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ContentsINTRODUCTION 3

PIPELINE DISPLACEMENTS 4

THERMAL EXPANSION 5 THE EXPANSION PROBLEM 6 THE BUCKLING PROBLEM 7

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH 8 CORRECT SOLUTION SPACE AVAILABLE STRUCTURE AVAILABLE PLANT CONNECTIONS EVALUATION OF PIPING SYSTEMS

NATURAL FLEXIBILITY SOLUTION 9 LOOP SOLUTION COLD SPRING SOLUTION LOW PRESSURE

UNRESTRAINED E.J. SOLUTION 10 RULES FOR UNRESTRAINED E.J’S POSITIONING OF EXPANSION JOINTS 11 LOW PRESSURE

RESTRAINED E.J. SOLUTION 12 LATERAL EXPANSION JOINT ANGULAR EXPANSION JOINT GIMBAL EXPANSION JOINT SAMPLE CONFIGURATIONS 2 PIN SYSTEMS 13 LATERAL EXPANSION JOINTS - ONE PLANE LATERAL EXPANSION JOINTS - TWO PLANES ANGULAR EXPANSION JOINTS SAMPLE CONFIGURATIONS 3 PIN SYSTEMS 14 THREE PIN 3 U SYSTEM THREE PIN 3 Z SYSTEM THREE PIN 3 W SYSTEM DESIGN CHECK LIST 15

PIPELINE ACCESSORIES 16 SUPPORTS SLIDERS 18 HANGERS GUIDES RULES FOR GUIDES GUIDE SPACING 20 PLANAR GUIDES 21 TYPICAL PIPE GUIDES ANCHORS 22 END THRUST SPRING FORCE 23 FRICTION FORCE

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE 24 WIND LOADING 25 UNRESTRAINED SYSTEMS 26 RESTRAINED SYSTEMS 27 LATERAL SYSTEM 2 PIN ANGULAR SYSTEM 28 DESIGN CHECK LIST FOR ANCHORS 28 TYPICAL PIPE ANCHORS 29 HEAVY VERTICAL LOAD ANCHOR 30 INTERMEDIATE ANCHORS PLANAR ANCHORS

SPECIFICATION INSPECTION & TEST CERTIFICATES 31

INSTALLATION 32 ORIENTATION FLANGED WELDED SOLDERED SCREWED

COLD DRAW 32 NORMAL APPLICATIONS SPECIAL APPLICATIONS 33 NIL COLD DRAW 100% COLD DRAW LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS PRE COLD DRAW UNITS APPLYING COLD DRAW TO 33 UNRESTRAINED SYSTEMS FLANGED: WELDED: SCREWED: APPLYING COLD DRAW TO RESTRAINED SYSTEMS 34

USEFUL INFORMATION 36

PIPE DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHT 40

SATURATED WATER AND SYSTEM 42

FORMULA NOTATION & DISCLAIMER 43

Introduction

This booklet has been prepared with YOU the customer in mind. Whether you are responsible for plant, designing or installing, this booklet should provide you with an insight into the use of metallic bellows expansion joints in pipe systems. We are not seeking to make you experts by covering all situations, that’s OUR job. We are however, hoping to give YOU the confidence to select, specify and install Expansion Joints correctly for most applications and to recognise that the product is of appropriate quality.

We are only too aware that your main concern is to solve an expansion, movement or vibration problem. You do not want to become involved in the finer points of Expansion Joint design. We have only gone into detail where we consider it important to convey the principle behind a statement.

Practical issues such as the storage, handling, installation and maintenance of all types of all types of bellows are covered. We also include the related topics of pipe support, guiding and anchoring in relation to the forces and movements exerted by expandinges, Process piping, Ship building and Power generation applications.

01932 788888for assistance




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Thermal expansion is our main interest, but it is not the only movement being imposed on the pipelines. The following displacements may occur that can have beneficial or detrimental effects on the expansion condition. For example:

Pipeline Displacements

COEFFICIENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION

Material Nominal Composition C of L E 10-6 K-1

Arsenical Copper Cu: 0.024% P,035%As 17.40Stainless Steel 304 Fe: 18% Cr, 8% Ni 16.30(Austenitic) 310 Fe: 25% Cr, 20% Ni 14.50 316 Fe: 18% Cr, 13% Ni, 3% Mo 16.30 321 Fe: 18% Cr, 10% Ni, 1% Ti 16.20 347 Fe: 18% Cr, 10% Ni, 1% Nb 16.30

Monel 400 Ni: 31% Cu, 2.5% Fe 14.10Incoloy 800 Fe: 32.4% Ni, 21% Cr 14.20Incoloy 825 Fe: 42% Ni, 21.5%Cr,3% Mo 14.00Inconel 600 Ni: 15,5% Cr, 8% Fe 13.30Inconel 625 Ni: 21% Cr, 9% Mo, 5% Fe 12.80Nimonic 90 Ni: 20% Cr, 17% Co 12.70Nimonic 75 Ni: 20% Cr 11.00

Low Carbon Steel Fe: 0.08%C 12.19Carbon Steel Fe: 0.23% C 12.18Alloy Steel Fe: 1% Cr, 0.5% Mo 11.90

Cast Iron Fe: 4% C, 2.5% Si 11.00

Stainless Steel Fe: 13% Cr 10.90(Ferritic)

Plastics ABS Acrylonitrile-butadene-styrene 80/120 PE Polyethylene 130/250 PP Polypropylene 80/150 UPVC Polyvinyl chloride 50/100

All pipelines and vessels will expand or contract if they are subject to changes in temperature.Temperature changes may arise from the flow media or from the environment in the form of daily or seasonal ambient temperature fluctuations, solar gain and wind chill.

Expansion and contraction is expressed mathematically by the formula:

∆ L = x L x ∆T

Note 1. any consistent set of units may be used.Note 2. the coefficient of linear expansion varies with the material and temperature range. If you wish to use the above formula you should take an average coefficient of linear expansion for the temperature range.

The values are only valid in the range 20oC - 100oC

• Settlement of buildings and plant

• Expansion of structure, vessels or plant

• Vibration from rotating and reciprocating plant

• Induced vibration from high velocity and/or turbulent flow of media

• Start-up kick of rotating plant, e.g. standby generators

• Tank settlement and bulge as a result of filling and emptying

• Wind loading and sway on adjacent structures

• Seismic shock

Thermal Expansion

For most practical purposes the following table may be simpler to use. It expresses expansion in terms of millimetres per metre (mm/m) for various materials at given temperatures from a base of 0oC. The table is based on BS806: 1986, Appendix D, issue 1.

EXPANSION RATE

Carbon & 762 High Austenitic Low Alloy Temperature Stainless Steel Alloy Steel Cast Iron steel Copper deg C mm/m mm/m mm/m mm/m mm/m -50 -0.56 -0.53 -0.48 -0.80 -40 -0.45 -0.42 -0.39 -0.64 -30 -0.34 -0.32 -0.29 -0.48 -20 -0.23 -0.21 -0.19 -0.32 -0.33 -10 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.16 -0.16 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.16 0.16 20 0.23 0.21 0.20 0.33 0.33 30 0.35 0.32 0.29 0.49 0.50 40 0.47 0.43 0.39 0.66 0.67 50 0.59 0.54 0.49 0.82 0.84 60 0.71 0.65 0.59 0.99 1.01 70 0.94 0.76 0.69 1.16 1.18 80 0.96 0.87 0.79 1.32 1.35 90 1.08 0.98 0.89 1.49 1.52 100 1.21 1.10 0.99 1.66 1.69 110 1.34 1.21 1.09 1.83 1.86 120 1.47 1.32 1.19 2.01 2.03 130 1.60 1.44 1.29 2.18 2.20 140 1.73 1.55 1.39 2.35 2.39 150 1.86 1.67 1.49 2.53 2.57 160 1.99 1.78 1.59 2.70 2.75 170 2.12 1.90 1.69 2.88 2.92 180 2.26 2.01 1.80 3.05 3.10 190 2.39 2.13 1.90 3.23 3.28 200 2.53 2.25 2.00 3.41 3.46 210 2.67 2.37 2.10 3.59 3.63 220 2.81 2.49 2.21 3.77 3.81 230 2.95 2.61 2.31 3.95 3.98 240 3.09 2.73 2.41 4.13 4.16 250 3.23 2.85 2.52 4.32 4.34 260 3.38 2.97 2.62 4.50 4.51 270 3.52 3.09 2.72 4.68 4.69 280 3.67 3.22 2.83 4.87 4.87 290 3.81 3.34 2.93 5.05 5.04 300 3.96 3.47 3.04 5.24 5.22 310 4.11 3.59 3.14 5.43 320 4.26 3.72 3.25 5.62 330 4.41 3.84 3.36 5.81 340 4.57 3.97 3.46 6.00 350 4.72 4.10 3.57 6.19

The expansion rate per metre between any two temperatures T2°C and T2°C is given by:

L†21 = l†21 - l†21 mm/m and total expansion in millimetres by:

∆L = L†21 x L mm

Consider a carbon steel pipe 65m long. Minimum temperature - 20 oC being heated up to 140 oC.From the table:

L†21 = l†2 - l†1 = 1.73 - (-0.23) = 1.96mm/m ∆L = L†21 x L = 1.96 x 65 = 127.4mm




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Assuming that the anchor forces and the pipe stresses are acceptable there can be other problems. If the temperature of a pipe is increasing, the pipe behaves as a strut being compressed and buckling is a potential problem.

Continuing with the previous example, we can calculate the buckling load for

a strut fixed at each end.

Buckling Load (Pc)

= 4 x 2 x E x I / L2

= 4 x 2 x 2 x (2x1011) x (1.17x10-5) 502

= 36,989.3N = 3.77.tonne

This is much less than the compressive force of 53.58 tonne due to thermal expansion, therefore the pipe will buckle.

We can calculate the critical length of pipe that would just buckle under the compressive load and hence determine guide spacing to prevent buckling.

Critical length (Lc)

= (4 x 2 x E x I / F

= (4 x 2 x (2x1011) x (1.17x10-5) 525600 = 13.3m

In this case guides should be placed at least every 12.5m

If the pipeline is free to move no problem exists. But when the movement is restricted, very large forces are imposed on fixed points and unacceptable stress may apply. Pipes never exist in limbo. They are a means of transporting media from a source to a point of use, storage or discharge and hence have fixed points.

Consider a 50 metre length of 150mm nominal bore, standard schedule, carbon steel to BS3601- 410 being heated from 20ºC to 80ºC.

∆L = L†21 x L

∆L = (0.96-0.23) x 50 = 36.5 mm

Assume that the ends are fixed solid so that the whole movement is applied as strain within the material.

Strain () = ∆L/L

= 36.5 x 10-3 / 50

= 0.00073 Note: = L†21 so the stresses and forces generated are independent of length. From the strain we can then calculate the stress.

Stress () = Youngs Modulus (E) x

= 2 x 1011 x .00073

= 146 x 106 N/m2

The stress is close to the total allowable design stress (149 x 106 N/m2) without taking into account stresses resulting from internal pressure or dead weight. Stress is force per unit area. We can calculate the area of the pipe.

Area (A) = (/4) x (D2 - d2)

= (/4) x ((168.28 x 10-3)2

- (154.06 x 10-3)2)

= 3.6 x 10-3 m2

and can therefore calculate the force.

