

Pressure treated stringer

Existing walkway

Galvanized steel post baseconnector

3/4” pipe drilled throughconcrete and attached topost with metal straps

Beginning Post On SlabThis detail is appropriate for the beginning post of a rampbuilt on an existing slab of concrete, such as a driveway,garage, or walkway. The pipe provides the necessaryrigidity at the beginning of a ramp.

Post Next to WalkwayThis is an alternate detail for the post footing when build-ing a ramp over an existing walkway.

Existing concrete

2 ’ - 6 ” m

i n .


Galvanized steelpost base connector

Existing concrete

1/2” concrete expansion anchor

4 x 4 pressuretreated post

Precast concretepost base

4 inches minimumgravel base

12” 1 2 ” m

i n

3/4” pressure treatedplywood ramp



26

Wood Ramp Cross Sections


2 x 10 stringer/curb

3/4” pressure treated plywood

Non-slip weather resistant surface

2 x 4 joists @ 16” on center on hangers attached to 2 x 10

Attach 2 x 4 nailer to 2 x 10with exterior grabber screws

Attach 2 x 4 bearing blockwith 1/2” diameter thru bolts

1’ -0”

3’ -0” min.

9” minbearingblock

1 9 ” 3 4 ”

3” min curb

Handrail

Midrail

Dome concrete slightly to drain

2” gravel min. 3 0 ” m i n . o r f r o s t

d e p t h r e q u i r e m e n t

Ramp with Plywood



27

Ramp with 2 x 6 Decking

1 9 ”

3 4 ”

2 ”

1’ -0”

3 0 ” m

i n . o r f r o s t

d e p t h r e q u i r e m e n t

3’ -0”

Handrail

2 x 4 curb

Midrail

2 x 6 non-skid decking

Stringer tie

2 x 6 stringer attached to 4 x 4with grabber screws

2 x 6 beam attached to eachside of 4 x 4 and thru bolted with1/2” diameter carriage bolts


Dome concrete slightly to drain

2” gravel min.



28

Plan

Section AA

Transition to New Concrete forPlywood RampThis option is used in most situations wherethe ramp does not land on existing con-crete. The end posts are sunk in concretein the ground for support. If a ramp ap-proaches a public sidewalk, a 5 foot level

landing usually needs to be provided be-yond the sloped transition section. Sometimes a municipality will allow the publicsidewalk to count as part of this landingbut this needs to be verified with the mu-nicipality involved before construction.

Concrete transition

2 x 10 pressuretreated stringer

2 x 10 pressure treated formpiece to remain

4’ -0”

2 x 4 pressure treatednailer

Handrail

Midrail

Sand paint


3/4” pressuretreated plywood

3/4” form piece to be removed afterplacing concrete2 x 10 pressure treated form pieceto remain

1 9 ” 3 4 ”

Round edges


2” minimum gravel

12”

3 0 ” m

i n .

2”

Driveway

A

The transition to grade at the base of theramp depends on the situation. The twotransitions most often used are concrete

or a metal plate.The 2003 International Building Code (IBC)and most guidelines require 12” handrailextensions beyond the top and bottomof stairs and ramps. Exceptions may bemade for dwelling units where handrailsare not required to extend beyond thetop and bottom of ramps. Verify with localbuilding officials.

A

Transitions - New Concrete

2 x 4 pressure treated nailer.

M in 4 ” C o n c re t e

2 x 4 joist



29

Plan

Section AA

Transition to New Concrete for2 x 6 Decking

Concrete transition

2 x 6 pressuretreated stringers

2 x 10 pressure treatedform piece to remain

4’ -0”


Handrail

2 x 4 midrail

2 x 4 curb

2 x 6 decking (wood or composite)with 3/16” spacing between decking

Form piece (thickness of decking) tobe removed after placing concrete

2 x 10 pressure treatedform piece to remain

1 9 ” 3 4 ”

Round edges

4 x 4 post

2” minimum gravel

12”

3 0 ” m

i n

2”

Driveway

A

2x6 pressure treated stringer attachedto 2x10 form piece with joist hanger

2”

1/2”diametercarriage bolts

2 x 6 pressure treated beamthru bolted on both sides of4x4 post

2 x 6 decking6’-0” max

M in 4 ” C o n c re t e

2x6 pressure treated beams on bothsides of 4x4 post thru bolted with 1/2”carriage bolts.



30

Transition to Existing Concrete forPlywood Ramp

A

Section AA

A


Heavy gauge metal

plate or aluminumthreshold attachedto recessed groovein plywood

3 4 ”

Round edges

Existing concrete slab

1 9 ”

2 x 10 pressure treatedstringer scribed and cutto existing concrete

3/4” pressure treated plywood2 x 4 pressure treated nailer

Deck paint mixed with sand

Midrail


Metal plate

3/4” pressure treatedplywood

2 x 4 railing support

3’ -0” max.

Handrail

Pressure treatednailer

2 x 4 joist @ 16” o.c.

4 x 4 pressure treated stiffenertapered to ramp angle

2 x 4 pressure treated stiffenertapered to ramp angle

Plan

This transition section is used when theramp bottom lands on an existing slab ofconcrete.

3/4” metal pipe

3/4” pipe drilledthrough concreteand attached topost with metalstraps



31

Transition to Existing Concrete for2 x 6 Decking

Section AA

A

4 x 4 post 3 4 ”

Round edges

Existing concrete slab

1 9 ”

2 x 6 pressure treated stringer scribedand cut to existing concrete

2x6 pressure treated stringer attachedto 2x6 beam with joist hanger

Midrail

2 x 6 pressuretreated stringers

2 x 4 curb

Handrail

2 x 6 pressure treated header with toptapered to ramp angle

Plan

Heavy gauge metal plate

or aluminum thresholdattached to recessedgroove in decking

2 ”

2 x 6 decking (wood or composite)with 3/16” spacing between decking

2 x 6 scribed &cut to concrete


Driveway

1/2” diameter thrubolts

2 x 6 beam thru bolt-ed on each side of4x4 post

2 x 6decking

6’-0” max

2 x 6 pressure treated headerwith top tapered to ramp angle12”

This transition section is used when thebottom of the ramp lands on an existingslab of concrete.

Metal plate

3/4”metal pipe

3/4” pipe drilledthrough concreteand attached topost with metalstraps



32

90 o Landing PlanThis mid landing is used when a rampswitches direction 90 degrees. For a90 degree turn, a user needs a wideturning radius. It is recommended

that the platform is 5’x5’ and that theramp runs on the outer most edgesof the landing to ensure adequateturning space.

A 2x4 joist is used to span up to 5’-0”on the landing. If the span is greaterthan 5’-0”, change the 2x4 joists andheader to 2x6.

2 x 10 curb2 x 4 rail support


Attach 2 x 4 bearingblock to 4 x 4 post

2 x 10 beam/curb

2 x 4 rail support

2 x 4 nailer

Angle 2 x 4 ramp joistto slope of ramp

Bolt 2 x 10 stringers to4 x 4 post with (2) thruor lag bolts 2” from topand bottom or supporton bearing blocks 3’ -0”

5’ -0” code4’ -0” often adequate*

3 ’ - 0 ”

2 x 10 curb

2 x 4 header

2 x 4 bearing blockunder 2 x 4 header

Angle 2 x 4 ramp joist to slope of ramp


2 x 4 joists @ 16” o.c.hung on joist hangers

*must be approved by building of cial

Ramp Landings

Ramp landings are used to provideflat, safe areas where a user canopen a door or switch directionswhile using the ramp. There are threetypical ramp landing types: a toplanding, a 90 degree landing, and

a switchback landing.



33

Switchback Landing PlanSwitchback landings are used whena ramp changes direction 180 de-

grees. A 2x4 joist is used to span upto 5’-0” on the landing. If the span isgreater than 5’-0”, change the 2x4

joists and header to 2x6.

On switchback ramps the insidehandrails on the bottom ramp runcan be mounted on metal handrailbrackets. The brackets are attachedto the 4 x 4 posts and 2 x 4 rail sup-ports.

*must be approved by building of cial

Hang end joiston framing angle

Angle 2 x 4 ramp joistto slope to ramp

2 x 4 joists @ 16” o.c.hung on joist hangers

2 x 4 nailer

2 x 4 bearing block under 2 x 4 header

2 x 4 header hung on joist hangers

5’ -0” code4’ -0” often adequate*

3/4” pressure treatedplywood


Attach 2 x 4bearing blockto 4 x 4 post

2 x 10 beam /curb

2 x 4 railsupport

3 ’ - 0 ”

3 ’ - 0 ”

2 x 4 rail support

2 x 10 curb

2 x 10 curb

2 x 4 nailer



34

Top Landing PlanTop landings are used when a porch hasan additional step into the home. A top

landing raises the porch to the thresholdlevel and provides a level transition. 18” - 24”



2 x 10 curb

2 x 4 nailer

2 x 4 rail support

2 x 4 bearing block below

Angle 2 x 4 ramp joistto slope of ramp

Beam

Curb

Stair stringers

Top tread to be levelwith landing

Header supported on bear-ing blocks

3 ’ - 0

Existing landing and steps below

Attach 2 x 4 bearingblock to 4 x 4 post

Joists @ 16” on centerhung on joist hangers

Screen door(may require change of swing)

Ledger or plate attached tolanding



35

Landings

These photographs show various land-ing configurations and how they can be

designed to meet a variety of needs andconditions.

