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GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS [email protected] p.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

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Page 1: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROMEand

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

[email protected]

University of VersaillesRaymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital

Garches - France

Page 2: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

STATEMENTS

1. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is the most frequent cause of acute paralysis.

2. GBS is secondary to an acute immune-mediated polyneuropathy

3. GBS can be differentiated in various clinical and electrophysiological sub-types

4. Its gravity includes respiratory failure, cardio-vascular autonomic dysfunction, and long-term disability

Page 3: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PARALYSIE FLASQUE AIGUË

DEFICIT SENSITIVO-MOTEUR

DEFICIT MOTEUR PUR

1. ± IRM

2. LCR

3. VS-CRP-NFS

4. EMG (PN Axonale, PN Démyelinisante)

1. Kaliémie

2. LCR

3. EMG (Myopathie, Myasthénie, Neuropathy)

Page 4: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

Signes Pyramidaux

Niveau sensitif

Sd de la queue de cheval

IRM de la moelle

PARALYSIE AIGUË HYPOREFLEXIQUE SENSITIVO-MOTRICE

Page 5: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PARALYSIE AIGUË HYPOREFLEXIQUE SENSITIVO-MOTRICE

VS NORMALE VS AUGMENTEE

LCR

NORMAL

TOXIQUE (Thallium, arsenic…)

METABOLIQUE (Gly, Vit …)

VASCULARITES (SLE…)

GBS IDIOPATHIQUE

VASCULARITES (SLE…)

HYPERCEL. MENINGORADICULITES MENINGORADICULITES

HYPERPROT.

GBS IDIOPATHIQUE

CANCER, LYMPHOME, VASCULARITES, DIPHTERIE, VIH.

CANCER, LYMPHOME, VASCULARITES, DIPHTERIE, VIH.

Page 6: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

DEFICIT MOTEUR PUR HYPOREFLEXIQUE

SIGNES K+ LCR EMG

PARALYSIE

PERIODIQUEEXERCICE MYOPATHIE

MYASTHENIEVARIATION

MVT OCUL. JONCTION NM

BOTULISMEINTOX. ALIM.

PUPILLES

JONCTION NM

POLIO

MYELITES

VOYAGE

DIARRHEE

CELL.

ANTERIOR HORN CELLS

PORPHYRIE

NEUROPATHIE

CONFUSION

DOULEUR

POLY NEUROPATHI

E

GBS IDIOPATHIQUE

INFECTION

ASCENDANT

PROTEINE

POLY NEUROPATHI

E

Page 7: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

DEFINITIONCRITERES REQUIS

1. Faiblesse progressive de plus de 2 membres

2. Areflexie

3. Progression en moins de 4 semaines

4. Autre cause exclue

CRITERES UTILES

1. Signes sensitifs

2. Hyperprotéinorachie

3. Bloc de conduction à l’ENMG

Page 8: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

INCIDENCE

1. INCIDENCE: 0.5–2.0 cas/100 000/an2. SEX RATIO (F/M): < 1.03. AGE RATIO (O/Y): > 1.04. EPIDEMIO: PAS DE VARIATION SAISONNIERE5. PRODROMES: 70-90%

Page 9: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

SOUS-TYPES

1. Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP)

2. Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN)

3. Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAM)

4. Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS)

Page 10: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PUZZLEPathogen agent

1. C. jejuni

2. CMV

3. Others

Anti-Ganliosides

1. Ant-GM1

2. Anti-GM2

3. Anti-G1QB

Subtypes

1. AIDP

2. AMAN

3. AMSAM

4. MFS

Clinic

1. Sensorimotor

2. Pure motor

3. Cranial nerves

Severity

1. Aspiration

2. Intubation

3. Dysautonomia

Outcome

1. Recovery

2. Sensory sequellae

3. Motor sequellae

Page 11: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Hughes and Cornblath - Lancet - 2005