Force (F) = x A

= 146 x 3.6 x 103

= 525,600 N

= 53.58 tonne

The force being applied to the anchor is high and would be unacceptable if being directly applied to a pump, turbine casing or wall. In many cases more than one pipe is being used and the force from each must be added to determine the total force being applied at a fixed point.

The Expansion Problem The Buckling Problem





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CORRECT SOLUTIONThere is no such thing as “the correct solution” to an expansion or displacement problem. There are as many solutions as there are engineers. The reverse is not true. There are incorrect solutions and this guides seeks to help non-specialists to avoid making mistakes.

We would like to put forward a systematic approach for dealing with expansion and displacement problems in pipelines. This will depend on many factors including space availability, structure and plant strength.

SPACE AVAILABLEAvailability of space will affect the solution. It is no good providing a pipe layout without indicating the proximity of trench walls, structural members etc.

The pipe may be able to flex, but if anything restricts this movement massive forces may be imposed. In buildings, pipes often run in restricted ceiling voids and risers where loops cannot be used and structure strength is limited.

STRUCTURE AVAILABLEAn unrestricted axial bellows solution may be correct if the same pipe were suspended on drop rods from a flimsy space frame. The building structure may not take the anchor forces. However, an offset fitted with a restrained bellows assembly could provide the solution.

PLANT CONNECTIONSThe pipe may well be able to flex naturally, but can the vessel, pump or turbine take the resultant forces without distorting or breaking or causing leaky joints.

PipeLayout

CalculateExpansion

Create N.FL or Z sections

Natural Flexibility solution

Anchor Guide& Support

DeterminePipeline displacements

UnrestrainedSolution


RestrainedSolution


SpecialSolution EA

END

N.F. = Natural Flexibility

YES

YES

NONONO

Most pipe runs contain changes in direction. This introduces flexibility into the pipe systems by bending, thus reducing the forces and the stresses considerably.

‘Z’ CONFIGURATION

‘L’ CONFIGURATION

The minimum leg that will absorb the expansion in the main pipe run can be calculated as follows:

Lmin = (3 x ∆L x E x D) = 3x(36.5x103)x(2x1011)x(168.28x10-3) (1.5x108)

= 4.96m

Design Guide: This is too short as we cannot utilise all the allowable design stress on bending. If we restrict the bending stress to 50% of the allowable stress, no fatigue problems should occur in the life of the plant. The residual allowable stress can be used for other loads.

L50% - 7.01 m

The force imposed at the anchor due to the flexing of leg L is given by:

F = 12 x ∆L x E x I L3

= 12x(36.5x10-3)x(2x1011)x(1.17x10-5) 7.013

= 2,975 N

= 0.3 tonne

LOOP SOLUTIONIf natural offsets are not available and cannot be created, loops can be used to induce flexibility. The CIBSE Guide gives details of how to calculate loop sizes and determine their stiffness.

Loops can be manufactured using elbows and straight pipe or by hot forming pipe. Loops require a lot of space and anchor loads remain high.

COLD SPRING SOLUTIONIt is possible to pre-stress or cold spring the pipe in order to reduce the forces by about 50%. This subject is dealt with in detail in the installation section.

INDUCED FLEXIBILITY SOLUTIONIf space is not available to provide natural flexibility, or the resulting forces are excessive for the structure, other solutions are necessary. Induced flexibility in the form of expansion joints should now be considered.

Systematic Approach

Evaluation of Piping Systems

Natural Flexibility Solution




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The application of an axial expansion joint is very simple with few variants as possible, offering little room for engineering initiative. The only limitations on an axial solution are the movement capacity of the expansion joint and the ability to support, guide and anchor the pipe.

Axial expansion joints exert a pressure thrust on the pipe due to pressure attempting to open out the bellows lengthwise. This is similar to the force generated by a hydraulic piston.

Force is also required to compress or extend the bellows due to the stiffness of the convolutions. A good analogy is the force required to compress and extend a spring.

PULL FROM EXTENDED SPRING

PUSH FROM COMPRESSED SPRING

The use or application of unrestrained expansion joints is rigid and therefore best expressed as a set of rules.

1. Unrestrained expansion joints can only be used in anchored pipe lines. unpressurised

pressurised

Omitting anchors will result in failure of unrestrained expansion joints.

2. The pipe run must be straight in plan and elevation.

Offsets can result in excessive forces and moments being applied to guides.

3. Only one axial bellows may be placed between any two anchors.

If more than one bellows were fitted, variations in spring rate and friction would cause one to work harder than the other and therefore fail prematurely.

4. If the movement capacity of one axial bellows is inadequate for the movement in the pipe, the pipe may be subdivided by intermediate anchors.

5. The pipe adjacent to the axial bellows must be guided to control movement.

A pipeline suspended on hangers is free to swing and cannot be considered as guided.

6. The full length of the pipe may require less guides to prevent buckling.

The compressive force from the bellows added to pipe friction may cause buckling of the pipe.

7. An axial expansion joint which is not Pre-cold-set must be cold-set on installation to utilise the full movement capacity of the unit and minimise spring forces.

Cold-set is probably the most difficult aspect of installing an expansion joint.

Positioning of Expansion Joint To decide where to locate the unrestrained expansion joints in relation to the anchors, the following factors should be considered:

1. Where it is necessary to equalise the anchor forces, the bellows should be places midway between anchors. As the end thrust normally far exceeds the friction forces, the bellows may be located for convenience of access and guiding.

2. Where branch movement must be kept to a minimum, an expansion joint located near the centre will minimise branch deflections.

3. To minimise the number of guides, the bellows should be placed within a few pipe diameters of the anchor.

Detailed instructions on supports, guides and anchors can be found later in the booklet.

Low Pressure At very low pressures (1 to 2.5 bar g) it is possible to use some types of Unrestrained Expansion Joints to absorb a combination of axial, lateral and angular movements. Diesel exhaust applications can usually be resolved using this method.

Unrestrained Expansion Joint Solution

Rules for Unrestrained Expansion Joints




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LATERAL EXPANSION JOINTLateral Expansion Joints are two bellows within a set of tie-bars. They can take up lateral movement in two planes. If two tie-bars are used some angulation is also possible, but even if more are used the flanges still remain parallel.

ANGULAR EXPANSION JOINTAngular Expansion Joints are single hinged bellows. Individually, they can take up an ANGLE within one plane. There are no practical applications using ONE Angular Expansion Joint. To absorb movements, they have to be used in sets of TWO or THREE. Double Angular Expansion Joints are used for convenience and to reduce installation cost. They move laterally by the combined angulation of each bellows.

GIMBAL EXPANSION JOINTGimbal Expansion Joints are a specialised form of angular expansion joint with a gimbal ring system to enable one end of the unit to take up an angle in any direction in relation to the other end. Although useful in high pressure complex three-dimensional piping and some turbine connection applications, their use is rare enough not to warrant detailed treatment in this booklet. A lateral expansion joint will usually replace two gimbal units more cheaply and conveniently.

LATERAL EXPANSION JOINTS - ONE PLANE

It is possible to take up three-dimensional expansion using a lateral expansion joint. Expansion of L1 and L2 are taken up by the normal action of the expansion joint. as the tie-bars stay cool, L3 is held constant and the expansion of the pipe within the tie-bars is taken up by axial compression of the bellows.

Lateral expansion joints are not suitable for systems with high pressure or high flow velocity. The centre pipe section is unsupported and could become unstable. In these instances and for large movements, 2 gimbal units should be used.

Restrained Expansion Joint Solution

Restrained expansion joints are more versatile than unrestrained joints. Many different configurations are available to the design engineer. Restrained expansion joints generally impose MUCH SMALLER forces on pipe supports guides and anchors than an unrestrained solution.

The bellows of restrained expansion joints are spanned by a restraining mechanism consisting of either hinged members or tie-bars. Internal pressure tries to open out the bellows axially, but the restraining mechanism prevents this happening.

Movement is the result of controlled angulation of the bellows, i.e. lateral movement is achieved by two bellows or two halves of a single bellows angulating in opposite directions.

The correct use of these units depends on an understanding of the behaviour of TWO-PIN and THREE PIN systems. This section of the booklet looks at some of these configurations. Subsequent sections deal with supporting, guiding and anchoring them.

Sample Configurations - � Pin Systems

ANGULAR EXPANSION JOINTSTwo Pin System Used where offset L is too long for convenient use of a lateral expansion joint. The effect is basically the same. In view of the expansion in length L and the arc movement about the hinge centres, special allowance for natural flexibility should be made at one end, as shown.

Tie rods with spherical seats permit the Lateral Tied Expansion Joint to absorb expansion in ANY DIRECTION at right angles to its axis. It may be installed in any plane. Movement is controlled by guiding the pipe on one side of the joint and providing a planar guide on the other to allow it to absorb the arc height (swing) of the unit by natural flexibility.

Cold

Neutral

Hot




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THREE PIN 3 U SYSTEMThree Pin U System mainly used in long distance pipelines where no suitable offset is available. The loop can be installed horizontally, vertically or sloped in any plane. The centre bellows takes up twice the angle of the outer bellows and may have more convolutions. Guides are required on each side of the system. The loop can be installed in any part of the pipe. To prevent movement of the centre bellows along the direction of pipe expansion, we recommend that cold draw be taken on each side of the loop in proportion to the amount of expansion reaching the loop from each side.

THREE PIN 3 Z SYSTEMUsed where the offset in the pipe is too short to accommodate a suitable articulated expansion joint. As bellows B move at right angles to the line AB under pipe expansion, bellows C is used to minimise pipe bending and absorb vertical displacement as pipe AB swings with expansion.

THREE PIN 3 W SYSTEMThis system is usually installed horizontally and is used where there are two long runs at right angles to each other. Both movements are to be taken at the bend.

Suggestion: We recommend that the centre bellows be placed in the leg producing the larger expansion, i.e. where ∆L1 is greater than ∆L2.This produces the most compact layout for the system. Guides are to be positioned as close as possible to the outer units. Sliding supports are required on the intermediate pipes (Three Pin 3 W System).

DESIGN CHECK LISTDue to the many various configurations possible with restrained systems, it is difficult to produce a set of rules. The following design check list can be used to ensure all aspects of restrained expansion joint systems have been duly considered:

1. Are there suitable supports, guides, planar guides and anchors to allow the pipe to push itself along against the frictional resistance of its supports?

2. Are the expansion joints arranged in such a manner so that they are free to follow the movement imposed on them by the pipe?

3. Have the guides been provided either side of the expansion system?

TWO-PIN SYSTEMS On Two Pin lateral systems limited freedom of movement must be given one leg of the pipe. The leg perpendicular to the main pipe movement shortens as the expansion joints angulate and this must be absorbed by slight bending of the main run of pipe. Closest restraint in one leg should be about 40 pipe diameters from the Expansion Joint. The other leg should be fully guided within two diameters, plus half the movement from the elbow or expansion joint.

THREE-PIN SYSTEMS The pipes entering a 3 pin system must be fully guided. A clearance of two pipe diameters plus half the movement of the leg should be provided from the guide to the expansion joint.

4. Is the pipe within the expansion mechanism adequately supported?

The selection of supports will vary if the expansion system is operating in a vertical, horizontal plane or subject to three dimensional movement. The pipe and expansion joints should be supported so that no twisting, bending or compressive loads are applied to the restraints.

TWO-PIN SYSTEMS The guides either side of a two pin system usually provide all the support necessary. THREE-PIN SYSTEMS The pipe legs within the arc must also be supported. If horizontal, the supports are required to take the dead weight of the system to prevent sagging.