A ramp can sometimes be integrated aspart of a deck and provides easy entryinto the home for everyone. The exampleshows the ramp along the side of thehome

A typical example of a front entry rampshows the landing built over existing steps.This creates a level platform at the frontdoor.

The carport ramp illustrates that rampsand landings can be designed to meeta person’s specific needs. This ramp wasbuilt without railings at one side to allowfor access from a van.

The last picture is a landing with a gate. Itwas designed for use both as a deck anda horse-mounting platform for a person

who uses a therapy horse.



36

Porches

Tread at existing

porch level

Porch built up to

threshold height

Existing Porch Built Up Porch

Ramp1:12

Wedge Ramp

Ramp1:12

Ramp1:12

5 x 5platform

Platform with Wedge Ramp

Ramp1:12

R a m p

1 : 9

A step at the doorsill usually makes it nec-essary to either build up the existing porch,add a separate ramp and platform, orinstall a wedge ramp.

A built up porch is usually formed as abox with joists hung from each side andanchored to the existing porch with metalanchors and vented to allow for air flow.It is important to note that adding a plat-form to a porch adds an extra step to theexisting stairs due to the new height. Thisnew step often requires that the entireporch stairway be rebuilt so that the newstep is similar in height to existing steps to

meet building codes.

On large porches, sometimes a wedgeramp can be placed to make the doorsilltransition. The wedge is often steeper thana typical ramp and the user’s individualability needs to be checked before build-ing. Often it works well for an electricwheelchair or scooter that can negotiatea 1:9 slope.

Existing Porch

NewLanding

NewLanding

NewLanding

Existing Porch

Existing Porch



37

Wedge RampsIn some situations a wedge ramp is all that is neededto make a home accessible. A wedge ramp should

meet the minimum 1:12 slope guidelines. For risesless than 3”, a 1:8 slope is allowed by code. Sides ofwedge ramps should have tapered edges to preventtripping. When building any of the following ramps useconstruction adhesive to attach wood to concrete.Exterior grabber screws are used to attach plywoodto joists and supports. The top of ledgers are cut tomatch the ramp angle.

Pressure treated 2 x 4 joist @ 16” o. c.

Pressure treated 2 x 4 ledger

4’ -0”

Pressure treated 2 x 6

1-1/2”

1’ -6

Pressure treated 3/4”plywood - 45 degreeangle at end

Metal plate

Pressure treated 3/4” plywood

Pressure treated2 x 4 ledger

ThresholdsFor wheelchair use the maximum vertical rise allowed is 1/4”.Most accessibility standards require that thresholds at the door-

way be 1/2” maximum height for regular doors and 3/4” heightfor sliding doors. Raised thresholds should be beveled with aslope not greater than 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. Ramped sillsare available from hardware suppliers in metal or rubber andcome in a variety of sizes and types. Note the sloped edge onthe threshold shown.

Saddle Thresholds

Rubber Wedge Ramp at Sill

1/2”

1/2”

Metal Ramp at Sill

PEMKO MFG. CO.

Offset Threshold

4”



38

Existing Landing and Steps

2 risers1 tread

Step at door sill

Platform with Additional Step

New landing at

threshold height

Top tread to belevel with landing

Section

New Steps for New LandingA new set of stairs is often required whenbuilding up a landing to accommodate

a ramp or lift.As shown in the illustrations, the landing isbuilt up to threshold level and new stepsare built over the existing steps. If thetop stair tread is level with the porch, itprovides more safety for a person in awheelchair by allowing additional hori-zontal space between the path of traveland the top stair riser.

Ramp1:12

Stairs



39

RailingsRailings are an important addition be-cause of the stability and safety that theyprovide for the user. The photo on the leftdemonstrates a simple rail addition to anexterior porch. The photo on the right is arailing for an interior step.

New StepsThese examples show the additional treadat the top landing level. The left photo

shows a concrete landing and steps thatwere modified to accommodate a porchlift by raising the landing and adding stepswith an overpour of concrete. The photoon the right shows a top tread at the land-ing level which moves the top riser awayfrom the path of travel.



40

2x4 Ramp ConstructionThis alternative allows for construction ofa ramp using only 2 x 4 lumber. This option

is applicable when the ramp is built onconcrete driveways or walkways.

Alternative Wood Framing

3 4 ”

3 ” m a x

3’ -0”

1 9 ”

Handrail

Midrail

2 x 4 curb

2 x 4 joist @16” o.c.2 x 4 stringer

2 x 4 posts /rail supports

4’ -0” max.

2 x 4 pressure treated stiffener tapered to ramp angle

2 x 4 pressure treated plate

AA

B

Section BB

Plan

B

Section AA

2 x 4 pressuretreated plateattached to slab

2 x 4 bearingsupports

METAL RAMP SYSTEMS



41

Portable RampsThese ramps are easily moved and comein various lengths. The multi-fold ramp can

be folded over for weather protectionwhen not in use. When sizing a portableramp, the slope should not exceed thestandard 1:12. The wheelchair tracksshown should only be used for short termtemporary situations and with a strongperson to help.

PRAIRIE VIEW INDUSTRIES

Modular RampsPreliminary planning considerations for ametal ramp are similar to those for woodor concrete ramps. However, since theramp is modular, the available sizes oframp sections need to be adapted to theexisting slope and site so that a maximum

slope of 1:12 is achieved.

Other considerations include determiningif a concrete walkway is necessary to con-nect the ramp to a driveway or sidewalk.A platform may also be needed over theexisting porch to make the entrance levelwith the height of the existing thresholdand new steps built. If grade is uneven orthe soil unstable, the posts may need tobe set on concrete pavers or blocks.

PORTA-RAMP

METAL RAMP SYSTEMS

CONCRETE RAMPS



42

Concrete ramps are another optionfor home entry. Concrete is moredurable and permanent than woodramp construction but may be moredifficult to build. The ramp layoutsare the same for concrete as for awood ramp: straight, 90 degrees,switchback, or a variation. Handrailsare built in a variety of styles andmaterials.

The finished surface of the rampshould have a brushed finish perpen-dicular to the path of travel.

The picture at the upper left showsa combination wood ramp with aconcrete pathway. The slope of thepathway is a 1:20 slope so handrailsare not needed. The upper portionis a ramp at 1:12 slope and handrailsare required.

CONCRETE RAMPS



43

Solid Concrete RampThis option can be used for shorter ramps. It is not appropriatefor all soils and climates, so it is important to check with your localbuilding officials for approval. The handrails have a rail near thelower edge of the ramp for edge protection. Another option isto have a concrete curb as shown in the adjacent drawing.

Concrete Ramp with Concrete FootingThis option is usually used for longer ramps or for soils that requiredeeper footings for weather protection or bearing. Footings needto extend to the frost depth required for the area and shouldbe confirmed with local building officials. Can be placed withmonolithic or separate pours.

1-1/4” dia. steelpipe (painted)

3/4” round (typ.)

Core drill and ep-

oxy grout to set piperail 6” into concrete

Compacted ll

1/2” rebar @ 18”o.c. each wayboth sides

3’ -0” min.

8” 4’ -4” 8”

3 4 ”

1 9 ”

F r o s t d e p t h

3’-0” min.

3 4 ”

1 9 ”

6 ” m

i n .

2 ”

4” min

3’ -9”

1-1/4” steelpipe (paint-

3/4” round

Core drill and epoxygrout to set pipe rail6” into concrete

2” min.concretebelow grade

3” min

2 ”

4 ”

4” min. gravelbase

Curb

Brushed concretenish

(2) horizontalrebar @ topand bottom ofboth sides

LOW RISE STEPS



44

Low rise steps are an alternative for aperson who does not need a ramp butcannot manage regular steps. Smaller4” high steps allow a person to still usethe stairs while providing an easierclimb. In addition, the tread depthcan be increased to accommodatea walker. When planning the steps,verify the width of the walker to beused as walkers come in a variety ofsizes. With a walker, low rise steps areoften easier to manage than a rampbecause the ramp angle can createan awkward and unsteady position fora person leaning on a walker.