Page 12: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ANTICIPER LA DETRESSE ANTICIPER LA DETRESSE RESPIRATOIRE AIGUËRESPIRATOIRE AIGUË

Page 13: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

VENTILATION MECANIQUE

1. Requise dans 20 à 30%

2. Délai médian entre admission et VM: 2 j

3. Durée médiane: 21 j

4. 1/3 sevrés de la VM dans les 3 premières semaines

Page 14: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

RISQUES A RETARDER LA VM

N= 87PAVM = 67 (75%)

Orlikowski et al - ICM - 2007

Page 15: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MECANISMES

Diaphragme

Accessores

Abdominaux

DE

FIC

IT A

SC

EN

DA

NT

CV

Pimax

Pemax

toux

Atelectasie

Atteinte bulbaire

Inhalation

Phrenique

IX-X

Hypoventilation

Hypoxaemia

Page 16: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

AdmissionDébut VM

PREDICTEURS PRECOCES

CRITERES PRECOCES

CRITERES TARDIFS

PREDICTEURS TARDIFS

Arrêt Respiratoire

Réa Salle

VM

Pas de VM

Page 17: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CRITERES D’INTUBATION

CRITERES MAJEURS1. Signes de détresse respiratoires

2. CV< 15 ml/kg, Pimax ou Pemax < 25 cm H2O

3. PaCO2 > 6,4 kPa

4. PaO2 < 7.5 kPa (FiO2= 0,21)

MINOR CRITERIA1. Toux inefficace2. Troubles sévères de la déglutition3. Atélectasies

Ropper - Neurology – 1985; Wijdicks-Neurology-1998

Page 18: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PREDICTEURS PRECOCES

n= 196

OR 95% CI p

PROGRESSION < 7 jours

5.0 (1.4 – 5.7) < 0.003

Tête 5.0 (1.9 – 12.5) < 0.0011

CV < 60% 2.86 (2.4 – 10.0) < 0.0001

Sharshar et al - Crit Care Med - 2003

Page 19: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CAPACITE VITALE

Durand et al – Neurology - 2005

MV

No MV

REPETER LA MESURE DE LA CAPACITE VITALE

Page 20: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIE

• EMNG diaphragmatique– Not helpful (Durand – Neurology – 2005)

• ENMG Standard– Demyeliting form at higher risk (Durand–

Eur J Neurol 2003)

– No risk if no conduction block on common peroneal nerve + VC >80% (Durand – Lancet Neurology – 2006)

Page 21: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CORTISOLEMIE

Variableno MV

(Group 2)MV > 24h(Group 3)

P*

n 60 17

[Cortisol]T0 (ng/ml) 20.4 ± 9.6 28.5 ± 12.1 0.01

[Cortisol]T60 (ng/ml) 42.4 ± 14.8 53.1 ± 16.8 0.05

Strauss et al – CCM - 2009

[Cortisol]T0 est corrélée avec la survenue de dysautonomie

Page 22: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PEURN (%)

Marcadet et al - Submitted

Page 23: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

AdmissionOnset MV

EARLY PREDICTORS

Inability to lift head

VC < 60%

+/- High cortisolemia

CPN + VC > 80%

EARLY CRITERIAE

LATE CRITERIAE

LATE PREDICTORS

Fall in VC

Swallowing dysfunction

Respiratory arrest

ICU ward

MV

No VM

VERY EARLY PREDICTORS

Onset-Admission < 7 days

Uncertainty

Page 24: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ADMISSION EN REA

1. Progression < 7 j2. Impossibilité à relever la tête3. Troubles de la déglutition4. CV < 60% oo 20 ml/Kg

Pimax ou Pemax< 30 to 40 cmH2O5. VC diiminuant de 30%

Pimax or Pemax diminuant de 30%6. Dysautonomie cardio-vasculaires

L’absence de ces signes ne doit pas dispenser d’une surveillance régulière neurologique et respiratoire