If vertical, the supports should maintain alignment and prevent sway. Constant load spring supports may be required to take the weight of the pipe as it moves vertically.

5. Are the restraints strong enough to transmit natural flexibility forces and support pipe weight?

The main duty of the restraints is to contain the pressure endthrust of the bellows. The dead weight of the system must be supported so that there is no tendency to let the expansion joint sag.

On two-pin systems, support may be impossible, Restraints would be required to transmit forces and moments due to natural flexibility and weight.

Always advise the expansion joint supplier of this requirement, as special consideration must be given to the strength of the hinge or tie-bar restraints.

6 Are the pipe anchors adequate to take a combination of forces and movements?

NOTE: Calculation of the forces and movements from the two and three pin systems is a complex subject. We will be publishing detailed design instructions soon, until then, contact Engineering Appliances.

7. Do the connections to branches, valves, steam traps, condensate main and other connected equipment, restrict the free movement of the main run of pipe? 8. Is there adequate spacing between adjacent pipes with varying expansions to prevent fouling under all conditions?

Sample Configurations - 3 Pin Systems




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SUPPORTSAll pipelines must be supported to ensure that the dead weight of the pipe does not apply excessive stresses to the pipe. The accepted stress level in BS3974 from dead weight is 25x106 N/m2.

Expansion joint users have an interest in pipe supports as they affect the slope of the pipe entering the joint. The closer the supports, the straighter the pipe and therefore the straighter the bellows.

A single pipe span is assumed to be simply supported and span is calculated as follows:

Lmax = 8 x a x Z /

Continuously supported pipe is assumed to be fixed at the support and the span is calculated as follows:

Lmax = 12 x a x Z /

The following table shows calculated pipe support distances for BS1387 pipe. The media in the pipe effects the solution, therefore gas filled and water filled results are shown. Insulation is another additional weight to consider as are specific components such as valves, deaerators etc.

Although it is possible to calculate pipe supports as shown on the previous page, this is impractical for every installation. Standard pipe support intervals have been established and are specified by the Property Services Agency.

The following tables are industrial standards as laid down in Standard Specifications (M&E) No.3 and No.100.

In most cases more than one pipe diameter is laid side by side and is supported by the same structure. The support interval will therefore be determined by the smallest pipe diameter. it is possible that the larger pipes will be mounted on rollers which maybe situated on every second or third support.

e.g. Support for 40mm nominal bore steel pipe is required every 3 metres and 250mm nominal bore steel pipe every 9 metres.

In restrained systems the forces generated by the expansion joint are negligible, the design of the pipe supports decides almost entirely the thrust on the pipe anchor. Obviously it is well worthwhile to make special arrangements to keep pipe supports as friction-free as possible. Support systems using line or point contact are recommended to minimise friction. It may be worth while using special roller supports or even P.T.F.E. support pads, whose co-efficient of friction can be as low as 0.03.

Pipeline Accessories

PIPE SUPPORT SPACINGBS 1387 - LIGHT

NB single span fixed/continuous span gas water gas water mm m m m m 15 1.84 1.78 2.26 2.18 20 2.31 2.21 2.84 2.70 25 2.84 2.67 3.48 3.27 32 3.38 3.09 4.14 3.78 40 3.77 3.41 4.61 4.17 50 4.37 3.83 5.35 4.69 65 5.18 4.40 6.34 5.39 80 5.70 4.70 6.99 5.76 100 6.74 5.35 8.26 6.55

PIPE SUPPORT SPACINGBS 1387 - MEDIUM

NB single span fixed/continuous span gas water gas water mm m m m m 15 1.96 1.91 2.40 2.33 20 2.39 2.28 2.92 2.80 25 2.96 2.80 3.62 3.43 32 3.51 3.25 4.30 3.98 40 3.85 3.51 4.72 4.29 50 4.55 4.05 5.57 4.96 65 5.28 4.54 6.47 5.56 80 5.89 4.98 7.22 6.10 100 6.93 5.66 8.49 6.93 125 7.86 6.21 9.63 7.61 150 8.64 6.57 10.59 8.05

PIPE SUPPORT SPACINGBS 1387 - HEAVY

NB single span fixed/continuous span gas water gas water mm m m m m 10 1.61 1.59 1.97 1.94 15 2.01 1.97 2.47 2.41 20 2.46 2.37 3.01 2.90 25 3.03 2.90 3.71 3.55 32 3.61 3.38 4.42 4.14 40 3.96 3.66 4.85 4.48 50 4.65 4.22 5.70 5.17 65 5.41 4.75 6.62 5.82 80 6.00 5.18 7.35 6.35 100 7.05 5.90 8.63 7.23 125 7.93 6.38 9.72 7.81 150 8.73 6.76 10.69 8.28

INTERVALS BETWEEN SUPPORT CENTRES FOR STEEL PIPEWORK

Intervals for Intervals for Horizontal Runs Vertical Runs Bare Insulated Bare or insulated mm m m m 15 1.8 1.8 2.4 20 2.4 2.4 3.0 25 2.4 2.4 3.0 32 2.7 2.4 3.0 40 3.0 2.4 3.7 50 3.0 2.4 3.7 65 3.7 3.0 4.6 80 3.7 3.0 4.6 100 4.0 3.0 4.6 125 4.5 3.7 5.5 150 5.5 4.5 5.5 200 8.5 6.0 8.5 250 9.0 6.5 9.0 300 10.0 7.0 10.0

INTERVALS BETWEEN SUPPORT CENTRES FOR COPPER PIPEWORK

Intervals for Intervals for Horizontal Runs Vertical Runs Bare Insulated Bare or insulated mm m m m 15 1.2 1.2 1.8 22 1.2 1.2 1.8 28 1.8 1.5 2.4 35 2.4 1.8 3.0 42 2.4 1.8 3.0 54 2.7 1.8 3.0 67 3.0 2.4 3.7 76 3.0 2.4 3.7 108 3.0 2.4 3.7 133 3.7 3.0 3.7 159 4.5 3.7 3.7

INTERVALS BETWEEN SUPPORT CENTRES FOR PLASTICS PIPEWORK

Intervals for Intervals for Horizontal Runs Vertical Runs mm m m 15 0.9 1.3 20 1.0 1.5 25 1.0 1.5 32 1.1 1.6 40 1.2 1.8 50 1.3 1.9 80 1.6 2.4 100 1.9 2.8 150 2.1 3.0 200 2.4 3.6 250 2.6 3.9 300 2.8 4.2

Size

Size

Size




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SLIDERSSliders are required to protect the pipe from wear due to movement.

DESIGN GUIDE: BS3974 gives a method for calculating slide overlaps to ensure that slides do not fall off their supports throughout the working range of the installation.

L = the calculated longitudinal movement in millimetres.X = 0.25 L or 50 millimetres, whichever is the greater.T = the calculated transverse movement in millimetres.Y = 0.25 T or 50 millimetres, whichever is the greater.

HANGERSProviding special guide arrangements are made, hangers can be used to support pipes containing unrestrained (axial) bellows. Care must be taken to ensure that the swing of the hanger does not cause jamming of the guides.

Hangers can be used more readily on pipelines containing restrained expansion joints, providing the spring stiffness of the expansion joint does not exceed the buckling load of the pipe run. Some lateral restraint of the pipe is desirable. Where large expansions are present long drop-rods are necessary to prevent an appreciable rise and fall of the pipe

GUIDESExpansion joints will only function correctly if properly guided. A pipe guide is any form of constraint which allows the pipe true axial movement along its length, but prevents movement perpendicular to the pipe axis. The pipe guide should also, as far as possible, prevent angular movement through it.

RULES FOR GUIDES

1 Guides nearest the bellowsThe function of guides nearest the bellows is to ensure true axial movement onto the bellows. This can be achieved by using a tubular type guide of such length, in relation to its diameter, that the necessary clearances to permit axial movement do not allow appreciable angular offset movement.

DESIGN GUIDE: Tubular guide length should be five to six pipe diameters. A tubular guide is normally only fitted to very small pipes. It acts as the first and second guide combined.

In the great majority of cases, straps sometimes with rollers are employed. These are short and individually cannot control angular movement of the pipe through them. To ensure alignment of the pipe on the bellows, we recommend the arrangement shown below

DESIGN GUIDE: The recommended minimum length for strap type guides is 100mm, or one pipe diameter,

whichever is larger.The first guides should be as close to the bellows as possible, but taking care not to interfere with the arrangements for COLD DRAW.

DESIGN GUIDE:BS6129 states that there should be a MAXIMUM spacing of 4 pipe diameters from the bellows to the first guide and 14 pipe diameters from this to the second guide.

We realise the difficulties involved when pipes of widely varied diameters run alongside each other, but every effort should be made to obtain good alignment next to the bellows.

2 Guides along the remaining pipe run.The entire pipe run is often subjected to large compressive forces. This can cause buckling and guides are therefore required at regular intervals. The spacing of the guides depends on compressive loads on the pipeline.

The bellows end-thrust is the predominant load to be considered for unrestrained systems, while pipe friction takes over on restrained ones. DESIGN GUIDE:In restrained systems where the predominant force is due to cumulative friction of the pipe near the anchor, it is apparent that the force in the pipe decreases steadily along the pipe run towards the expansion joint. It is therefore theoretically possible to increase guide spacing progressively from the anchor towards the expansion joint. This is only worth considering in very long pipelines.The following table gives guide spacing for BS1387 pipe for standard pressure ratings. The pressure thrust used is for test pressure conditions at 1.5 x pressure rating.

Lmax = 2 x E x l / 4 x F

GUIDE SPACINGBS 1387 - MEDIUM

Bar 2.5 6 10 16 25 40 NB metres

15 4.4 2.9 2.2 1.7 1.4 1.1 20 5.1 3.3 2.6 2.0 1.6 1.3 25 7.1 4.6 3.6 2.8 2.3 1.8 32 7.5 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.9 40 7.6 4.9 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.9 50 9.3 6.0 4.6 3.7 2.9 2.3 65 10.2 6.6 5.1 4.0 3.2 2.5 80 12.3 7.9 6.1 4.8 3.9 3.1 100 15.5 10.0 7.8 6.1 4.9 3.9 125 18.1 11.7 9.1 7.2 5.7 4.5 150 19.8 12.8 9.9 7.8 6.3 4.9 BS 1387 - HEAVY

Bar 2.5 6 10 16 25 40 NB metres

15 4.7 3.0 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.2 20 5.5 3.5 2.7 2.2 1.7 1.4 25 7.7 5.0 3.8 3.0 2.4 1.9 32 8.2 5.3 4.1 3.2 2.6 2.0 40 8.3 5.3 4.1 3.3 2.6 2.1 50 10.1 6.5 5.0 4.0 3.2 2.5 65 11.1 7.2 5.6 4.4 3.5 2.8 80 13.2 8.5 6.6 5.2 4.2 3.3 100 16.8 10.9 8.4 6.6 5.3 4.2 125 19.0 12.3 9.5 7.5 6.0 4.8 150 20.8 13.4 10.4 8.2 6.6 5.2





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3 Clearance between Guide & PumpAs the effectiveness of a pipe guide is dependant on the clearance between fixed and moving elements, it is important to keep the clearance indicated on the drawings to a minimum.