LOW RISE STEPS



45

Stair Detail

Handrail

2 x 2 handrail support

4 x 4 post

2 x 6 closed riser

(2) 2 x 6 tread on 2 x 4 staircleats with 3/16” spacing

2 x pressure treated riser Exterior grabber screwsthrough bottom of 2 x 6riser into back of 2 x 6tread @ 8” on center

2 x 12 pressure treated stringer

3 4 ”

2 x 4 pressure treated stair cleats

(4) 2 x 6 Treads

24” min

Low Rise Steps with Walker

4 ” m

i n

12” min

Low Rise StepsA riser height of 4” (minimum allowed by2003 International Building Code) is oftenhelpful for a person with leg or knee dif-ficulties. A 12 inch minimum tread depthis also required, but a deeper tread canmake climbing easier. The tread shouldallow the foot to rest completely on itwithout projecting over the edge. Hand-rail requirements for stairs are the same asfor ramps.

Open risers are a tripping hazard andshould be avoided. In this detail we have

used tread supports on the stringer ratherthan notching a stringer for support. Theriser is attached to both the tread aboveand to the back of the tread below. If thetreads are not supported by the riser, maxi-mum span is 2’ -0” for the 2 x 6 treads.

HARDWARE LUMBER & FINISHES



46

Framing Connectors

HARDWARE, LUMBER, & FINISHES

DeckingOptions for the ramp and platform decking in-clude:

Pressure Treated PlywoodThis is recommended whenever the ramp or land-ings are outside and uncovered. Always use whereplywood is in contact with concrete or within 6 inches

of the ground.Marine PlywoodMore expensive than regular plywood but more re-sistant to water damage. It may be the material ofchoice in climates with high humidity.

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) orExterior PlywoodThese can be used when the ramp is in a garage orcovered porch. Plywood, over time, can delaminateand OSB can deteriorate with standing water.

2 x 6 Lumber

Available species include; Redwood which is verydecay resistant but is a limited resource; WesternRed Cedar that has decay resistant heartwood; andDouglas Fir that is not decay resistant and should bethoroughly waterproofed, stained or painted.2 x 6 Composite DeckingThis is a man-made composite material. This materialis generally more expensive than other materials butis very durable and does not need staining or paint-ing. It is recommended that the non-skid finish, similiarto a brushed concrete finish, be used to prevent it

from becoming slick when wet.

Structural LumberThe ramps in this guidebook were designed usingDouglas-fir, no. 2 or better for all structural lumber.Pressure treated lumber is used for all members within6 inches of earth or in contact with concrete.

Joist Hanger

Framing Angle

Post Base Anchor(for use on anexisting slab)

Carriage Bolt / Lag ScrewUse lag screws or carriage bolts forrigid connections where strength isimportant—beam to post, stringerto post, etc.

Expansion BoltUse for attaching to a masonry wallor to a concrete slab.

Grabber ScrewUse hot dipped zinc, galvanized, alu-minum, or stainless steel for exteriorapplications.

Fasteners

Carriage Bolt

Lag Screw

Expansion Bolt

Grabber Screw

Post Base Anchor

Illustrations onlySunset Publishing Co.

Illustrations onlySimpson Strong Tie Co.

Stringer Tie

(for use withpoured footing)



47

Materials for Ramp SurfacingSand PaintThis is porch or deck paint used with silica sand. It is inexpensiveand easy to apply. However, it is only durable as long as the lifeof the paint. It does not provide a great deal of traction whenexposed to ice and snow conditions unless maintained.

Waterproof Deck SurfacingSeveral manufacturers make a nonskid deck surface materialthat is applied as a liquid in several coats. It is fairly durable andtraction is similar to sand paint. If it is applied on a plywood deck,the decking should be exterior plywood.

Carpet There are many different carpets available. Ramps can be

designed using a 20 oz. nonskid, indoor/outdoor, olefin levelloop carpet with ultraviolet sun screen. Install with a minimumof seams. Use metal carpet strip at all surface finish transitions.Carpet should be fully glued with a waterproof glue.

This type of carpet works in dry climates to lend traction to thesurface although it will need to be replaced in time. This car-pet might cause problems with mildew and moisture in a humidclimate. (Turf type carpet is to be avoided. It gets very slick inwet, snowy, or icy weather.)

Rolled Roofing (Pebble-grained)This makes a good nonskid surface for wood ramps. However,the small pebbles come loose over time reducing traction.

Ribbed Rubber MattingInstall the ribs to run across the width of the ramp to provide bet-ter traction. This surface will deteriorate over time and may needto be replaced.

FinishesPaintOver time, the paint may peel and flake. It will need to be sandedand painted periodically.

StainAn oil base UV stain (2 coats) is recommended for use on mostramps.

The choice is between a semi-transparent stain and a heavierbodied opaque stain. The opaque stain obscures the texture ofthe wood whereas a light bodied penetrating stain leaves thewood texture. In the semi-transparent finishes the darker colorscover better. For lighter colors the opaque, heavy stain is usu-ally preferable. The treated lumber is the most difficult of all the

wood material to cover.

Over time the stain will wear thin and need to be reapplied.

Brushed ConcreteAll new concrete surfaces should have a brushed finish perpen-dicular to the direction of travel to provide traction for users andflat landings should be sloped to drain away from buildings at1:48 slope (1/4” per foot or a 2% slope).

PORCH LIFTS



48 ACCESS INDUSTRIES INC.

When the total rise at the entry approach-es 40 inches, it is frequently just as costeffective to provide a porch lift insteadof a ramp.

The most common situation requiring alift is a split level home. It can often beaccommodated from a back deck or ina garage.

ElectricalA lift requires a 20 amp separate electri-cal circuit.

Concrete PadA concrete pad is needed to support thelift. The pad needs to be 4” thick and 3500psi concrete to meet most manufacturer’sspecifications. These specifications shouldbe verified with the individual manufac-turer. The pad under the lift should belevel.

PathA concrete path to the lift location is fre-quently required when the lift is locatedoff a deck or porch.

RailingsRailings often need to be modified to allow

for the top gate of the lift.WallThere needs to be a flush wall between thedeck and the lift so that a person’s handor foot will not get caught when the lift isin operation.

PlatformSome porches require adding a platformon the porch to raise the existing porch upto the door sill level.

PurchasingLifts can be purchased from various manu-facturers. Dealers are listed in the yellowpages or can be found by calling themedical supply distributors in the area.

MaintenanceLike any mechanical device, lifts do requireregular maintenance. Most manufacturersrecommend a six month regular check upby a lift/elevator technician to check safetysystems, fluids, and lubrication.

LocationLift placement is determined by severalfactors: path of travel, weather protec-tion, and user preference. Lifts can belocated off of decks, porches, in garages,or in carports.

As with a ramp, weather exposure anddrip lines need to be considered.

PORCH LIFTS

Site PreparationThe site usually needs some accommoda-tion to allow for lift installation. These mayinclude:



49

Tower

Straight Through

Out

R a m pLift

platform

Liftplatform

Liftplatform

Tower

Tower

In

Out

O u t

R a m p

Straight In and Straight Out

(Same Side)

In

In

90 Degree

Lift OptionsThe mechanical system of a lift is usuallyhydraulic or screw drive. Some units oper-ate from a battery which is recharged au-tomatically. Other units operate directlyfrom the electric power.

Lifts come with standard features and alsothe choice of extra options. Some of theseoptions are listed here.

Platform SizeThe size of the lift platform is determined by the size of the mobility aid of the user. Alarger platform may also be needed if another person will be accompanying the personwith the disability on the lift. Typical platforms are 36” wide and 48”, 54”, or 60” long.

Entry/Exit OptionLifts come in a variety of entry/exit options to accommodate a number of situations.These are:

Straight ThroughThis is the standard entry/exit option and is usually the most economical if the situ-ation can be adapted for it. It is also an easy situation to maneuver for the personwith a disability.

90 Degree

This option is usually the choice in a tight situation where a straight through optionwill not work. To allow better maneuverability a 42” wide upper gate and a longerplatform can be helpful.

Straight In and Straight OutThis option is used most frequently in a shaft enclosure. In this situation the doorof the shaft needs to be flush with the inside shaft wall to prevent a person fromcatching a hand or foot during operation.

GatesLifts usually come with a standard option top gate and a bottom ramp that folds up toact as a safety gate when the lift is in operation. A gate can also be installed alongwith the bottom ramp platform if needed. It is an extra option from most lift manufac-turers.

Battery Back-UpSome hydraulic units come with a standard battery backup. In emergencies there needsto be a way to operate the lift if electrical power goes out.

Exterior PackageSome units come with the option of an exterior package for cold weather protection.This may include extra electrical coverings, heater elements, and airline hydraulic fluidfor a hydraulic unit.

INTERIOR ACCESS



50

32” clear opening

32” clearopening

32” clearopening

0”-12”

18”-24” 32” clear opening

32” clearopening

Besides home entry, interior doors that aretoo narrow cause the most problems forpeople using wheelchairs or walkers. Easeof use and building codes require acces-sible doors to have more than 32” of clearopening. This is the measurement from thedoor face to the latch side door stop whenthe door is opened 90 degrees.