Page 25: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

TRACHEOSTOMIE

VM > 21 j1. Patients âgés2. Pathologie respiratoire pré-existante

3. Test pulmonaire dint/d12 ratio < 11. TP score = CV + Pimax + Pemax2. Sensibilité = 70%, specificité: 100%

Lawn and Wijdicks - Muscle Nerve - 1999, 2000

Page 26: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

VENTILATION MECANIQUE

Fourrier et al – Crit Care - 2010

Blocs de conduction moteurs: VM prolongée

Page 27: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MORBIDITERESPIRATOIRE1. Tracheobronchitis 33 (29%)2. Pneumonia 27 (24%)3. Pneumothorax 6 (4%)

INFECTION1. Bacteremia 21 (15%)2. Catheter 3 (3%)3. Urinary tract 75 (66%)

THROMBOSES1. Deep venous thrombosis 5 (4%)2. Pulmonary embolism 3 (3%)

AUTRES1. Hyponatremie (< 130 mmol/L) 28 (25%)

Henderson et al – Neurology - 2003

n = 114

Page 28: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

FACTEURS DE RISQUE DE MORBIDITE

Characteristiques OR 95% CI p Value

Pathologie sous-jacente 2.8 (0.8 - 9.1) 0.10

Echanges plasmatiques 3.4 (1.1 – 10.5) 0.03

VM prolongée 12.4 (3.7 – 41.3) < 0.0001

Henderson et al - Neurology - 2003

n = 114

Page 29: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

TRAITMENT

1. Traitement symptomatique1. Thrombosis prophylaxis

2. Pain relief

3. Psychological support

4. Autonomic dysfunction: atropine, trandate …

5. Bladder catheter, nutrition, physiotherapy…

6. Intercurrent diseases

7. Non-Invasive ventilation: ?

2. Traitement spécifique1. Plasma exchange (PE)

2. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IvIg)

Page 30: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ECHANGES PLASMQTIQUES

Plasma exchange vs no treatment: DG at 4 weeks

Hughes et al - Brain - 2007

1. Benefit irrespective of severity2. Tested against placebo3. Tested up to 4 weeks after GBS onset

Page 31: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

IMMUNOGLOBULINES

Hughes et al - Brain - 2007

Plasma exchange vs IvIg: DG at 4 weeks

1. Tested against PE

2. Tested in mild or severe GBS

3. Tested within 2 weeks after GBS onset

Page 32: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CORTICOSTEROIDES

Hughes et al - Brain - 2007

Corticosteroid vs placebo or no treatment: DG at 4 weeks

Page 33: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CONTRE-INDICATIONS

EP

1. Infection

2. Hypotension

3. Haemorrhage

4. Clotting deficiency

IvIg1. IgA deficiency2. Allergy3. Renal failure

Page 34: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ALGORITHMES

Disability

Stage

Marche

(DG < 4)

Allité (DG =4)

VM (DG = 5)

Initial* 2 EP 4 EP or IvIg**

Deterioration + 2 EP Rien

Relapse Rien ou même traitment

Rien ou même traitment

*Aussitôt que le diagnostique est confirmé** 0.4g/kg/ daily for 5 days

Page 35: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MYASTHENIE

Page 36: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

1. Prévalence 4-6 / 100 000

2. Incidence 2-5/million/an

3. 2 F / 1 H1. F: 30 ans

2. H: 30 et 60 ans

EPIDEMIOLOGIE

Page 37: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MOTS CLES

1. Pathologie de la jonction neuromusculaire

2. Pathologie auto-immune

3. Pathologie thymique

Page 38: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

1. FATIGUABILITE

2. VARIABILITE

à court (jour) et long terme (mois-année)

3. MOTEUR PERIPHERIQUE PUR

Absence d’aréflexie

Absence de myalgie

Absence d’atrophie

4. MUSCLES SQUELETTIQUES Oculomoteurs Myasthénie oculaireFaciauxOropharyngés Myasthénie bulbaire MyasthénieRespiratoires généraliséeDes membres et axiaux