GUIDE SPACING

Pipe Load in Newtons

PLANAR GUIDESPlanar guides may be used on certain restrained systems to ensure that the pipe is free to move in the correct plane, but not perpendicular to it.

TYPICAL PIPE GUIDESThe sketches below show typical guides.

4 Strength of GuidesThe purpose of the guides is to resist the tendency of the pipe to bow out or to displace itself from the true axial line from anchor to anchor. The perpendicular force exerted by the pipe is dependant on the total compressive load and on the straightness of the pipe.

DESIGN GUIDE:Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association (EJMA) suggest that the guides should be designed to take a lateral force of 15% of the longitudinal compressive force. This could be applied in any direction perpendicular to the pipe.

Design Guide Guide Clearance

Nominal Bore up to 100mm 100mm+

1st & 2nd Guides 1.5mm 3mm

Subsequent Guides 3mm 6mm





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ANCHORSThe pipe anchors must be fixed if the pipe movement is to be controlled and the expansion joints are to operate correctly:

• The forces acting on the anchor will be a combination of:• End-thrust (for unrestrained expansion joints).• Spring force from the expansion joint. • Frictional resistance of restraints (for restrained expansion joints).• Frictional forces between the pipe and its supports.• Inertia and flow effects in the pipe.• Wind loading.• The slope of the pipe (vitally important if the pipe is vertical).• Differential forces due to changes in pipe diameter.• Dead Weight of media, pipe, components and insulation.• Spring force from branch connections.

SPRING FORCEThe bellows spring force for unrestrained expansion joints results from the axial spring rate of the bellows and the axial extension or compression applied to it.

Fs = fs x L

FRICTIONAL FORCEPipe frictional resistance occurs as the pipe expands and contracts over supports. The total friction force at the anchor is the sum of the weight (at each support) multiplied by the coefficient of friction. This works out as the total pipe weight (including media and insulation) multiplied by the coefficient of friction.

Fr = W x Cf

PIPE FRICTION FORCESbased on pipe length 150m and Coefficient of Friction 0.4

NB NB O/D XS pipe water inst’n. total weight force inch mm mm mm kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m kg kg tonne

0.50 12.7 21.34 3.73 1.62 0.15 2.24 4.01 601.86 240.75 0.24 0.75 19 26.67 3.91 2.19 0.28 2.41 4.88 732.36 292.94 0.29 1.00 25 33.40 4.55 3.24 0.46 2.62 6.32 948.17 379.27 0.38 1.25 32 42.16 4.85 4.46 0.83 2.90 8.19 1227.81 491.12 0.49 1.50 40 48.26 5.08 5.41 1.14 3.09 9.64 1445.49 578.20 0.58 2.00 50 60.33 5.54 7.49 1.91 3.47 12.86 1928.52 771.41 0.77 2.50 65 73.03 7.01 11.41 2.73 3.87 18.01 2702.00 1080.80 1.08 3.00 80 88.90 7.62 15.27 4.26 4.36 23.90 3584.89 1433.96 1.43 3.50 90 101.60 8.08 18.64 5.73 4.76 29.13 4369.70 1747.88 1.75 4.00 100 114.30 8.56 22.32 7.42 5.16 34.90 5235.13 2094.05 2.09 5.00 125 141.30 9.53 30.97 11.74 6.01 48.71 7307.23 2922.89 2.92 6.00 150 168.28 10.97 42.56 16.82 6.86 66.24 9935.28 3974.11 3.97 8.00 200 219.08 12.70 64.64 29.46 8.45 102.55 15383.0 6153.22 6.15 10.00 250 273.05 12.70 81.54 48.17 10.15 139.86 20978.9 8391.58 8.39 12.00 300 323.85 12.70 97.45 69.96 11.74 179.15 26873.2 10749.2 10.75 14.00 350 355.60 12.70 107.40 85.63 12.74 205.77 30865.8 12346.3 12.35 16.00 400 406.40 12.70 123.31 114.01 14.34 251.65 37748.2 15099.2 15.10 18.00 450 457.20 12.70 139.22 146.44 15.93 301.59 45238.5 18095.4 18.10 20.00 500 508.00 12.70 155.13 182.92 17.53 355.58 53337.0 21334.8 21.33 22.00 550 558.80 12.70 171.04 223.46 19.13 413.62 62043.4 24817.3 24.82 24.00 600 609.60 12.70 186.95 268.05 20.72 475.72 71357.9 28543.2 28.54


Fp = p x Ae

END THRUSTThe bellows end thrust for unrestrained expansion joints is calculated by multiplying the bellows effective area by the pressure. The effective area can be found in our product data sheets.

END THRUST

Bar 2.5 6 10 16 25 40

NB tonne

40 0.069 0.165 0.275 0.441 0.688 1.101 50 0.102 0.245 0.408 0.653 1.020 1.632 65 0.176 0.422 0.704 1.126 1.759 2.814 80 0.217 0.520 0.867 1.387 2.167 3.467 100 0.324 0.777 1.295 2.072 3.238 5.180 125 0.477 1.144 1.907 3.051 4.767 7.628 150 0.673 1.615 2.692 4.307 6.730 10.768 175 0.880 2.111 3.518 5.629 8.795 14.072 200 1.109 2.661 4.436 7.097 11.089 17.743 250 1.683 4.038 6.730 10.768 16.825 26.921 300 2.335 5.604 9.341 14.945 23.352 37.363 350 3.133 7.519 12.532 20.052 31.331 50.129 400 3.923 9.416 15.693 25.110 39.234 62.774 450 4.948 11.876 19.793 31.668 49.482 79.171 500 5.700 13.681 22.801 36.482 57.002 91.204 600 8.318 19.964 33.273 53.238 83.184 133.094

SPRING FORCE BASED ON TYPE EA07

NB Axial Movement Spring Rate Force

mm +/- mm N/mm N tonne

40 20 141.0 2820.0 0.287 50 19 139.0 2641.0 0.269 65 22 130.0 2860.0 0.292 80 22 120.0 2640.0 0.269 100 22 122.0 2684.0 0.274 125 24 155.0 3720.0 0.379 150 26 152.0 3952.0 0.403 175 24 204.0 4896.0 0.499 200 20 314.0 6280.0 0.640 250 17 486.0 8262.0 0.842 300 19 478.0 9082.0 0.926 350 17 681.0 11577.0 1.180 400 18 785.0 14130.0 1.440




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FRICTIONAL FORCE CONTINUEDThis resistance acts against the direction of movement i.e. it can act either way, depending on whether the pipe is warming up or cooling down.

Figures quoted for friction coefficients vary widely, but the following may be used as a guide for steel on steel:

Point Contact = 0.2 Line Contact = 0.25 Edge Contact = 0.3 Face to Face Contact = 0.4

The friction forces must be absorbed by the anchors in restrained or unrestrained systems. On small bore pipes, up to 80mm NB or so, friction between pipe and support is usually negligible as the run between anchors is short. However, with large bore pipes containing water, the dead weight, can be considerable.

See Tables of pipe, media and lagging weights.

CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

Fc = p x V2 x Ab x / g

Centrifugal force occurs at elbows due to the flow of media around the bend. It is common for the anchors to occur at elbows in which case the axial and perpendicular force is simply calculated, otherwise it must be distributed to the nearest guides or anchors.

CENTRIFUGAL FORCEbased on water flowing through a 90° elbow

Velocity m/sec 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 6.4

NB Area cm2 Force KG

40 13.1 0.008 0.034 0.135 0.539 2.154 8.617 50 21.7 0.014 0.055 0.222 0.888 3.551 14.203 65 30.9 0.020 0.079 0.317 1.266 5.064 20.257 80 47.7 0.031 0.122 0.489 1.955 7.819 31.275 90 63.8 0.041 0.163 0.654 2.615 10.459 41.835 100 82.1 0.53 0.210 0.842 3.367 13.466 53.866 125 129.1 0.083 0.331 1.323 5.291 21.165 84.660 150 186.4 0.119 0.478 1.910 7.641 30.565 122.259 200 322.8 0.207 0.827 3.308 13.230 52.922 211.687 250 508.7 0.326 1.303 5.214 20.854 83.416 333.665 300 729.6 0.467 1.869 7.477 29.908 119.631 478.522 350 889.5 0.570 2.279 9.116 36.463 145.853 583.410 400 1178.4 0.755 3.019 12.076 48.302 193.208 772.883 450 1507.7 0.966 3.863 15.451 61.803 247.210 988.841 500 1877.6 1.203 4.810 19.241 76.965 307.859 1231.436 550 2288.0 1.465 5.862 23.447 93.789 375.154 1500.617 600 2739.0 1.754 7.017 28.069 112.274 449.096 1796.385

WIND LOADINGWind Loading is normally considered by the structural engineers. At a high wind velocity on exposed sites (the wind force) can be significant. Guides and anchors will have to be strong enough to hold this lateral force.

The following table gives an indication of the forces that could be expected.

WIND LOADBased on a Wind Velocity of 50m/sec

Wind Load N/m2 570 685 725

NB Area Height above ground Insulated 5m 20m 40m m2/m kg/m

8 0.1134 6.59 7.92 8.38 10 0.1169 6.79 8.16 8.64 15 0.1212 7.04 8.46 8.96 20 0.1267 7.36 8.84 9.36 25 0.1335 7.76 9.32 9.87 32 0.1422 8.26 9.93 10.51 40 0.1481 8.61 10.34 10.95 50 0.1599 9.29 11.17 11.82 65 1.1756 10.20 12.26 12.98 80 0.1883 10.94 13.15 13.92 100 0.2135 12.40 14.90 15.77

NOTES:





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It is clear that many different load cases can exist. Experience has shown that two load cases must be considered to establish the maximum anchor force from unrestrained bellows to expansion joints.

Case 1 Cold pipe at test pressureCase 2 Hot pipe at working pressure

A 150mm NB, ANSI schedule 40, steel pipe, 50m long operates between 10oC and 80oC and is installed at 20oC. The pipe carries water at 16 bar g and is lagged with insulation material 50mm thick. The test pressure is 1.5 times

working pressure, 24 bar g.

Step 1. Calculate the Expansion

L = 50 x (0.96-0.12) = 42mm

Step 2. Calculate Cold Draw

Xcp = 42 x(0.5-(20-10)/(80-10)) = 15mm

Step 3. Select unrestrained expansion joint

EA07-150

Details:

Movement +/-26mm = 52mm Effective Area = 262cm2

Spring Rate = 152N/mm

Step 4. Establish pipe details

150mm NB, ANSI sch 40 Pipe Weight = 28.26 kg/m Media Weight = 18.64 kg/m Insulation Weight = 6.86 kg/m

Total = 53.76 kg/m

Total pipe weight to = 53.76 x 50 be supported = 2688 kg

Step 5. Calculate Case 1

Case 1 is for test pressure at installation temperature.

a) End Thrust = 24 x 262 x 10

= 62880 N

b) Spring Force = 152 x -15 = -2280 N Total Force (a+b) = 60600 N

Step 6. Calculate Case 2

Case 2 is for working pressure and temperature.

The expansion joint is placed close to one anchor, giving maximum friction force. If the joint was fitted at the mid-point, the friction force would be halved.

a) End Thrust =16 x 262 x 10 = 41920 N

b) Spring Force = 152 x 26 = 3952 N

c) Friction = 0.3 x 9.81 x 2688 = 7911 N

Total Force (a+b+c) = 53783 N

Step 7. Compare Case 1 & 2

In this example Case 1 is greater than Case 2, therefore the anchor should be designed to withstand 6.2 tonne (say 10 tonne).