Most wheelchairs, manual and electric,are about 27” wide. In retrofitting doors toaccommodate a wheelchair, installationof swing-clear hinges should be consid-ered first. Swing-clear hinges add 2” tothe clear opening of the doorway. An

existing 2’-6” wide door can provide 30” ofclear passage space and someone usinga wheelchair can get through if they ride“knuckles in”.

This is not possible with 2’-4” doors thatsome builders are still using on bathroomsin single family homes.

The door thickness and the door stop re-duce the door opening by approximately2-1/2”. Doors 3’-0” wide are recom-

mended. This provides a clear openingof 33-1/2”. In some cases a 3’-6” widedoor is advised for easier turning from anarrow hallway.

Standard Swing DoorThe door swing and the space on eachside affect accessibility. The pull side ofthe door needs more room than the pushside for manipulation of the handle. Some-times the swing of the door needs to bereversed for easier use.

Pocket DoorThis door is often considered to be easyto operate because it does not requirespace for the door swing. However, whenturnaround space is limited it may be dif-ficult for a person in a wheelchair to reachbehind and close the door. The typical lifthandle can also be difficult to manage.“D” type handles mounted and recessedon the side of the door can make it easierto open and close. Heavy duty tracks andhardware that slide easily also improveease of use.

Accordion Door/Bifold DoorFolding doors require less force than apocket door to operate, but will take uppart of the clear width of the door open-

ing. This needs to be considered whenplanning for door width.

Sliding Glass DoorsSliding glass doors are usually heavy andcan be difficult to slide. The tracks areoften difficult to cross and usually havea higher threshold than standard swingdoors. Wedge ramps can help the thresh-old transition. Handles should be mountedon both sides and the doors should beadjusted to slide easily.

Doorways

INTERIOR ACCESS



51

3 6 ”

Door StopsDoor stops can be cut from 36 inchesabove the floor on both sides of the dooropening. This usually will allow an added3/8 to 1/2 inch on each side of the clearopening. The remaining stop will beenough for closing the door.

Swing Clear HingesThese hinges can be installed on an exist-ing door allowing the door to swing clearof the opening. In the fully open position,this adds an extra 1-1/2 inch or 1-3/4inches to the clear opening depending onthe door thickness. Cutting the door stopsand installing swing clear hinges can addseveral inches to the clear opening.

Widening the Existing DoorIf the space on each side of the door al-lows, the door can be widened by refram-ing the entire door. Another option is toremove one of the 2 x 4’s on each side ofthe door opening and hang the header

with metal brackets. This will add approxi-mately 3 inches to the existing opening.

SCHLAGE

2” Handicapped Lever(optional)

NT FALCON LOCK

AMAZING CONTROLS, INC.

HardwareAll pulls, locks, and handles on doors needto have a shape that is easy to operatewithout grasping or twisting. Lever or U-shaped handles, push bars, and keylessentry controls are good options. Auto-matic door openers are also available.

Door Modifications



52

Inclined Platform LiftsAn inclined platform lift enables the user

to move between floors without transfer-ring from chair to lift. Features include alevel platform at the top landing and afolding assembly for storage against thewall when not in use.

Often these lifts can be installed with mini-mal modifications to the home if stairwaysand landings have adequate width.

Stairway LiftsFor multistory homes, stair glides can offera safe and comfortable means to accessdifferent levels of the home for a personwho is able to transfer. Some of the safetyfeatures include a rotating seat, a flushplatform at the top landing, and batterybackup.

Lift Types

MEDITEK ACCESS INDUSTRIES INC.

CONCORDCONCORD

Overhead LiftsA overhead lift utilizes a motorized hoistto enable a person to transfer or betransferred easily. Features include ahoist, remote control, and various trackconfigurati ons. The example shows acurved track with the door header andwall section removed. Units are alsoavailable that eliminate the need for doormodifications.

APEX DYNAMICS



53

Second FloorFirst Floor

L i f t L i f t

ElevatorsAnother option is to install an elevator.It eliminates the need for lifts on existingstairs.

Space for an elevator can often beachieved by using existing closets or ex-panding into a bedroom. In the case of new construction, an eleva-tor can be planned for later installationby aligning the closets on each floor. Thefloor plan illustrated shows how it can beintegrated into the overall design.

WHEEL-O-VATOR CO. INC. SAVARIA INC.

Closet Closet

BATHROOM MODIFICATIONS



54

Typical 5’ x 8’ Bathroom

Typical 5 x 8 Bath

Transfer Bench Option

This drawing shows a typical bathroomplan found in many homes. To improveaccessibility the following alternativesshould be considered:

• tub seat / transfer bench in existing tub• install curb shower • install roll-in shower

In addition to the above, grab bars, highrise toilets, and hand-held showers canprovide greater safety and usability.Doors often need to be modified to allowsomeone using a wheelchair to enter andclose the door.

BATHROOM MODIFICATIONS

Tub Seat / Transfer BenchThe first option is a tub seat or transferbench which uses the existing tub. Thetub seat allows a person to sit, providinggreater stability. A transfer bench outsidethe tub allows a person to sit on the benchoutside the tub, slide over, and maneuvertheir legs into the tub. Grab bars providesafety and a hand-held shower givesthe user better water control. Using twoshower curtains, one on each side of thetransfer bench, provides easy access andimproved water protection when clippedtogether. Swing-clear Hinges



55

S lope cur b an d s how e r to d ra in

4 ” 2

”4” max

Mortar baseCurb Shower Option

Roll-in Shower Option May require cutting andreinforcing oor joists

Mortar base

Sloped marblethreshold

Slope t odra in

Curb ShowerThe second option is to remove the tuband install a shower with a 4” curb. If theperson can manage a curb, this is oftena more practical solution than installinga full roll-in shower. The shower floor andcurb should use 2 x 2 non-skid swimmingpool tile that is sloped to drain.

Roll-In ShowerAnother option is a roll-in shower. Thismay involve more extensive modifica-tions in order to place the drain at theproper level and provide sufficient slope.A sloped marble threshold provides aneasily crossed shower lip to act as a damfor shower water. P o

c k e t D o o r

Reverse Door



56

Curb ShowerBy moving the sink, the bathroom is expandedto provide access to all the fixtures and suf-ficient turnaround space. By removing the tuband utilizing an adjoining closet a curb shower

can be installed.

R a m p

u p

1 : 1

2

Roll-in Shower

Curb Shower

Another common bathroom layout is shownhere with the tub opposite the sink and toilet.This layout offers additional options for modi-fication as it is usually wider than the standard5’ x 8’ bathroom.

North

Bathroom Alterations

Roll-In ShowerThe roll-in shower uses the existing bathroomspace and the shower is entered from a hall-way. The advantage of this option is that thearea is now long enough to provide enoughslope to ramp up into the shower. This mayeliminate the need for more extensive modi-fications, but hallway access needs to alsobe considered.

C l o s e

t

C l o s e

t



57

North Elevation East Elevation

South Elevation West Elevation

36” min 30” min

2 7 ” - 2 9 ”

3 0 ” - 3 4 ”

3 4 ” + / - 6

’ - 0 ”

North ElevationThis view shows the horizontal grab barsat the toilet, the vertical grab bars, andbench in the shower.

East ElevationThis is the side view of the shower show-ing the grab bar type and placement.The diagonal bar can aid a person ingetting on and off the shower chair.

South ElevationThe hand-held shower provides easymovement of the shower nozzle. Alsoshown is the retractable grab bar atthe toilet.

West ElevationThe height and placement of the roll-under sink is shown in this view. Insula-tion is installed on the supply and drainto protect the user from risk of burn.

These drawings show in detail the curbshower bathroom from the oppositepage.



58

Tub ModicationsThe left photo demonstrates the additionof a bathtub to a bedroom used with anoverhead track system. A low showerrod for a curtain provides water protec-tion when assisting with bathing. Theright photo shows modifications with theleast impact; a transfer bench with a sidehandle in an existing tub.

Curb ShowerIf a person with a disability can transferonto a shower chair, a curb shower canbe an easier and less expensive solutionthan a roll-in shower. Often, the showercan be installed in an existing tub space.It is beneficial to install the controls on thelong wall so a person can reach themwhile sitting.



59

Roll-In ShowerWith a roll-in shower, the person with a dis-ability transfers to a shower chair and thenrolls into or is assisted into the shower. Aroll-in shower can sometimes be installedin the space allowed for a tub, althougha wider space may be desirable.

If there is sufficient space, a ramp can bebuilt up to the shower level. However, itis sometimes necessary to cut down floor

joists to accommodate a roll-in showerand lower the drain. This will need to bedone with the assistance of a structuralengineer.

A sloped marble threshold provides alow dam at the shower entry that can bemanaged by many people using showerchairs.

Cabinet ModicationsMany times a change of fixture is all thatis needed for accessibility. A hand spraycan be added to sink or toilet plumbing toprovide a convenient cleaning option.