JONCTION NEUROMUSCULAIRE

Page 39: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

SCORE DE LA FORCE MUSCULAIRE (1)

Membres supérieurs étendus à l’horizontale en antéroposition1 point pour 10 s Max. 15

Min. 0

Membres inférieurs, patient en décubitus dorsal, cuisses fléchies

à 90° sur le bassin, jambes à 90° sur les cuisses1 point pour 5 s Max. 15

Min. 0

Flexion de la tête en décubitus dorsalContre résistance 10

Sans résistance 5

Impossible 0

Passage de la position couchée à la position assisePossible sans l’aide des mains 10

Impossible sans l’aide des mains 0

Oculomotricité extrinsèqueNormal 10

Ptosis isolé 5

Diplopie 0

Page 40: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

SCORE DE LA FORCE MUSCULAIRE (2)

Occlusion palpébraleComplète 10

Signe de Souques 7,5

Incomplète (mais avec recouvrement cornéen) 5

Nulle (sans recouvrement cornéen) 0

MasticationNormale 10

Diminuée 5

Nulle 0

DéglutitionNormale 10

Dysphagie sans fausse route 5

Dysphagie avecfausse route 0

PhonationVoix normale 10

Voix nasonnée 5

Aphonie 0

Page 41: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ATTEINTE OCULAIRE

Page 42: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIE

Décrément

Stimulations répétées à 3HZ

Page 43: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

PATHOLOGIE AUTO-IMMUNE

1. Auto-Anticorps - Thymus

2. Evolution par poussées

3. Autre(s) pathologie(s) auto-immune(s)

Page 44: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

POUSSEE OU CRISE MYASTHENIQUE

PREMIERE ETAPE1. Vérification des critères diagnostiques

1. Anticorps anti-Rach + 2. Ou EMG + et Test à la Prostigmine +3. Sinon Biopsie musculaire

2. Vérification de l’existence d’un thymome1. Si oui, scanner systématique

3. Vérification d’une pathologie auto-immune1. Dysthyroïdie, etc…

4. Récapitulation anamnestique5. Récapitulation des traitements utilisés

Page 45: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

DEUXIEME ETAPE1. Recherche d’un facteur déclenchant (70%)

1. Infection (30-40%)

2. Intervention chirurgicale3. Grossesse

1. 19% d’aggravation) 2. 1er et 3eme trimestre

4. Traitement contre-indiqué1. A interrompre si possible

5. Surdosage en anticholinestérasique1. 4% des cas de poussée2. Ne pas faire de test à la Prostigmine

6. Institution d’une corticothérapie1. Survenue d’une poussée dans 48% des cas

7. Décroissance du traitement immunosuppresseur

POUSSEE OU CRISE MYASTHENIQUE

Page 46: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

EXACERBATION or CRISIS

Lacomis et al – NeuroCritCare - 2005

Page 47: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

EXACERBATIONS

Lacomis et al – NeuroCritCare - 2005

Page 48: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

POUSSEE OU CRISE MYASTHENIQUE

TROISIEME ETAPE1. Evaluation de la gravité

1. Atteinte oropharyngée

2. Atteinte respiratoire

• Difficilement détectable

• Mesure de la CV indispensable

• La normalité des GDS ne doit pas rassurer

2. Si Aggravation rapide, fluctuation clinique, atteinte axiale, oropharyngée, respiratoire ou CV < 60%

1. Transport médicalisé

2. Hospitalisation en réanimation

Page 49: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

POUSSEE OU CRISE MYASTHENIQUE

QUATRIEME ETAPE

1. Evoquer un diagnostic différentiel1. Autre cause d’insuffisance respiratoire2. Autre pathologies contingentes ou associées

• Dysthyroïdies etc..