Care should be taken as all pipes are normally tested singly but operate concurrently, consequently the worst test condition should be compared to the sum of all the working conditions. it is clear from this example that if two identical pipes operated side by side, the anchor load at working pressure and temperature would be 11.3 tonne.

Step 8. Supports

Support interval is 4.5m taken from table on page 17.

Step 9. Guides & Intermediate guides

Guide 1 = 4 x dia = 672mm

Guide 2 = 14 x dia = 2352mm

Guide Intermediate = 9500mm

(from graph on page 20)

The predominant anchor force in restrained systems is the friction force. The calculation of forces and moments for 2 Pin Angular and lateral system is simple and included in this booklet. Forces and moments for a 3 pin Angular systems is complex and is dealt with in a separate publication. If the application is critical and the forces and moments must be established, we invite you to contact us and we will undertake the calculation.

Lateral System Frl = Cy L + Crl p 2

To calculate the reaction force from a Lateral System, 250mm NB, operating at 14 bar g and moving a total of 96mm = +/- 48mm from a neutral position.

Frl = (113 x 96/2) + (157 x 14) = 7622 N = 777 kg

The following table give the reaction force for lateral expansion joints type EA20 operating at maximum pressure and movement.

When used to relieve stresses on turbine nozzles or delicate machinery, these forces are obviously significant in view of the very low thrusts and bending moments essential in such cases. However, when applied in a normal application with pipework, large expansions originating from long lengths of pipe, these forces are small enough to be TOTALLY IGNORED in comparison with the frictional forces between the pipe and its supports!

REACTION FORCE FROM LATERAL EXPANSION JOINT EA20Based on pressure of 16 bar and movement +/- 50mm

NB Lateral Spring Cy Friction Clr Spring Friction Total Force

mm mm N/mm N/bar N N N kg tonne

40 50 7 4 350 64 414 42.20 0.04 50 50 9 5 450 80 530 54.03 0.05 65 50 14 9 700 144 844 86.03 0.09 80 50 21 11 1050 176 1226 124.97 0.12 100 50 24 15 1200 240 1440 146.79 0.15 125 50 23 22 1150 352 1502 153.11 0.15 150 50 33 29 1650 464 2114 215.49 0.22 200 50 53 44 2650 704 3354 341.90 0.34 250 50 113 157 5650 2512 8162 832.01 0.83 300 50 140 196 7000 3136 10136 1033.23 1.03 350 50 182 240 9100 3840 12940 1319.06 1.32 400 50 199 326 9950 5216 15166 1545.97 1.55 450 50 244 404 12200 6464 18664 1902.55 1.90 500 50 258 522 12900 8352 21252 2166.36 2.17 600 50 322 1125 16100 18000 34100 3476.04 3.48

Unrestrained Systems Restrained Systems




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2 Pin Angular System Mra = Ca x = Cr x p + Cb x x p Fra = 2 x Mra / Lh

To calculate the the reaction force from a 2 Pin System, 80mm NB, operating at 8.5 bar g, angulating 15 degrees at 1.5 metre hinge centres.

Mra = ((3.2 x 15) = (41 x 8.5) + (0.1648 x 15 x 8.5)) = 417.5 Nm Fra = 2 x 417.5 / 1.5 = 556.7 N = 56.7 kg

The following table gives the reaction force from an angular 2 Pin System using type EA31 expansion joints operating at their maximum pressure to give +/- mm lateral movement while limiting the angulation to 5 degrees.

DESIGN CHECK LIST FOR ANCHORS

1. A valve in a pipe could result in some bellows being pressurised while others are not, the anchor between valve and bellows must be calculated as a main anchor.

2. An intermediate anchor between bellows of different diameters will be subject to different thrusts from each side and should be designed to take the nett thrust.

3. Where several pipes containing bellows run parallel and are anchored at a common point, the critical condition is under working temperature and pressure conditions for

ALL THE PIPES. It is most likely that only one or two pipes will be tested at once.

4. If the pipe changes direction at the anchor point position, it is necessary to calculate the resultant of the two forces acting on it.

5. Where pipe is buried in insulating powder or foam concrete, it is usual to pressure test before the pipe is covered. If using Axial compensators, remember to design correct anchoring and guiding for testing at this stage.

REACTION FORCE FROM ANGULAR EXPANSION JOINT EA31Based on pressure of 16 bar movement +/- 150mm (Bellows angulation 5°)

NB Angle Spring Friction Reaction Spring Friction Reaction Total Length Centr e Total Force

q Ca Cr Cb Fa Fr Fb Ft min

mm deg Nm/deg Nm/bar Nm/bar Nm Nm Nm Nm m m N Kg tonne

40 27.0 1.1 13.50 0.0492 14.9 216.0 10.6 241.5 0.300 0.643 751.6 76.62 0.08 50 28.0 1.7 19.50 0.0795 23.8 312.0 17.8 353.6 0.300 0.620 1140.6 116.27 0.12 65 25.0 2.8 32.00 0.1317 35.0 512.0 26.3 573.3 0.300 0.693 1654.6 168.66 0.17 80 23.0 3.2 41.00 0.1648 36.8 656.0 30.3 723.1 0.285 0.752 1922.2 195.95 0.20 100 29.0 8.1 0.60 0.4407 117.5 9.6 102.2 229.3 0.400 0.599 765.5 78.03 0.08 125 27.0 11.1 0.90 0.6450 149.9 14.4 139.3 303.6 0.400 0.643 944.9 96.32 0.10 150 22.0 13.4 1.25 0.8019 147.4 20.0 141.1 308.5 0.390 0.786 784.9 80.02 0.08 175 20.0 20.0 2.60 1.1728 200.0 41.6 187.6 429.2 0.420 0.864 993.8 101.31 0.10 200 16.5 27.7 3.25 1.2926 228.5 52.0 170.6 451.1 0.410 1.045 863.2 87.99 0.09 250 16.0 49.2 9.90 2.3338 393.6 158.4 298.7 850.7 0.435 1.078 1578.6 160.92 0.16 300 12.5 88.8 13.60 2.9515 555.0 217.6 295.2 1067.8 0.435 1.378 1549.9 157.99 0.16 350 12.5 116.1 26.30 3.8255 725.6 420.8 382.6 1529.0 0.450 1.378 2219.4 226.24 0.23 400 12.0 164.2 34.00 5.2147 985.2 544.0 500.6 2029.8 0.470 1.435 2829.0 288.38 0.29 450 11.5 207.2 43.00 6.8799 1191.4 688.0 633.0 2512.4 0.485 1.497 3356.1 342.11 0.34 500 11.0 269.3 105.00 10.5421 1481.2 1680.0 927.7 4088.9 0.525 1.565 5225.3 532.65 0.53 600 9.3 496.7 150.50 14.3501 2309.1 2408.0 1067.6 5785.3 0.540 1.850 6253.4 637.45 0.64

Typical Pipe Anchors The sketches below show differing designs of anchors for various locations such as: riser ducts, underground ducts, underside of slabs, factory roof structures,etc.

It is difficult to anticipate all load conditions and site variations. Anchors should be designed with a LARGE SAFETY FACTOR!

An anchor is only good as its fixing to the fabric of a building, duct or trench! Always check that the structure is capable of holding the load applied!

HEAVY ANCHOR

TYPICAL RISER ARRANGEMENT

TYPICAL WALKWAY ARRANGEMENT

MEDIUM ANCHOR

MEDIUM ANCHOR

LIGHT ANCHOR

TYPICAL DUST ARRANGEMENT




30


HEAVY VERTICAL LOAD ANCHORIn addition to the loads generated by the expansion joints a vertical load anchor must support the column of water in the vertical riser.

INTERMEDIATE ANCHORSIntermediate anchors are fitted to unrestrained systems to ensure movement is applied to each bellows in the line. In normal operation the forces on intermediate anchors are balanced and therefore negligible. Some authorities recommend that intermediate anchors can be designed on the assumption that the pipe warms up from one end to the other, giving a design force of twice the elasticity force of the bellows, plus an allowance for pipe frictional forces. If the pipe system is to be tested in sections, we recommend that intermediate anchors are designed to take the main anchor loads.

PLANAR ANCHORSThe planar anchor is designed to take axial pipe loading and prevent perpendicular movement in one direction whilst allowing it in the other.

Specification is the critical step by which a buyer communicates requirements to the supplier. The following table has been developed to capture the minimum information while suggesting other requirements that may be necessary for critical applications.

INSPECTION & TEST CERTIFICATESInspection and test requirements should be clearly identified in enquiries and orders. Retrospective certification is undesirable and usually impossible. All Quality Control requirements bear a cost in terms of price and delivery. Most of the bellows we supply are ex-stock and are normally only covered by General Works Certificates from our suppliers.

ENVIRONMENTLIFEcycles Required

MATERIALSConvolutions

Sleeves

Pipe

Flanges

Restraints

ORIENTATIONQUALITY ASSURANCEQUALITY CONTROLQuality Plan

DESIGNCodes

Calculations

Drawing Approval

PRODUCTIONWeld procedures

WP Qualifications

Welder-Qualifications

NDTHydraulic

Helium

Soapy Water

X-ray

Dye-penerant

Magnetic Particle

Ultra-sonic

CERTIFICATIONMaterial

Test

Quality System

SPECIFICATION UNITS E.J.1 E.J.2NOMINAL BORE mmAPPLICATIONE.J. TYPEPRESSUREDesign bar Test bar

Working barVACUUM Yes/NoTEMPERATUREMaximum CMinimum CInstallation CMOVEMENT Extension mmCompression mmLateral mm

Angular degreeEND FITTINGSFlange Spec

Flange Type

Flange Orientation

Pipe

Specifications

Pipe Schedule

Weld Preparation

CRITICAL APPLICATIONS ONLYVIBRATIONAmplitude mmFrequency HZMEDIAName

Density

Viscosity

Flow Velocity

Turbulent/Laminar

Direction

Reversible Flow

Ph

31

SPECIFICATION




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33

The physical installation of expansion joints into pipe systems is simple. The connections are the same as most other pipe line components in that they may be welded, soldered, flanged or screwed. Each method can potentially damage the unit, therefore the following precautions are necessary.

ORIENTATIONIn all cases it is necessary to check that the correct unit is being fitted and that it is orientated correctly with regard to flow direction. With restrained units it is important to check the orientation of the restraints. The hinge pin axis should be perpendicular to the plane in which movement occurs. Two tie bar lateral expansion joints should be orientated so that the tie bars are either side of the plane of which the movement occurs. The orientation of multiple tie bar lateral expansion joints is not critical.

FLANGEDFlange orientation should be checked.The correct length bolts are essential to ensure that they do not foul the convolutions and damage convolutions on full compression. Some units are fitted with threaded flange holes to avoid this occurrance.

WELDEDProtect the convolutions from arc strikes and weld spatter. Thin ply material can be holed.

SOLDEREDEnsure that chloride based fluxes do not get on to stainless steel surfaces. Most fluxes are neutralised on heating, but if joints are made up and not completed immediately, corrosion can result. In all cases the system should be flushed to remove any acidic residue.

SCREWEDTorsion must not be applied to bellows as the distortion increases the likelihood of squirm and very high stress, reduce cyclic life. Screw connections are very susceptible to this, but some are fitted with anti-torsion devices to reduce the risk.