A roll-under sink can be made by modi-fying an existing cabinet, insulating thepipes, and installing a lever handle faucet.A panel could also be used under the sinkto both hide the plumbing and provideprotection from the pipes.

KITCHEN MODIFICATIONS



60

Kitchen design needs to include foodpreparation activities, maneuveringspace and user preference. Althougha kitchen may not meet all accessibilityguidelines for a fully accessible space,modifications that help make a kitchenmore usable for the person with a disabilityare usually possible.

Typical Kitchen LayoutsA kitchen is usually one of three types:the galley type with counters, appliances,

and fixtures on opposite sides, a U-shapekitchen with counters, appliances, andfixtures around the U, or a 90 degree L-shaped kitchen.

Based on the disability, each individualhas his/her own requirements for an ac-cessible kitchen. However, there are somebasic guidelines that help accessibility formost users.

A 30” x 48” clear floor space centered on each appliance to allow for a parallel ora perpendicular approach is a basic requirement for basic usability and safe use ofappliances.

60”

Fridge

48” 3 0 ”

Fridge

Pantry

DW

RaisedDW

4 0 ” m

i n

A 60” diameter turnaround is required for accessibility. Roll-under sinks, cooktops, andcounters provide safety and usability.



61

Cabinet with deepdrawers and pullout

breadboard

Remove lower cabinetshelf and kick to

provide roll-under sink

Remove range, installroll under cooktop

Oven with side

hinged door

Roll out shelf inupper cabinet

Refrigerator withbottom freezer drawer or side by side



62

Roll-Under SinksOne of the most helpful adaptations in akitchen is to modify the sink cabinet byremoving the bottom shelf and toe kickto allow roll under space. The doors canstay or be removed.

Installing a shallow sink with a drain atthe back allows for more knee clearanceunder the sink. The faucet hardwareshould be a single lever or paddle handles.It is important to insulate or cover the sinkplumbing to protect the user against burnsfrom hot water in the pipes or sink.

Cabinets and BreadboardsDeep drawers or pull out shelves provideeasier access than conventional fixedshelving. Use loop handles on cabinetdoors and drawers.

Pull-out breadboards convenientlyallow lower workspaces that provide anapproach from three directions and canbe installed throughout the kitchen.



63

Ranges and OvensInstalling a stove or cooktop with frontmounted controls is another helpfuladaptation for safety and ease of use.

Ovens with side swing doors and abreadboard below allow for safe transferof hot dishes from oven to breadboard.

Microwave and oven should be mountedwithin easy reach.

Shelving and Toe SpaceA roll-out shelf at the bottom of an uppercabinet can provide additional reachablestorage for someone using a wheelchair.

Different counter top heights (adjustableif possible) allow for different tasks.Suggested height is usually between 30”and 36” which is determined by the user.Toe space under cabinets at least 9”-12”high gives easier access to cabinets.

NEW HOME CONSTRUCTION



64

Today, many people with a disability de-cide to build a new home. Some peoplehave plans specially drawn to meet theirneeds. However, many stock plans can

be modified to meet accessibility guide-lines.

A home should to be designed to the spe-cific needs and abilities of the individual,but there are many features which arebeneficial for everyone.



65

Master Bath

Master Bedroom

Bedroom 3Bedroom 2

HallBath

Living Room

Utility

Dining

Kitchen

Garage

U p

1 : 1

2

U p

1 : 2

0

Accessible Home FeaturesNo-Step EntriesAchieved with slab on grade construction,

sloped pathways (1 in 20), ramps (1 in 12),or low rise framing with basement or crawlspace.

DoorsMinimum 36” wide with no or low taperedthresholds into and throughout the home withmaneuvering space on latch side of door.

Clear Floor Space(30” x 48”) by each fixture, appliance, or con-trol and wheelchair turning space (60” diam-eter) at all spaces.

HallwaysMinimum 36” wide (42”-48” preferred) and 60”turning space at end of halls. Chamfer cornersfor ease and wall protection.

Switches, Outlets, and ControlsMinimum 15” and maximum 48” above floor.

BathroomsClear floor space (30” x 48”) by each fixture,toilet in a 60” x 60” corner, a 60” diameterwheelchair turning space, and reinforced wallsfor installation of grab bars.

KitchenClear floor space at each appliance, fixture,or counter work space with roll-under sink andcooktop.

BedroomsOn ground floor with emergency egress doorwith a no-step to the exterior.

GarageProvide 5’ -0” wide (8’-0” preferred) clear spacefor wheelchair access from car or van.

5’ -0”



66

No-Step Entry DetailsA no-step entry is the most importantfeature of a visitable or accessible home.It is also the feature that gives designersand builders the most concern in homeconstruction. These diagrams illustrate anapproach to a low rise foundation thatwill make a no-step entry easier to ac-complish.

These details provide options for no-stepentries. The typical ground floor framingleaves 20” to the finished floor, requiringsteps. However, low rise framing allows fora no-step entry when entry landings are

sloped to drain and a 1:20 pathway is usedto slope to grade. Compacted berms canprovide a transition to finish grade. Theno-step entry with low rise framing requiresa block-out in the foundation that allowsfor the placement of the concrete entryslab.

Typical Floor Framing Low Rise Framing

Finish oor

Floor joist

2 0 ” + / -

6 ”

8”

2 x 8 mudsill

Top angehangers

S lope d P a t hw a y 1:20

No-Step Entry withLow Rise Framing

2 x 6 mudsill 8 ” + / -

S lope to Dr a in 1:48

No-Step Entry

6 ”

Compacted soil

Finish oor

Joist

Rebar



67

No-Step EntrancesNo-step entries can be built into almostany new home with proper planning anddesign, whether they contain a basement,crawl space, or are built on slab. The home with the sloped pathway wasbuilt with a basement. The house on theright was built on slab.

No-step entries can be at any entranceinto the home; the front door, side or reardoor, or garage. A no-step entry from thegarage is shown. This is a multilevel housewith a basement.

Since most front entrances to homes arecovered, a concrete surface that is slopedto drain away from the door threshold willallow the door threshold to stay dry.



68

36” min

3 6 ” m

i n

4 8 ” p r e

f e r r e

d

36” min 60” min

6 0 ” m

i n

36” wide door

1 8 ” m

i n

2 4 ” p r e

f e r r e

d

Bathroom Access

Grab BarsSolid blocking for grab barscentered @ 3’-0” and 6’-0”above oor with 2 x 6 minimum(2 x 10 preferred). Grab barheight, orientation, and placementto comfort and strength of user

Levers and ControlsProvide graspable levers andcontrols on plumbing xtures,cabinets, and doors

Roll-In Shower Non-skid 2 x 2 swimmingpool tile with sloped marblethreshold as shower lip andhand-held shower with scaldguard on lever controls

Roll-Under Sink3’-0” wide with kneepanel or insulationcovering plumbing and

mirror @ 40” aboveoor

Hi-rise ToiletIn 5’-0” x 5’-0” corner lo-cation that allows for leftor right transfer. Toiletheight 17”-19” to top ofseat from oor

Maneuvering Space At latch side of doors

Wheelchair Turning Space5’-0” diameter circle or “T”

Clear Floor Space30” x 48” space @ all

xtures

North

Bathroom GuidelinesThis is a bathroom layout that provides ac-cessibility. These features can be incorpo-rated into new bathroom layouts accord-ing to an individual person’s needs.



69


North ElevationThe grab bars and hand-held shower areshown in this view of the shower. Thereare double grab bars above the tub. Thesupplies and drain are insulated under theroll-under sink and the second sink has a9” toe kick.

East ElevationA 60” x 60” area for toilet placement pro-vides installation on either wall depend ingon user ability and preference.

South ElevationThis drawing shows grab bar type andplacement in the shower and at the toi-let. The roll-in shower is built with a slopedmarble threshold.

West ElevationThe diagonal bar in the shower aids aperson using a shower chair in getting upand down.

North Elevation East Elevation

These drawings show in detail the eleva-tions of the bathroom from the oppositepage.



70

Transfer SpaceAn example is shown of a 5’x5’ spacewhich allows for fixture placement oneither wall to accommodate a person’stransfer abilities. A large enough bath-room with a transfer bench in a tub canprovide accessibility for many.

Roll-Under SinksThe double sinks shown illustrate both a roll-under sink with a knee panel below and ahigher second sink. This is a good optionfor a master bedroom. The other picture

shows an offset sink. Flooring should beextended under sinks even if cabinets willbe installed. This allows for easier modifica-tions later if needed.



71

Roll-In Shower from BedroomA roll-in shower can be designed using thebedroom closet to ramp up to a low showerthreshold. This provides both privacy for theuser and also convenient storage for theshower chair.

Roll-In Shower ThresholdsIn these pictures 2x2 non-skid swimmingpool tile and sloped marble thresholds areshown for the roll-in showers. In both casesthe drains have been lowered below floor

level to provide adequate drainage forthe shower.