3. Effets secondaires des traitements • Diabète, Insuffisance surrénalienne etc…

Page 50: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CRISE MYASTHENIQUE

1. Incidence1. 16% de la population générale myasthénique

2. 23 et 70% dans les 6 à 36 premiers mois

2. Mortalité1. 6% (40% avant l’assistance respiratoire)

Page 51: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

POUSSEE ou CRISE

FIRST STEP1. Diagnostic criteria for MG

2. Thymoma 1. If yes, thoracic CT scan

3. Other auto-immune disease

4. Course of MG

5. Recapitulation of MG specific treatment

Page 52: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

POUSSEE ou CRISE

FIRST STEP1. Diagnostic criteria for MG

2. Thymoma 1. If yes, thoracic CT scan

3. Other auto-immune disease

4. Course of MG

5. Recapitulation of MG specific treatment

Page 53: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MORTALITE

Alsheklee et al – Neurology - 2009

Page 54: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MECHANISMS

Diaphragm

Accessory

Abdominal

AS

CE

ND

ING

PA

RE

SIS

CV

Pimax

Pemax

cough

Atelectasia

Bulbar dysfunction

Aspiration

Phrenic

IX-X

Hypoventilation

Hypoxaemia

Laryngeal spasm

Page 55: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MYASTHENIEVENTILATION MECANIQUE

• Polypnée - orthopnéee - toux inefficace• CV inférieure à 15 ml/kg (25 %)• Pression statique maximale inspiratoire < 20

cmH2O• Pression statique maximale expiratoire < 40

cmH2O• Ne jamais attendre une hypercapnie

Page 56: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

SEVRAGE

• Onset of weaning procedure– Improvement of muscle strength– VC > 30% of predicted value

– FiO2 < 50% and Peep < 5 cm H2O

• Extubation – VC > 50% and VC at 4h of T-Piece < 20%– No hypercapnia at the end of T pieceT-Piece > 8

hours in a row– Take care of swallowing disturbances

(n° of succion)

Page 57: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

Arch Neurol - 2008

Neurology - 2002

BE CAREFULNeuroCrit Care - 2002

Page 58: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

TREATMENT OF EXACERBATION

Non specific treatment

Triggering factor ? Treatment

overdose Chol I? reduction

Swallowing dysfunction ? NGT

Respiratory failure ? MV

Specific treatment

Improvement

PE or IvIg CS or IS

yes no

CS dose x2 CS: 1 mg/kg I.S. no change + I.S.

Survey – No change in specific treatment

Failure

Page 59: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

BLOOD GASES « FAUX-AMIS »

1. Presence of hypercapnia or hypoxemia indicates a severe respiratory muscle weakness and misgives an impeding respiratory arrest

2. Conversely, absence of blood gases abnormality does not rule out severe respiratory muscle weakness

3. Unexplaines hypoxemia:thinks pulmonary embolism

Page 60: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

This presentation is dedicated to Professor Jean-Claude Raphael

Page 61: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

PE (2)IVIG (0.5g/kg/d)

Days Gajdos et al Ann Neurol 1997

Clin

ical

res

pon

ses

(% o

f b

asel

ine)

Page 62: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Days

PE3 days-IVIg5 days-IVIg

Gajdos et al Ann Neurol 1997

Cli

nica

l res

pon

ses

(% o

f ba

seli

ne)

Page 63: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ADMISSION

1. ASCENDANT WEAKNESS (70%) – Flaccid symetric areflexic weakness– Pure motor deficit: 18%

2. SENSORY SYMPTOMS (50 à 80 %)– Paresthesia, pain– Superficial and deep sensory impairment

3. CRANIAL NERVES– VII: 24-55%; IX-X: 6-46%; III-IV-VI: 5-13%– XII: 1 - 13%

4. DYSURIA (10 - 30%)

Page 64: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME COURSE

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME COURSE

Day 0Day 0 TimeTime

Motor deficit Extension Recovery

PlateauPlateau

Page 65: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Durand et al – Neurology - 2005

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PHRENIC NERVE ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Durand et al – Neurology - 2005

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DIAPHRAGM ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Page 68: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