Cold pull applies equally to all expansion and deflection problems in that the maximum deflection forces can be halved by this technique whether or not natural flexibility, unrestrained or restrained solution are being applied.

Cold draw is the only complex facet of installing expansion joints and requires understanding on the part of the installer.

To keep stress in the bellows material to a minimum and to obtain maximum total movement from a given bellows, we recommend that a bellows is used STRETCHED and COMPRESSED equally on each side of its neutral (i.e. as

delivered) length.

Xcp = L { 1 - ( T3 - T1 ) } 2 ( T2 - T1 )

+ ive = Extend - ive = Compress

NORMAL APPLICATIONS

For normal applications, where the bellow is installed at or near its lowest pipe temperature, it is necessary to STRETCH the bellows (COLD DRAW) by HALF THE TOTAL CALCULATED EXPANSION. As the temperature rises the bellows is compressed past its neutral position. At working temperature, the bellows is COMPRESSED BY HALF THE TOTAL EXPANSION from its neutral position (see sketch).

Ideally, each bellows should be cold drawn by half of its particular total expansion. It is permissible to cold draw bellows by half their RATED movement. However if the bellows is used to deal with the expansion of a pipe subjected to ambient temperature changes only (day-night, summer-winter) as on oil pipes, allowance must be made when calculating cold draw.

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS

The following special applications require particular attention:-

NIL COLD DRAW:

When vibration, subsidence or very small movements have to be taken up, we often recommend NO cold draw.

100% COLD DRAW

When bellows operate at a very high temperature or pressure,

we sometimes recommend 100% cold draw to reduce stress in the convolutions under working conditions.

LOW TEMPERATURE APPLICATIONS:

When the operating temperature is below installation temperature, as in chilled water or refrigeration applications, it will be necessary to cold compress. Note that the formula deals with this case.

PRE COLD-DRAWN UNITS:

For normal applications where the bellows should be cold drawn by half the rated movement, special units are available already PRE-STRETCHED. These need only be installed into the pipe at their delivered length to achieve the half cold drawn effect. These are particularly useful in welding end applications.

Applying Cold Draw To Unrestrained SystemsFLANGED:We recommend that these be installed with a wooden spacer fitted, equal to the cold draw required. This is removed when the pipe is fully installed and anchored.

WELDED:We recommend that the cold draw be taken at a joint away from the bellows, either at a flange (as above) or by pulling up the pipe at a welded joint.

Alternatively, the pre-cold drawn units are particularly convenient to install in weld end installations.

SCREWED:Screwed units are usually supplied pre-cold drawn. We do not recommend applying cold draw to screwed bellows on site, due to the risk of applying torsion to the bellows.

Installation

Cold Draw

3�


APPLYING COLD DRAW TO RESTRAINED SYSTEMSCold draw can be applied to restrained systems in exactly the same way it is applied to unrestrained ones.The only difference occurs when significant expansion occurs in two directions and the Cold Draw is applied to both.

The cold draw to be taken close to the expansion joint to prevent moving any skids from their positions. Theoretically, the cold draw can be taken anywhere in the pipe run, but greater care must be taken in the positioning of the skids.

Most pipe systems are now lagged due to the cost of energy. The following points should be considered:1. Lagging should not restrict the movement of expansion joints or flexing pipe. Clearances may be quite substantial when

considering the base pipe, but rapidly disappear when insulation is added.2. Insulation should be removable to permit inspection of the expansion joints.3. Care should be taken in selecting the insulation material. Some mineral wools contain chlorides that can leach out if

condensation conditions occur, subsequent evaporation and concentration has been known to cause corrosion. Trace heating may be required to ensure that dew point conditions do not occur.

The cold draw has been applied in two directions and is calculated on the movement in the leg in which the cold draw is being applied. The cold draw shown equals half the movement, but can be calculated accurately using the formula provided.

Lagging

3�

Notes




Useful Information

BS1387 (LIGHT)

NB Diameter Pipe Properties Mass Mass

Max Min Mean I/D Thks A pipe Z pipe I pipe A bore Water Pipe mm mm mm mm mm mm mm3 mm4 mm2 kg/m kg/m

8 13.60 13.20 13.40 9.80 1.80 65.60 168.64 1129.90 75.43 0.075 0.515 10 17.10 16.70 16.90 13.3 1.80 85.39 292.10 2468.26 138.93 0.139 0.670 15 21.40 21.00 21.20 17.20 2.00 120.64 530.12 5619.28 232.35 0.232 0.947 20 26.90 26.40 26.65 21.95 2.35 179.40 1003.05 13365.63 378.41 0.378 1.408 25 33.80 33.20 33.50 28.20 2.65 256.83 1837.59 30779.68 624.58 0.625 2.016 32 42.50 41.90 42.20 36.90 2.65 329.26 3064.84 64668.18 1069.41 1.069 2.585 40 48.40 47.80 48.10 42.10 2.90 411.80 4390.79 105598.38 1405.31 1.405 3.233 50 60.20 59.60 59.90 54.10 2.90 519.31 7060.06 211448.77 2298.71 2.299 4.077 65 76.00 75.20 75.60 69.10 3.25 738.71 12812.75 484322.13 3750.13 3.750 5.799 80 88.70 87.90 88.30 81.80 3.25 868.38 17810.22 786321.05 5255.29 5.255 6.817 100 113.90 113.00 113.45 106.1 3.65 1259.06 33486.13 1899500.54 8849.73 8.850 9.884 125 150

3�

BS1387 (MEDIUM)


Max Min Mean I/D Thks A pipe Z pipe I pipe A bore Water Pipe mm mm mm mm mm mm2 mm3 mm4 mm2 kg/m kg/m

8 13.90 13.30 13.60 8.90 2.35 83.06 201.66 1371.30 62.21 0.062 0.652 10 17.40 16.80 17.10 12.40 2.35 108.90 355.16 3036.62 120.76 0.121 0.855 15 21.70 21.10 21.40 16.10 2.65 156.10 653.91 6996.80 203.58 0.204 1.225 20 27.20 26.60 26.90 21.60 2.65 201.89 1116.54 15017.46 366.44 0.366 1.585 25 34.20 33.40 33.80 27.30 3.25 311.92 2177.60 36801.40 585.35 0.585 2.449 32 42.90 42.10 42.50 36.00 3.25 400.75 3656.54 77701.55 1017.88 1.018 3.146 40 48.80 48.00 48.40 41.90 3.25 460.99 4879.17 118075.82 1378.85 1.379 3.619 50 60.80 59.80 60.30 53.00 3.65 649.59 8678.89 261668.63 2206.18 2.206 5.099 65 76.60 75.40 76.00 68.70 3.65 829.62 14321.51 544217.23 3706.84 3.707 6.513 80 89.50 88.10 88.80 80.70 4.05 1078.31 21854.54 970341.66 5114.90 5.115 8.465 100 114.90 113.30 114.10 105.10 4.50 1549.43 40848.86 2330427.39 8675.52 8.676 12.163 125 140.60 138.40 139.65 129.95 4.85 2053.91 66899.39 4671250.25 13263.02 13.263 16.123 150 166.10 164.10 165.10 155.40 4.85 2441.69 95033.40 7845007.50 18966.71 18.967 19.167

BS1387 (HEAVY)



8 13.90 13.30 13.60 7.80 2.90 97.48 220.23 1497.59 47.78 0.048 0.765 10 17.40 16.80 17.10 11.30 2.90 129.37 397.29 3396.79 100.29 0.100 1.016 15 21.70 21.10 21.40 14.90 3.25 185.31 736.03 7875.53 174.37 0.174 1.455 20 27.20 26.60 26.90 20.40 3.25 241.47 1278.91 17201.31 326.85 0.327 1.896 25 34.20 33.40 33.80 25.70 4.05 378.52 2523.85 42653.11 518.75 0.519 2.971 32 42.90 42.10 42.50 34.40 4.05 489.22 4301.67 91410.44 929.41 1.929 3.840 40 48.80 48.00 48.40 40.30 4.05 564.29 5780.79 139895.07 1378.85 1.276 4.430 50 60.80 59.80 60.30 51.30 4.50 788.85 10249.51 309022.67 1275.56 2.267 6.193 65 76.60 75.40 76.00 67.00 4.50 1010.81 17065.69 648496.15 2066.92 3.526 7.935 80 89.50 88.10 88.80 79.10 4.85 1279.12 25464.07 1130604.84 4914.09 4.914 10.041 100 114.90 113.30 114.10 103.30 5.40 1844.05 47858.28 2730315.00 8380.90 8.381 14.476 125 140.60 138.70 139.65 128.85 5.40 2277.50 73601.67 5139236.66 13039.43 13.039 17.878 150 166.10 164.10 165.10 154.30 5.40 2709.25 104748.44 8646984.08 18699.14 18.699 21.268

BS2871 table X


Max Min Mean I/D Thks A pipe Z pipe I pipe A bore Water Pipe mm mm mm mm mm mm mm3 mm4 mm2 kg/m kg/m

6 6.045 5.965 6.005 4.805 0.6 10.19 12.54 37.66 18.13 0.018 0.090 8 8.045 7.965 8.005 6.805 0.6 13.96 24.06 96.30 36.37 0.036 0.123 10 10.045 9.965 10.005 8.805 0.6 17.73 39.34 196.81 60.89 0.061 0.156 12 12.045 11.965 12.005 10.805 0.6 21.50 58.39 350.51 91.69 0.092 0.190 15 15.045 14.965 15.005 13.605 0.7 31.46 107.51 806.60 145.37 0.145 0.277 18 18.045 17.965 18.005 16.405 0.8 43.24 178.11 1603.44 211.37 0.211 0.381 22 22.055 21.975 22.015 20.215 0.9 59.70 302.81 3333.22 320.95 0.321 0.527 28 28.055 27.975 28.015 26.215 0.9 76.67 503.56 7053.58 539.75 0.540 0.676 35 35.070 34.990 35.030 32.630 1.2 127.54 1043.00 18268.09 836.23 0.836 1.125 42 42.070 41.990 42.030 39.630 1.2 153.93 1527.65 32103.64 1233.50 1.233 1.358 54 54.070 53.990 54.030 51.630 1.2 199.16 2573.37 69519.55 2093.60 2.094 1.757 67 66.750 66.600 66.675 64.275 1.2 246.83 3968.99 132316.35 3244.70 3.245 2.177 76 76.30 76.150 76.225 73.225 1.5 352.13 6451.44 245880.38 4211.23 4.211 3.106 108 108.250 108.000 108.125 105.125 1.5 502.46 13210.46 714190.75 8679.64 8.680 4.432 133 133.500 133.250 133.375 130.375 1.5 621.45 20260.51 1351122.56 13349.92 13.350 5.481 159 159.500 159.250 159.375 155.375 2.0 988.82 38421.74 3061732.51 18960.60 18.961 8.721