72

Fridge

DW

OvenPantry

MW

Kitchen Access

Side by side or bottomfreezer refrigerator

Microwave belowcounter

Pantry withroll-out shelves

Oven with sidehinged door andbreadboard below

Cabinets with deep,full extension pulloutdrawers and breadboards

Island with varying counter heights

Roll-under shallow sink withknee panel or insulatedpipes and lever handlefaucet

Lazy susan

Pullout cart

Roll under cooktop withaccessible controls

North

5’-0” preferred40” minimum

Kitchen GuidelinesThis is a basic kitchen layout that providesaccessibility. These features can be incor-porated into new kitchen layouts accord-ing to an individual user’s needs.



73

East Elevation

9 ” t o e k i c k

3 0 ” - 3 4 ”

36” minimum

3 4 ” - 3

6 ”

4 4 ” m a x i m u m

East WallRoll-under sink Corner lazy susan

South WallRoll-out cartSide-hinged ovenRoll under cooktop

West WallLower built-in microwaveRefrigerator with bottom freezer

IslandCounter base open on 3 sides

These drawings further illustrate accessibility featureswhich include: 9” toe kicks, deep drawers, pulloutshelves in upper cabinets, and loop handles.


Island Elevation



74

Roll-Under CountersCounters without cabinets below can pro-vide roll-under access for sinks, cooktops,and work surfaces. Roll-under sinks shouldbe shallow with the drains toward theback to allow for access below the sink.The pipes can either be insulated or moreideally, a knee panel can be installed forprotection. Another option is to place thefaucet assembly at the side of the sink foreasier access if needed.

Cabinets and DishwashersCabinets that have roll-out shelves anddrawers make it easier to reach items. Theopen sided drawers allow for easy accessinto these storage areas.

Dishwashers can be placed at standardheight or raised off the floor. When raised,the dishwasher racks are easier to reach.



75

Ovens and MicrowavesAn excellent option for ovens is a built-inoven with a side hinge door and bread-board shelf below for safety in removinghot dishes. Microwaves should be placedat wheelchair height. This example showsa deep drawer below the microwave.

AppliancesA refrigerator with a bottom freezer placesthe refrigerator at a more convenientheight while still allowing access to thefrozen food. The solid surface roll-under

cooktop allows for pans to be moved offeasily. Control knobs are within reach, andcould also be at the side.



76

Accessible Floor Plans

Masterbedroom

Bedroom 2

Bedroom 3

Dining

Living

Laundry

Garage

Masterbedroom

Bedroom 2 Bedroom 3 Dining

Living

Ramp up

Garage

R a m p u p

R a m p u p

Laundry

Patio

Porch

Patio

This home provides easy access by plac-ing a concrete ramp between the frontdoor and the driveway, along the sideof the typical walkway and steps. Otherfeatures include a fully accessible masterbath and a usable 5’ x 9-1/2’ hall bath-room.

In this house a no-step entry is provided atall entrances by placing a ramp along theoutside of the garage to the front porch,along the interior sidewall of the garage,and by providing doors with a no-stepexit to the patio from the dining area andmaster bedroom.



77

Bedroom 1

Bedroom 2

Dining

Living

Carport

Bedroom 3

Bedroom 4

Porch

Kenneth Laurent House, Rockford, Illinois. Cost in 1952: $27,000 Copyright © 1954, 2002 The Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation, Scottsdale, AZ

This house was designed as a fourbedroom group home and pro-vides wheelchair access based onslab on grade construction.

This house, designed in 1952 byFrank Lloyd Wright, was built for aman who uses a wheelchair, butyou wouldn’t necessarily know it.He is still living in the house.

LEVELS OF ACCESSIBILITY



78

The barrier-free movement in the U.S.began in the 1950s when disabled veter-ans of both World Wars, along with otherdisability advocates, demanded access

to education and career opportunitieswhich were literally out of reach becauseof architectural barriers.

Great strides have been made over thepast decades towards making our societymore accessible to people with mobilityimpairments. The ADA (Americans withDisabilities Act) ensures that new publicand commercial places are accessible.The Fair Housing Amendments Act (FHAA)and building codes require that all new

multifamily housing units in new buildingswith elevators be usable, a more lenientaccessibility standard than full accessibil-ity.

Surprisingly our own individual homes arestill places where accessibility is the mostdifficult. The aging baby boomer gen-eration and widespread desire for moreindependence for people with disabilitiesmakes improved home access a marketsavvy approach. There are several levelsof housing accessibility. These include:

Visitability: provides basic access featuresin a new home.

Usability: provides features for a safe andfunctional home.

Accessibility: provides maneuverabilityand independence in a home.

Visitability FeaturesVisitability is a housing design conceptthat extends the welcome of our homesto family and friends with disabilities.

Visitability of a home means that there isat least one no-step entry somewhere intothe home, there are adequate passagedoors, and a usable ground floor bathroomthat allows a person using a wheelchairto enter and close the door. This can beachieved even in small bathrooms andhalf baths by hinging the door to swingout as it does with closets.

Visitabil i ty has many partners andadvocates. Designers, builders, and publicofficials have begun to see the commonsense of Visitability. This movement drawsfrom the tradition of Universal Design,serving people of all ages, sizes, andabilities.

In 1992 the first city Visitability ordinance inthe U.S. was passed in Atlanta, Georgia,the home state of Eleanor Smith, founderand director of “Concrete Change”.The strategy of the Visitability movement

is to prioritize the three most essentialaccess features - one zero-step entry,all interior doors with at least 32” of clearpassage space, and a usable bathroomon the main floor - and to press vigorouslythrough legislation and other means forthe widespread application of thesefeatures.

In 1997 Great Britain adopted the Single-Family Access Law creating a level of

access for all new homes throughoutEngland and Wales. Over a dozenVisitability initiatives have been passedin the U.S. The first Visitability laws that

applied to all single family homes (not justthose funded with public money) passedin Pima County, AZ and Bolingbrook, IL inFebruary 2002. The Florida Bathroom Lawof 1989 was the first state level accessibilityrequirement applied to all new singlefamily homes.

Usability FeaturesBeyond the three essential features ofvisitability, usability features, such as

higher outlets and lower thermostats,and backing for grab bars in tubs can beeasily incorporated. Usability features areessentially equivalent to the requirementsof the Fair Housing accessibility guidelinesand the requirements for Type B (Usable)dwelling units in the 2003 InternationalBuilding Code (IBC).

Accessibility FeaturesThe 2003 IBC also requires that at least2% of the dwelling units in a structurewith 20 or more units include accessiblefeatures beyond the usable features.Federal, state, and local housing fundingprograms usually require greater levelsand percentages of accessible units.The accessibility requirements normallyused are the Uniform Federal AccessibilityStandards (UFAS).



79

Seven Fair Housing Accessibility RequirementsIn 1988 Congress passed the Fair HousingAmendments Act (FHAA) requiring thatnew multifamily housing consisting offour or more dwelling units contain basic

accessibility features. The FHAA wasintended to provide usable housing forpersons with disabilities, thereby endingdiscrimination by design that preventedpeople using wheelchairs from enteringor renting housing.

The FHAA requires that in elevator buildingswith four or more units, ALL units must besafe and usable by people with infirmitiesor disabilities. The U.S. Department ofHousing and Urban Development (HUD)issued the Fair Housing Act Design Manualthat provides design and constructionguidelines to meet the Seven TechnicalRequirements of the FHAA.

The 2003 International Building Code (IBC)also requires that “Where there are four ofmore dwelling units in a single structure…EVERY dwelling unit shall be a Type Bdwelling unit”. Type B unit requirements areessentially equivalent to the accessibility

features required by the FHAA.The IBC and FHAA also require that,“Where no elevator service is provided ina building… at least one story containingdwelling units shall be provided with anaccessible entrance from the exterior ofthe building and ALL units on that storyshall be Type B units (Usable)”. ( Emphasisadded )

3 6 ” w

i d e

4 8 ” m a x

1 5 ” m

i n

3 ’ - 0 ”

6 ’ - 0 ”

48” 3 0 ”

Accessible entrance on an accessible route At least one entrance to a multiple unit build-ing must be accessible from significant loca-tions.

Accessible public and common use areasParking areas, rental offices, public use rest-

rooms, and common use buildings must beaccessible.

Usable DoorsEntry doors shall provide 32” clear opening(36” door required) and all interior passagedoors shall provide 31-3/4” minimum clearopening (34” door required).

Accessible routes into and through the dwell-ing unit

Minimum clear width of hallways is 36”. Thresh-olds to be 1/2” max or 3/4” at sliding doors withbeveled thresholds.

Accessible light switches, outlets, and envi-ronmental controls

All controls, switches, and outlets must be aminimum of 15” and a maximum of 48” abovethe floor. A 30” x 48” parallel or forward ap-

proach clear space is required for controls.Reinforced walls for grab barsReinforcement shall be provided in bathroomsfor the installation of grab bars.