Durant et al – Lancet Neurology - 2006

Page 69: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Durant et al – Lancet Neurology - 2006

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ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Durant et al – Lancet Neurology - 2006

Page 71: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY

Durant et al – Lancet Neurology - 2006

Page 72: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

CPN p/d: conduction block on common peroneal nerve (%)VC: vital capacity (%)

Durand et al – Lancet Neurol - 2006

ELECTROPHYSIOLOGYP

RE

DIC

TIV

E M

OD

EL

Page 73: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

EARLY PREDICTORS

INABILITY OR 95% CI p

PROGRESSION < 7 days

2.51 (1.7 – 3.8) < 0.0001

STAND 2.53 (1.4 – 3.3) < 0.0005

RISE ELBOW 2.99 (1.8 – 4.9) < 0.0001

RISE HEAD 4.34 (2.7 – 6.7) < 0.0001

COUGH 9.09 (4.0 – 20.00) < 0.0001

CYTOLYSIS 2.09 (1.4 – 3.2) < 0.0005

n = 722

Sharshar et al - Crit Care Med - 2003

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REPEATED ASSESSMENT

1. 30 to 50% fall in VC

or VC < 20 ml/kg

2. 30% fall in Pimax or Pemax

or Pimax ou Pemax< 30 to 40 cmH2O

3. Bulbar dysfunction

Hahn et al - Arch Neurol - 2001

Chevrolet et al - Rev Respir Dis - 1991

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MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Walgaard et al – Ann Neurol - 2010

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OTHER ABNORMALITIES

HYPONATREMIAE1. Hyponatremia < 133 mmol/L : 31%2. Pseudohyponatremia due to IvIg: 46%3. Hyponatremia: worst outcome ?

LIVER DYSFUNCTION

1. Cytolysis: 25%

2. Secondary to CMV: 25%

3. Predictors of MV

Colls Int Med J 2003; Oomes et al Neurology 1996;

Sharshar et al Crit Care Med 2003

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AN

XIE

TY

n 105

Age, yr / Women, % 50 [34-62] / 38 (36)

Delay from onset to inclusion, days 6 [4-9]

Arm grade > 2/5/ Disability grade > 3/5 48 (46)/ 38 (36)

Vital Capacity (%) 72 [52-89]

Mechanical ventilation (MV), % 23 (22)

STAI (from 20 to 80) 47.2 [36.2-57.0]

VAS-breathlessness (from 0 to 10) 2 [0-4]

VAS-anxiety(from 0 to 10) 5 [3-8]

Main cause of distress, %

-breathing

-uncertainty

-weakness

-pain

 

3 (3)

25 (24)

49 (47)

28 (27)Marcadet et al - Submitted

STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

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MECHANISMS OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE

• Weakness of inspiratory muscles (hypoventilation)• Weakness of expiratory muscles (cough impairment)• Bulbar weakness (aspiration)• Pneumonia• Laryngeal spasm• No-obstructive sleep apnea (due to diaphragm

weakness )

Page 79: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

MECHANISMS OF RESPIRATORY FAILURE

• Invasive thymoma

• Complication of radiotherapy

• Complication of thymectomy

• Other auto-immune disease (sclerodermia…)

• Paraneoplastic encephalopathy

• Other cause (Pneumothorax, PE…)

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SEVERITY AT ADMISSION

1. SWALLOWING IMPAIRMENT - In 6 to 46%

2. RESPIRATORY DYSFUNCTION- Respiratory symptoms in 40 to 60% - Vital capacity < 1 L in 16%

3. CV AUTONOMIC DYSFUNCTION- in about 15% - Correlated with weakness

Page 81: GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME and MYASTHENIA GRAVIS tarek.sharshar@rpc.aphp.fr University of Versailles Raymond Poincaré Teaching Hospital Garches - France

GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME

• A « spinal cord » syndrome must be always rule out clinically (sensory level etc…)

• If any doubt, do an MRI of the spine

JUST A WORD BEFOREHAND….