BS2871 table Y



6 6.045 5.965 6.005 4.405 0.8 13.08 15.10 45.35 15.24 0.015 0.115 8 8.045 7.965 8.005 6.405 0.8 18.11 29.72 118.95 32.22 0.032 0.160 10 10.045 9.965 10.005 8.405 0.8 23.13 49.35 246.88 55.48 0.055 0.204 12 12.045 11.965 12.005 10.405 0.8 28.16 74.01 444.22 85.03 0.085 0.248 15 15.045 14.965 15.005 13.005 1.0 44.00 144.51 1084.22 132.83 0.133 0.388 18 18.045 17.965 18.005 16.005 1.0 53.42 215.24 1937.71 201.19 0.201 0.471 22 22.055 21.975 22.015 19.615 1.2 78.47 387.37 4263.94 302.18 0.302 0.692 28 28.055 27.975 28.015 25.615 1.2 101.09 649.95 9104.23 515.32 0.515 0.892 35 35.070 34.990 35.030 32.030 1.5 158.01 1270.31 22249.49 805.76 0.806 1.394 42 42.070 41.990 42.030 39.030 1.5 190.99 1868.73 39271.31 1196.43 1.196 1.685 54 54.070 53.990 54.030 50.030 2.0 326.97 4100.98 110787.97 1965.85 1.966 2.883 67 66.750 66.600 66.675 62.675 2.0 406.37 6379.42 212673.95 3085.17 3.085 3.584 76 76.300 76.150 76.225 72.225 2.0 466.37 8433.12 321407.27 4096.99 4.097 4.113 108 108.250 108.000 108.125 103.125 2.5 829.58 21411.50 1157559.40 8352.53 8.353 7.317

BS2871 table Z



6 6.045 5.965 6.005 5.005 0.5 8.65 11.00 33.03 19.67 0.020 0.076 8 8.045 7.965 8.005 7.005 0.5 11.79 20.83 83.37 38.54 0.039 0.104 10 10.045 9.965 10.005 9.005 0.5 14.93 33.80 169.08 63.69 0.064 0.132 12 12.045 11.965 12.005 11.005 0.5 18.07 49.91 299.58 95.12 0.095 0.159 15 15.045 14.965 15.005 14.005 0.5 22.78 79.96 599.93 154.05 0.154 0.201 18 18.045 17.965 18.005 16.805 0.6 32.81 138.16 1243.80 221.80 0.222 0.289 22 22.055 21.975 22.015 20.815 0.6 40.37 210.39 2315.83 340.28 0.340 0.356 28 28.055 27.975 28.015 26.815 0.6 51.68 346.76 4857.18 564.74 0.565 0.456 35 35.070 34.990 35.030 33.630 0.7 75.50 635.26 11126.53 888.27 0.888 0.666 42 42.070 41.990 42.030 40.430 0.8 103.62 1048.15 22026.90 1283.80 1.284 0.914 54 54.070 53.990 54.030 52.230 0.9 150.22 1962.64 53020.82 2142.54 2.143 1.325 67 66.750 66.600 66.675 64.675 1.0 206.32 3337.55 111265.57 3285.21 3.285 1.820 76 76.300 76.150 76.225 73.825 1.2 282.84 5222.79 199053.69 4280.52 4.281 2.495 108 108.250 108.000 108.125 105.725 1.2 403.10 10657.06 576147.40 8779.00 8.779 3.555 133 133.500 133.250 133.375 130.375 1.5 621.45 20260.51 1351122.56 13349.92 13.350 5.481 159 159.500 159.250 159.375 156.375 1.5 743.97 29089.77 2318090.77 19205.45 19.205 6.562

3�

BS3�00:- Pipe Weight BS3�00:- Water Weight

BS3600 PIPE WEIGHT (kg/mm)

NB O/D Thickness

mm 3.2 3.6 4 4.5 5 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.3 7.1 8 8.8 10 11 12.5 14.2 16

32 42.4 3.09 3.44 3.79 4.21 4.61 4.93 5.08 5.31 5.61 6.18 6.79 7.29

40 48.3 3.56 3.97 4.37 4.86 5.34 5.71 5.90 6.17 6.53 7.21 7.95 8.57 9.45 10.12

50 60.3 4.51 5.03 5.55 6.19 6.82 7.31 7.55 7.92 8.39 9.32 10.32 11.18 12.40 13.37 14.74 16.14

65 76.1 5.75 6.44 7.11 7.95 8.77 9.42 9.74 10.21 10.84 12.08 13.44 14.61 16.30 17.66 19.61 21.68 23.71

80 88.9 6.76 7.57 8.38 9.37 10.35 11.12 11.50 12.08 12.83 14.32 15.96 17.38 19.46 21.13 23.55 26.16 28.77

90 101.6 7.77 8.70 9.63 10.78 11.91 12.81 13.26 13.92 14.81 16.55 18.47 20.14 22.59 24.58 27.47 30.61 33.78

100 114.3 8.77 9.83 10.88 12.19 13.48 14.50 15.01 15.77 16.78 18.77 20.97 22.90 25.72 28.02 31.38 35.05 38.79

125 139.7 10.77 12.08 13.39 15.00 16.61 17.89 18.52 19.47 20.73 23.22 25.98 28.41 31.99 34.91 39.21 43.95 48.81

150 168.3 13.03 14.62 16.21 18.18 20.14 21.69 22.47 23.63 25.17 28.23 31.63 34.61 39.04 42.67 48.03 53.96 60.10

175 193.7 15.03 16.88 18.71 21.00 23.27 25.08 25.98 27.33 29.12 32.67 36.64 40.13 45.30 49.56 55.86 62.86 70.12

200 219.1 17.04 19.13 21.22 23.82 26.40 28.46 29.49 31.02 33.06 37.12 41.65 45.64 51.57 56.45 63.69 71.75 80.14

225 244.5 19.04 21.39 23.72 26.63 29.53 31.84 32.99 34.72 37.01 41.57 46.66 51.15 57.83 63.34 71.52 80.65 90.16

250 273 21.29 23.92 26.54 29.80 33.05 35.64 36.93 38.86 41.44 46.56 52.28 57.34 64.86 71.07 80.30 90.63 101.41

300 323.9 25.31 28.44 31.56 35.45 39.32 42.42 43.96 46.27 49.34 55.47 62.32 68.38 77.41 84.88 95.99 108.45 121.49

350 355.6 27.81 31.25 34.68 38.96 43.23 46.64 48.34 50.88 54.27 61.02 68.58 75.26 85.23 93.48 105.77 119.56 134.00

400 406.4 31.82 35.76 39.70 44.60 49.50 53.40 55.35 58.27 62.16 69.92 78.60 86.29 97.76 107.26 121.43 137.35 154.05

450 457 35.81 40.25 44.69 50.22 55.73 60.14 62.34 65.64 70.02 78.78 88.58 97.27 110.24 120.99 137.03 155.07 174.01

500 508 39.84 44.78 49.72 55.88 62.02 66.93 69.38 73.06 77.95 87.71 98.65 108.34 122.81 134.82 152.75 172.93 194.14

550 559 43.86 49.31 54.75 61.54 68.31 73.72 76.43 80.48 85.87 96.64 108.71 119.41 135.39 148.66 168.47 190.79 214.26

600 610 59.78 67.20 74.60 80.52 83.47 87.90 93.80 105.57 118.77 130.47 147.97 162.49 184.19 208.65 234.38

650 660 72.75 80.77 87.17 90.38 95.17 101.56 114.32 128.63 141.32 160.30 176.06 199.60 226.15 254.11

700 711 78.41 87.06 93.97 97.42 102.59 109.49 123.25 138.70 152.39 172.88 189.89 215.33 244.01 274.24

750 762 93.34 100.76 104.46 110.01 117.41 132.18 148.76 163.46 185.45 203.73 231.05 261.87 294.36

800 813 107.55 111.51 117.44 125.33 141.11 158.82 174.53 198.03 217.56 246.77 279.73 314.48

850 864 114.34 118.55 124.86 133.26 150.04 168.88 185.60 210.61 231.40 262.49 297.59 334.61

900 914 141.03 158.80 178.75 196.45 222.94 244.96 277.90 315.10 354.34

1000 1016 156.87 176.66 198.87 218.58 248.09 272.63 309.35 350.82 394.58

3�3�

BS3600 WATER WEIGHT (kg/mm)

NB O/D Thickness

mm 3.2 3.6 4 4.5 5 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.3 7.1 8 8.8 10 11 12.5 14.2 16

32 42.4 1.02 0.97 0.93 0.88 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.70 0.62 0.55 0.48

40 48.3 1.38 1.33 1.28 1.21 1.15 1.10 1.08 1.05 1.00 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.63 0.54

50 60.3 2.28 2.21 2.15 2.07 1.99 1.92 1.89 1.85 1.79 1.67 1.54 1.43 1.28 1.15 0.98 0.80

65 76.1 3.82 3.73 3.64 3.54 3.43 3.35 3.31 3.25 3.17 3.01 2.84 2.69 2.47 2.30 2.05 1.79 1.53

80 88.9 5.35 5.24 5.14 5.01 4.89 4.79 4.74 4.67 4.57 4.38 4.17 3.99 3.73 3.52 3.21 2.87 2.54

90 101.6 7.12 7.00 6.88 6.73 6.59 6.48 6.42 6.33 6.22 6.00 5.45 5.75 5.23 4.98 4.61 4.21 3.80

100 114.3 9.14 9.01 8.87 8.71 8.54 8.41 8.35 8.25 8.12 7.87 7.59 7.34 6.98 6.69 6.26 5.80 5.32

125 139.7 13.96 13.79 13.62 13.42 13.21 13.05 12.97 12.85 12.69 12.37 12.02 11.71 11.25 10.88 10.33 9.73 9.11

150 168.3 20.59 20.38 20.18 19.93 19.68 19.48 19.38 19.24 19.04 18.65 18.22 17.84 17.27 16.81 16.13 15.37 14.59

175 193.7 27.55 27.32 27.08 26.79 26.50 26.27 26.16 25.99 25.76 25.31 24.80 24.36 23.70 23.15 22.35 21.46 20.54

200 219.1 35.53 35.27 35.00 34.67 34.34 34.08 33.95 33.75 33.49 32.97 34.40 31.89 31.13 30.51 29.59 28.56 27.49

225 244.5 44.53 44.23 43.93 43.56 43.19 42.90 42.75 42.53 42.24 41.66 41.01 40.44 39.58 28.88 37.84 36.68 35.47

250 273 55.82 55.49 55.15 54.74 54.33 54.00 53.83 53.58 53.26 52.60 51.87 51.23 50.27 49.48 48.31 46.99 45.62

300 323.9 79.17 78.77 78.38 77.88 77.39 76.99 76.80 76.50 76.11 75.33 74.46 73.69 72.54 71.58 70.17 68.58 66.92

350 355.6 95.77 95.33 94.90 94.35 93.81 93.37 93.16 92.83 92.40 91.54 90.58 89.73 88.46 87.41 85.84 84.08 82.24

400 406.4 125.66 125.16 124.66 124.04 123.41 122.91 122.67 122.29 121.80 120.81 119.70 118.73 117.26 116.05 114.25 112.22 110.09

450 457 159.47 158.90 158.34 157.63 156.93 156.37 156.09 155.67 155.11 153.99 152.75 151.64 149.99 148.62 146.57 144.28 141.86

500 508 197.61 196.98 196.35 195.56 194.78 194.16 193.84 193.38 192.75 191.51 190.12 188.88 187.04 185.51 183.22 180.65 177.95

550 559 239.83 239.14 238.45 237.58 236.72 236.03 235.69 235.17 234.48 233.11 231.57 230.21 228.17 266.48 223.96 221.12 218.13

600 610 284.63 283.69 282.74 281.99 281.61 281.05 280.30 278.80 277.12 275.63 273.40 271.55 268.78 265.67 262.39

650 660 332.85 331.83 331.01 330.61 330.00 329.18 327.56 325.73 324.12 321.70 319.69 316.69 313.31 309.75