Usable kitchens and bathroomsProvide 30” x 48” clear floor space for paral-lel or forward approach centered at eachkitchen appliance and bathroom fixture.

32”Clear Open-

ing

Of ce

Housing

Pool

VISITABILITY FEATURES



80

The three Essential Visitability Features areillustrated here and it is recommended thatthey be offered as an amenity packageby architects, designers, and home

builders to all their clients to enhancethe livability and future value of thehome. The EasyLiving Home programthat started in Georgia is promotinga voluntary certification program topromote “EasyLiving features that make ahome cost effective, attractive, visitable,and convenient for everyone”.

The Visitability features are easy toincorporate in new homes and are rarelynoticed as “special features”. As we age,the accessibility of our homes may becomea decisive factor in enabling us to remainin our own homes. Incorporating Visitablefeatures into a new home enables peopleto stay in their homes without expensiveremodeling for accessibility.

Current numbers of older adults areexpected to double to over 70 millionby 2030. Utah is projected to lead thistrend as residents age-in-place, and as

the “age wave” of retirees heads west.The overwhelming majority of olderadults express a desire to remain in theirown homes and live as independently aspossible. In addition, the inability to visitthe homes of friends and family can leadto isolation, a serious risk factor for poorhealth.

Essential Visitability Features

No-Step Entry

Adequate Doorways

Usable Bathroom



81

Easy for Families Easy for Seniors Easy for All

Visiting Family Visiting Friends Visiting All Homes

USABILITY FEATURES



82

3 6 ” w

i d e

4 8 ” m a x

1 5 ” m

i n

3 ’ - 0 ”

6 ’ - 0 ”

48” 3 0 ”

The Usability features shown on thispage, when combined with the essentialVisitability features, make homes usablefor many persons with disabilities. The

Usability features are easy to incorporateinto new homes and are rarely noticed as“special features”.

The design features illustrated hereare essentially equivalent (with theexception of the ground floor bedroom)to the accessibility requirements of theFair Housing Amendments Act for dwellingunits in multifamily buildings with four ormore units and building code requirementsfor Usable units.

In an effort to clarify and coordinate therequirements for Accessible and Usablehousing, HUD and the InternationalCode Council have worked togetherto synchronize the FHAA accessibilityrequirements with the code requirementsfor Usable (IBC Type B) dwelling units.HUD has recognized that the IBC, withupdates, is a “safe harbor” for meetingthe FHAA. This should greatly simplify the

requirements and help in Fair Housingaccessibility compliance.

Accessible Route Into and Through theDwelling Unit

A 36” wide hall has already become aminimum standard and enables wheel-

chair passage throughout the dwelling.The preferred width is 42” to 48”.

Accessible Switches, Outlets & Controls Mounting controls at 15” minimum and 48”maximum above floor and providing 30” x

48” clear space for approach insures thatlight switches, thermostats, and electricaloutlets can be easily reached.

Reinforced Walls for Grab Bar InstallationThis allows for installation of supportivegrab bars to prevent falls or facilitatetransfers. 2”x10” solid blocking is recom-mended around bathroom walls. A rowcentered at 3’-0” above the floor andanother row in the tub and shower areascentered at 6’-0” above the floor enablesflexibility for grab bar placement.

Usable Kitchens A 30” x 48” clear floor space centeredat each appliance, fixture, or counter

area enables a person in a wheelchair ora walker to use those fixtures and appli-ances. These spaces can overlap eachother.

Ground Floor Bedroom An additional room on the ground floorthat can be used as a bedroom.

ACCESSIBILITY FEATURES



83

Wheelchair turning space60” diameter wheelchair turning spaceor“T” wheelchair turning space, including

30” x 48” clear floor space beyond the swing of the door.

DoorsLatch side maneuvering space and leverhandles on all passage doors.

KitchenCounters at 34” high and sinks at 6 1/2”maximum depth with knee and toe

space.

Bathroom fixture spacingToilets 16”-18” from sidewall or fixtures. Toi-lets to be placed in a corner of the bath-

room with 5’-0” of wall in both directions.This enables setting the toilet for either a

right or left transfer. Mirrors in bathroom 40” max above floor. Grab bars installed.

Controls All appliance controls, window handles,etc. need to be in accessible locationsand operable. Half of the freezer compart-ment must be below 54”.

Communication devices Accessible communication features, suchas visual and audible smoke alarms anddoorbells, may need to be installed when

requested by residents in eligible units.

0-12”

32”clear opening

3 4 ” m a x

5’-0”24”

5 ’ - 0

”

The 2003 IBC requires that in multifamilybuildings with more that 20 units, at least2% of those units must be Type A units.Type A is more accessible than the Usable

(Type B) standard, including, for example,providing a wheelchair turning space inall rooms and in at least one bathroomin the unit. In addition to the FHAA and IBC accessibilityrequirements, federal, state and localhousing funding programs require greaterlevels and percentages of accessible units.These requirements for housing for seniorsor people with disabilities usually follow themore fully accessible requirements of theUniform Federal Accessibility Standards(UFAS) that require, for example, that grabbars be installed in showers and roll-undersinks be provided.

The technical standards for Accessibleand Usable dwelling units are found in theInternational Code Council / AmericanNational Standard, Accessible and UsableBuildings and Facilities, ICC/ANSI A117.1,commonly known as the “ANSI Standard”.Chapter 10 of ANSI A117.1 contains therequirements for Type A, Type B, andAccessible units.

18”-24”

18”

Resources



84

Resources in Utah

ACCESS Utah155 South 300 West Suite 100Salt Lake City, UT 84101 (801) 533-4636www.accessut.org (800) 333-8824

Information and referral on services for people with disabilities.

Accessible Homes FoundationP.O. Box 26383Salt Lake City, UT 84126-0383www.accesshomes.org

Promoting development of accessible homes.

ASSIST Inc218 East 500 SouthSalt Lake City, UT 84111 (801) 355-7085www.assistutah.org (877) 265-4287

Architectural design for home accessibility. Anyone in the state iseligible for consultation and design service. In addition, low incomehouseholds (below 50% of area median income); in Salt Lake City,South Salt Lake, Murray, Sandy, West Jordan, Midvale, Draper, Tay-lorsville, and unincorporated areas of Salt Lake County may beeligible for a grant or deferred payment loan to pay for accessibilitymodifications.

Center for Persons with DisabilitiesUtah Assistive Technology Program6800 Old Main HillLogan, Ut 84222-6800(866) 284-2821www.cpd.usu.edu

Information on accessible design, environmental accommodations,and assistive technology.

Community Development Corporation of Utah501 East 1700 SouthSalt Lake City, Ut 84105 (801) 994-7222

www.slcdc.org

Mission is to provide home ownership opportunities statewide for lowand moderate income families through housing rehabilitation or newconstruction, including barrier free homes.

Community Services Council1025 South 700 WestSalt Lake City, UT 84104 (801) 978-2452www.csc-ut.org

Support services offer minor home repairs, electrical and plumbingrepairs, painting, and minor appliance repair for elderly and disabledindividuals in Salt Lake County, through the Lifecare program.

Disability Law Center205 North 400 West (801) 363-1347Salt Lake City, UT 84103

(800) 662-9080www.disabilitylawcenter.com

Legal resource for people with disabilities in relation to housing, em-ployment, and accessibility issues.

Disabled Rights Action Committee3565 South West Temple #16 TDD/ Voice (801) 685-8214Salt Lake City, UT 84115 UT Toll Free (800) 478-9314email: [email protected] (801) 685-8216 Fax

The Disabled Rights Action Committee is committed to expandingand assuring the rights of people with disabilities and to working fortotal accessibility in the workplace, housing, transportation, and allpublic areas.



85

Easter Seals Utah638 E. Wilmington Ave.Salt Lake City, UT 84106 (801) 486-3778

www.eastersealsutah.org (800) 388-1991

Mission is to help people with disabilities achieve independence.

INDEPENDENT LIVING CENTERS:Community-based, consumer-oriented Independent Living Centershelp people with disabilities achieve or maintain self-sufficient andproductive lives in their own communities. Assistive technology,funding information, referrals to agencies and resources are servicesprovided by the centers.

Active Re-Entry Independent Living Center10 South Fairgrounds RoadPrice, UT 84501-3226(435) 637-4950Email: [email protected]

Active Re-Entry Satellite Office in Uintah Basin510 East Main, Suite 3Vernal, UT 84078(435) 789-4021email: [email protected]

Active Re-Entry Satellite Office in Moab 125 West 200 South - Room 106BMoab, UT 84542(435) 259-0245

Central Utah Center for Independent Living491 North Freedom BlvdProvo, UT 84601 ( 8 0 1 )373-5044www.cucil.org

Options for Independence1095 North MainLogan, UT 84341 ( 4 3 5 )753-5353

www.optionsind.orgemail: [email protected]

Options for Independence Satellite in Box Elder County416 East 850 South - Room 106Brigham City, UT 84302 (435) 723-2171

Red Rock Independent Living Center515 West 300 North, Suite ASt. George, UT 84770-4555 (435) 673-7501www.rrci.org (800) 649-2340

Tri-County ILC of Utah705 - 40th StreetOgden, UT 84401 (801) 612-3215email: [email protected]

Utah Independent Living Center3445 South Main StreetSalt Lake City, UT 84115-4453 (801) 466-5565email: [email protected]

Utah Center for Assistive Technology1595 West 500 SouthSalt Lake City, UT 84104 ( 8 0 1 )887-9500 www.usor.utah.gov

(888) 866-5550

The Center is a statewide resource providing information and techni-cal services that assist people with disabilities in the acquisition andutilization of assistive technology.