700 711 387.05 385.95 385.07 384.63 383.97 383.09 381.33 379.37 377.62 375.01 372.85 369.61 365.95 362.10

750 762 444.15 443.20 442.73 442.02 441.08 439.20 437.09 435.21 432.41 430.08 426.60 422.68 418.54

800 813 505.42 504.92 504.16 503.16 501.15 498.89 496.89 493.90 491.41 487.69 483.49 479.06

850 864 571.73 571.19 570.39 569.32 567.18 564.78 562.65 559.47 556.82 552.86 548.39 543.67

900 914 638.15 635.89 633.35 631.09 627.72 624.91 620.72 615.98 610.98

1000 1016 790.75 788.23 785.40 782.89 779.13 776.00 771.32 766.04 760.47

ANSI:- Pipe Dimensions & Weight

ANSI PIPE - DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT

NB NB O/D Schedule InsulationInch mm mm 5 10 20 30 std 40 60 xs 80 100 120 140 160 xxs 25 50

thk mm 1.65 2.11 2.77 2.77 3.73 3.73 4.75 7.47 0.5 12.7 21.34 Wp kg/m 0.80 1.00 1.27 1.27 1.62 1.62 1.94 2.56 0.73 2.24 Ww kg/m 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.15 0.11 0.03

thk mm 1.65 2.11 2.87 2.87 3.91 3.91 5.54 7.82 0.75 19 26.67 Wp kg/m 1.02 1.28 1.68 1.68 2.19 2.19 2.89 3.64 0.81 2.41 Ww kg/m 0.43 0.40 0.34 0.34 0.28 0.28 0.19 0.10

thk mm 1.65 2.77 3.38 3.38 4.55 4.55 6.35 9.09 1 25 33.40 Wp kg/m 1.29 2.09 2.50 2.50 3.24 3.24 4.24 5.45 0.92 2.62 Ww kg/m 0.71 0.61 0.56 0.56 0.46 0.46 0.34 0.18




thk mm 2.11 3.05 5.16 5.16 7.01 7.01 9.53 14.02 2.5 65 73.03 Wp kg.m 3.69 5.26 8.64 8.64 11.41 11.41 14.92 20.40 1.54 3.87 Ww kg/m 3.72 3.52 3.09 3.09 2.73 2.73 2.29 1.59


thk mm 2.11 3.05 5.74 5.74 8.08 8.08 16.15 3.5 101.60 Wp kg/m 5.18 7.41 13.57 13.57 18.64 18.64 34.03 1.99 4.46 Ww kg/m 7.45 7.16 6.38 6.38 5.73 5.73 3.77

thk mm 2.11 3.05 6.02 6.02 8.56 8.56 11.13 13.49 17.12 4 100 114.30 Wp kg/m 5.84 8.37 16.08 16.08 22.32 22.32 28.32 33.54 41.03 2.19 5.16 Ww kg/m 9.52 9.19 8.21 8.21 7.42 7.42 6.65 5.99 5.03



thk mm 2.77 3.76 6.35 7.04 8.18 8.18 10.31 12.70 12.70 15.06 18.24 20.62 23.01 22.23 8 200 219.08 Wp kg/m 14.78 19.97 33.31 36.81 42.55 42.55 53.08 64.64 64.64 75.77 90.34 100.92 111.26 107.92 3.83 8.45 Ww kg/m 35.81 35.15 33.45 33.01 32.28 32.28 30.93 29.46 29.46 28.04 26.19 24.84 23.52 23.95

�1�0

ANSI PIPE - DIMENSIONS & WEIGHT

NB NB O/D Schedule InsulationInch mm mm 5 10 20 30 std 40 60 xs 80 100 120 140 160 xxs 25 50

thk mm 3.40 4.19 6.35 7.80 9.27 9.27 12.70 12.70 15.06 18.24 21.41 25.40 28.58 10 250 273.05 Wp kg/m 22.61 27.78 41.77 51.02 60.30 60.30 81.54 81.54 95.82 114.62 132.87 155.13 172.31 4.68 10.15 Ww kg/m 55.68 55.02 53.24 52.06 50.87 50.87 48.17 48.17 46.35 43.96 41.63 38.79

thk mm 4.19 4.57 6.35 8.38 9.53 10.31 14.27 12.70 17.45 21.41 25.40 28.58 33.32 12 300 323.85 Wp kg/m 33.03 35.98 49.72 65.20 73.87 79.72 108.95 97.45 131.86 159.69 186.95 208.11 238.73 5.48 11.74 Ww kg/m 78.16 77.79 76.04 74.07 72.96 72.22 68.49 69.96 65.57 62.03 58.56 55.86 51.96

thk mm 6.35 7.92 9.53 9.53 11.13 15.06 12.70 19.05 23.80 27.76 31.75 35.71 14 350 355.60 Wp kg/m 54.69 67.91 81.33 81.33 94.55 126.48 107.40 158.11 194.75 224.44 253.58 281.72 8.98 12.74 Ww kg/m 92.35 90.66 88.95 88.95 87.27 83.20 85.63 79.17 74.51 70.72 67.01 63.43




thk mm 6.35 9.53 12.70 9.53 22.22 12.70 28.57 34.92 41.27 47.62 53.97 22 550 558.80 Wp kg/m 86.51 129.09 171.04 129.09 294.03 171.04 373.59 451.15 526.73 600.32 671.92 9.17 19.13 Ww kg/m 234.23 228.80 223.46 228.80 207.79 223.46 197.66 187.77 178.15 168.77 159.65


thk mm 7.92 12.70 0.00 9.53 12.70 26 650 660.40 Wp kg/m 127.44 202.86 0.00 152.97 202.86 10.77 22.32 Ww kg/m 326.30 316.69 0.00 323.05 316.69



thk mm 7.92 12.70 15.87 9.53 17.45 12.70 32 800 812.80 Wp kg/m 157.21 250.59 311.90 188.79 342.27 250.59 13.16 27.11 Ww kg/m 498.84 486.95 479.14 494.82 475.27 486.95

thk mm 12.70 9.53 12.70 36 900 914.40 Wp kg/m 282.41 212.67 282.41 14.76 30.3 Ww kg/m 620.72 629.60 620.72

Saturated Water and Steam


�3

Saturated Water and Steam

Pressure Temperature Specific Density Absolute Volume

bar deg C m3/kg kg/m3

0.1 45.8 14.670 0.068 0.2 60.1 7.648 0.131 0.3 69.1 5.228 0.191 0.4 75.9 3.992 0.251 0.5 81.3 3.239 0.309 0.6 86.0 2.731 0.366 0.7 90.0 2.364 0.423 0.8 93.5 2.087 0.479 0.9 96.7 1.869 0.535 1.0 99.6 1.694 0.590 2.0 120.2 0.886 1.129 3.0 133.5 0.606 1.651 4.0 143.6 0.462 2.163 5.0 151.8 0.375 2.668 6.0 158.8 0.316 3.169 7.0 165.0 0.273 3.666 8.0 170.4 0.240 4.161 9.0 175.4 0.215 4.653 10.0 179.9 0.194 5.144 20.0 212.4 0.100 10.043 30.0 233.8 0.067 15.004 40.0 250.3 0.050 20.092 50.0 263.9 0.039 25.355 60.0 275.6 0.032 30.826 70.0 285.8 0.027 36.536 80.0 295.0 0.024 42.517 90.0 303.3 0.020 48.828 100.0 311.0 0.018 55.494

DISCLAIMER

We trust that you will appreciate that even with this relatively detailed booklet we have had to leave a lot unsaid! In view of the varied methods of sup-

porting and running pipe, practically every single installation is unique and requires special treatment. We have done our very best to convey to you

some of the essentials of the correct use of metallic bellows expansion joints, but we cannot cover every case.

In view of this please do not proceed on the design of a bellows system if you are not completely happy about the design of anchors, guides

and support.

PLEASE DO NOT TRY TO USE YOUR INTERPRETATION OF ANY INSTRUCTIONS IN THIS BOOKLET AS EVIDENCE AGAINST US!

THE WISDOM ACqUIRED OVER 40 YEARS OF BELLOWS APPLICATION CANNOT BE CONVEYED ADEqUATELY BY WRITTEN DESCRIPTIONS, BUT IS

AVAILABLE IF YOU WRITE OR CALL US.

AN ENGINEER'S VISIT IS THE ONLY SAFE WAY OF CHECKING THE TOTAL SITUATION!





Ab Area Bore m2

Ae Effective area of convolutions m2

Ap Area pipe m2

Ca Angulation moment Nm/degCb Angular reaction moment Nmbar.degCf Coefficient of friction - Clr Lateral friction rate N/barCr Frictional moment Nm/barCy Lateral spring rate N/mm D Outside diameter mD Inside diameter m

E Youngs modulus N/m2

F Force – total axial NFc Force – centrifugal from media flow NFp Force – endthrust NFr Force – frictional resistance NFra Force – reaction 2 pin angular EJ NFrl Force – reaction from lateral EJ NFs Force – spring rate of bellows N

G Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2

I 2nd moment of area m4

L Length of pipe leg mLc Critical length of a strut m Lh Hinge centre distance mLmax Maximum length to satisfy requirement mLmin Minimum length to satisfy requirement m L Change in length m

lt1 Rate of expansion (T1 and 0˚C) mm/m

δlt2 Rate of expansion (T2 and 0˚C) m/mmδlt21 Rate of expansion (T2 and T1˚C) mm/m

Mra Angular resisting moment N/m

p Pressure N/m2

Pc Buckling load of a strut N

T1 Minimum temperature ˚CT2 Maximum temperature ˚C T3 Installation temperature ˚C T Change in temperature (T1 – T2) ˚C

V Velocity of media msec

W Pipe weight kgWi Weight per metre – insulation on pipe kg/mWm Weight per metre – media in pipe kg/mWp Weight per metre – pipe kg/mWt Weight per metre – total kg/m

Xcp Cold draw mm

Z 1st moment of area m3

δ Coefficient of linear expansion ˚C-1

δ Strain -δ Angulation of hinged expansion joint degreeδ Elbow anglulation radian Pie - Density of media kg/m2

δ Stress N/m2

δa Allowable stress N/m2

Diameter mδ Uniformly distributed load kg/m

Formula Notation and Disclaimer

Copyright © Andrews Sykes Group Plc. 2003. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.

Engineering Appliances Limited

Unit 11 Brooklands Close, Sunbury-on-Thames

Middlesex TW16 7DX

tel: +44 (0) 1932 788 888

fax: +44 (0) 1932 761 263

e-mail: [email protected]

web: www.engineering-appliances.com

A member company of Andrews Sykes Group plc.

Service, support & training




• EA/BOA THICK WALL MULTI PLY EXPANSION JOINTS

• STENFLEX NYLON & STEEL WIRE RE-INFORCED RUBBER BELLOWS

• IND. MATEU FAN COIL & CHILLED CEILING HOSES

• SPIROVENT DEAERATORS & DIRT SEPARATORS

• SPIROTOP AUTOMATIC AIR VENTS

Engineering Appliances set the standard for product support within the industry.

All products are supported by a regional network of highly experienced engineers who discuss the application and then recommend the best solution, both technically and commercially. Site visits to check that the installation conforms to the relevant standards are also arranged.

In a commitment to improve understanding of expansion compensation, the application of rubber bellows and deaeration, EA have a range of CPD seminars which have been registered by CIBSE.

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