86

Utah Governor’s Council for People with Disabilities155 South 300 West, Suite 100 (801) 533-3965Salt Lake City, UT 84102 ( 8 0 0 )333-8824

www.gcpd.org Language Line (801) 533-4636

Mission is to create an environment in which people with disabilitiesdirect their own lives and participate in the community. The councilachieves this through facilitating interagency and citizen planning,identifying needs, recommending policy, promoting partnerships,providing advocacy, and evaluating and improving support sys-tems.

Utah Division of Services for People with Disabilities120 North 200 West, Rm 411Salt Lake City, Utah 84103 (801) 538-4200www.hsdspd.utah.gov (800) 837-6811

American Fork (801) 763-4100 Nephi (435) 623-2431Blanding (435) 678-1440 Ogden (801) 626-3300Brigham City (435) 734-4075 Price (435) 636-2390Cedar City (435) 865-5650 Provo (801) 374-7005Clearfield (801) 776-7300 Richfield (435) 896-1281Delta (435) 864-3869 Salt Lake City ( 8 0 1 )264-7620Heber (435) 657-4206 Spanish Fork (801) 749-6700Layton (801) 779-6700 St. George (435) 674-3961Logan (435) 787-3450 Tooele (435) 833-7355Manti (435) 835-0795 Vernal (435) 789-9336Moab (435) 259-3728

Mission is to promote opportunities and provide support for personswith disabilities to participate fully in Utah life. The regional officesof the Division oversee community programs for over 3200 citizenswith developmental disabilities which qualify them to receive Divi-sion services. Services include support for families, residential options,and day services.

Utah State Office of Rehabilitation250 East 500 SouthSalt Lake City, UT 84111 (801) 538-7530www.usor.utah.gov (800)473-7530

Southern Utah (435) 586-9995Provo (801) 374-7724 NorthernUtah (435) 395-6310Ogden (801) 395-7020 W e s tValley (801) 957-8200Vernal (435) 789-0273 So ut hSalt Lake (801) 267-5600Moab (435) 259-4635 EasternUtah (435) 636-2820

May provide assistance for home modifications and assistivetechnology for clients. Modifications must be related to enablingemployment.

Financial Assistance for Home Modications and Assis



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Financial Assistance for Home Modications and Assis-tive TechnologyASSIST Inc, (801) 355-7085Salt Lake City, Utah Toll Free (877) 265-4287

Accessibility assessment and design assistance provided at no cost.

Some grants and deferred payment loans for home accessibility mod-ifications in most of Salt Lake County for lower income households.

City or County Housing AuthoritiesThroughout Utah Check phone books for current num-bers

Housing Authorities in various cities and counties throughout the Stateof Utah often provide grants or loans for housing repair or rehabilita-tion needs including accessibility modifications.

Independent Living CentersThroughout Utah See pages 85 for phone numbers

Funding for assistive technology

Community Services Council - LifecareSalt Lake City, Utah (801) 978-2452

Minor repairs for elderly low income residents or persons with dis-abilities including grab bars and door modifications for householdsin most of Salt Lake County.

Utah Assistive Technology FoundationLogan, Utah (435) 797-2355 Toll Free (866) 284-2821

Provides zero percent loans to purchase assistive devices and homemodifications. Low interest loans for van modifications and partialgrants.

Utah Center for Assistive TechnologySalt Lake City, Utah(801) 887-9500 Toll Free (888) 866-5550

Assistance for acquisition and utilization of assistive technology.

Utah Division of Services for People with DisabilitiesSalt Lake City, Utah(801) 538-4200 See page 86 for regional offices

Utah State Office of RehabilitationSalt Lake City, Utah(801) 538-7530 See page 86 for regional offices



89

Recommendations for Accessibility Standards for Children’s Environ-ments , U. S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers ComplianceBoard, 1331 F Street, NW, Suite 1000, Washington, D. C. 20004-1111,October, 1995.

The Fair Housing Act Design Manual: A Manual to Assist Designersand Builders in Meeting the Accessibility Requirements of the FairHousing Act , Barrier Free Environments for the US Dept. of Housing &Urban Development, 1998.

Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards, General Services Adminis-tration , Department of Defence, Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, and U. S. Post Office: U. S. Gov Printing Office, 1990.

1997 Uniform Building Code, Volume I , International Conference ofBuilding Officials, 5360 Workman Mill Rd., Whittie r, California.

Technical AssistanceAdaptive Environments374 Congress St., Ste. 301Boston, MA 02210 (617) 695-1225www.adaptenv.org

Offers a publication with information on home adaptation for personswith disabilities with lists of products and assistance resources.

ASSIST Inc218 East 500 South (801) 355-7085Salt Lake City, UT 84111 (877) 265-4287

Offers accessibility assessment and design services, conducts trainingworkshops and presentations on home modifcations and accessiblehousing, and distributes this Guidebook.

Center for Universal DesignNC State University College of DesignCampus Box 7701Raleigh, NC 27695-8613 (800) 647-6777www.design.ncsu.edu

The center develops publications and instructional materials, andprovides information, referrals, and technical assistance to individualswith disabilities, their families, and professionals nationwide.

Concrete Change600 Dancing Fox RoadDecatur, GA 30032 (404) 378-7455www.concretechange.org

Website offers free construction information for Visitable homes andsuggestions for becoming active in the movement for home con-struction change.

Paralyzed Veterans Association75-20 Astoria BoulevardJackson Heights, NY 11370-1177 (718) 803-3782www.pva.org

Resource information including videos and printed matter on plan-ning for accessibility.

Center for Inclusive Design & Environmental Access Idea ProgramSchool of Architecture and PlanningState University of New York at BuffaloBuffalo, NY 14214 (716) 829-3485www.ap.buffalo.edu

The Center is active in basic and applied research, architecturaldesign, community service and education. Programs focus on homemodifications, functional assessment, and universal design.

National Council on Independent Living1916 Wilson Blvd., Ste. 209Arlington, VA 22201 (703) 525-3406www.ncil.org

Provides technical assistance to independent living centers locatedthroughout the United States.

Rocky Mountain Technical Assistance Center3630 Sinton R., Suite 103Colorado Springs, CO 80907 (800) 949-4232www.ada-infonet.org

Official information resource center on ADA issues for the Inter-mountain West. Provided at no cost. Funded by the Departmentof Education.

Index



Bathrooms counter heights 5, 57 curb shower 55-56, 58 floor space 5

grab bars 5, 57 hand held shower 57 roll-in shower 55 -5 6, 59 ,71 roll-under sink 57, 59, 70 sink height 5 tub seat 54, 58 transfer bench 54, 58Doors accordion door 50 bifold doors 50 door stops 51

exterior 10 handles 51 keyless entry 51 locks 51 maneuvering space 5 opening width 5, 50 pocket door 50 sliding glass doors 50 standard door 50 swing clear hinges 51 thresholds 4, 37 widening 51Fair Housing requirements 79Introduction 2Kitchens

breadboards 61-62 cabinets 61-62 controls 63 cooktop 61 counter heights 63

layouts 60

refrigerator 61 roll-under sinks 61-62 toe space 63Levels of Accessibility 78

Seven Fair HousingAccessibility Requirements 79 accessibility features 83

usability features 82 visitability features 80-81Lifts elevators 53 inclined platform lift 52 porch lift 7, 48-49 overhead lift 52 stair lift 52Low Rise Steps 7, 44-45

New Home Construction 64 accessible features 65 bathroom 68-71 house plans 76-77 kitchen 72-75 no-Step entry 66-67 porches 36-37Ramps 4, 6

2x4 framing 40 2x6 section 27 concrete 42-43 curbs 4 finishes 47 footings 24-25 from deck 17 hardware 46 in garage 17 landings 4, 32-35 layouts 16-19 length 4, 14

lumber 46

metal/modular 41 new stairs 38-39 planning 10 plywood framing 20

plywood section 21, 26 portable 41 railings 4, 23, 39 rise 12-13 slope 4, 13 site considerations 11 site measurements 15 structural supports 22 surface 47 transitions 28-31 weather 10 wedges 37

width 4References 88-89Resources in Utah 84-87Steps 38-39Standard Dimensions 4-5Thresholds 4, 37Typical Homes 8-9

guidebook v6

Documents