gulfofmexico coremeasurementsandavsp...
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Attenuation of rock salt:
Gulf of Mexico core measurements and a VSP survey
Jingjing Zong1,2, Robert R. Stewart2, Nikolay Dyaur2
1. National University of Singapore
2. University of Houston
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Outline
Introduction and motivations
Field Q estimations
A VSP survey in Markham salt dome, TX
Conclusions
Ultrasonic lab Q measurementsGulf coast salt cores
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Attenuation mechanism
Source
signal
โข Geometrical spreading
โข Scattering
โข Intrinsic attenuation or anelasticity
Q: quality factor1
๐=
โ๐ธ
2๐ โ ๐ธ=
โ๐ด
๐ โ ๐ด
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Motivations of the salt study
Seal rock
studyblue.com
Storage
ยฉ KBB Underground Technologies
Mining
saltassociation.co.uk
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Attenuation modeling
P wave front
S wave front
sourcereceiver
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Synthetic wave propagations in rock salt
0 m 6000
2500
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Q estimation โ spectral ratio method
๐ด ๐ = ๐บ ๐ฅ ๐โ๐ผ ๐ ๐ฅ๐๐(2๐๐๐กโ๐๐ฅ)
(Johnston, 1978)
ln๐ด
๐ด0= โ
๐ ๐
๐ธ๐ + ln
๐บ
๐บ0
ln๐ด
๐ด0= โ
๐
๐ธ(๐๐ โ ๐)๐ + ln(
๐บ
๐บ0)
Aluminum
๐ธ๐ โ +โ
Sample
๐ธ
๐ธ
Measurement Slope Intercept
๐๐๐ด
๐ด0=
๐๐ก0๐0
โ๐๐ก
๐๐ + ๐๐
๐บ
๐บ0
(a) Aluminum standard
(b) Multi travel lengths
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GoM rock salt core
Examples of the measured rock salt samples
96.1%
NaCl
99.6%
NaCl
Hockley, TX Bayou Corne, LA
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Experimental apparatus for ultrasonic measurements
Source transducer
Sample
Receiver transducer
Center frequency
1 MHz
gcts.com
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Benchtop measurements:H1 - Qp: 32 ยฑ 4 , Qs: 34 ยฑ 3
H2 - Qp: 43 ยฑ 6 , Qs: 34 ยฑ 4
๐0 ๐
๐0 โ +โ
Aluminum
ln๐ด
๐ด0= โ
๐ ๐
๐ธ๐ + ln
๐บ
๐บ0Measurement Slope Intercept
Attenuation of GoM rock salt โ spectral ratio method
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Attenuation of GoM rock salt โ spectral ratio method
Aluminum
Benchtop measurementsQp: 57 ยฑ 13 , Qs: 41 ยฑ 2
ln๐ด
๐ด0= โ
๐
๐ธ(๐๐ โ ๐)๐ + ln(
๐บ
๐บ0)
Measurement Slope Intercept
๐ด0
๐ด
๐
10
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Temperature dependence โ Bayou Corne, Louisiana
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Relative Q variations under varying temperature
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Pressure dependence โ Bayou Corne, Louisiana
12
Relative Q variations under varying pressure
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Attenuation โ pressure and temperature dependence
Vp vs. Pressure, Temperature Qp vs. Pressure, Temperature
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Pressure (psi) Pressure (psi)0 4000 8000 12000 0 4000 8000 12000
4.4
4.5
4.6
0
100
200
300
Vp
(km
/s)
Q
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CT Scanning of the test sample
before and after pressure loading
Pressure healing & thermal cracking
before
after
Thermal cracks on the surface of rock salt under
increasing temperature (Chen et al., 2015)
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50oC in oven, over 24h 110oC in oven, over 24h
140oC in oven, over 24h 200oC in oven, over 24h
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4.4 4.45 4.5 4.55 4.6 4.65
Vp (km/s)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Qp
Q p vs. V p
23.9oC(75
oF)-Unloading 37.8
oC(100
oF) 65.6
oC(150
oF) 93.3
oC(200
oF)
Qp vs. Vp
๐๐๐๐ = 53 โ ๐๐๐๐ โ 33๐ 2 = 0.84
Attenuation โ pressure and temperature dependence
Qs vs. Vs
๐๐๐๐ = 28 โ ๐๐๐๐ โ 10๐ 2 = 0.4
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A typical GoM salt dome
ยฉ John Perez Graphics & Design LLC.16
Resistivity (ohmm) Density (g/cc) Temperature (ฬC)
Gamma Ray (API)
Caliper (in)16 26
0 100
0.2 200 1.5 2.5 70 80
Well A (KB = 25.9 m)
Me
asu
re d
ep
th
fro
m K
B (
m)
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Top of
salt
Bottom
of salt
Heterogeneous
Layer
Neutron Porosity (%)55 -35
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RadialDirect
S-w
ave
โ Interval velocity
Check-shot data โ velocity profile
S: ~2560 m/s
In saltP: ~4570 m/s
In salt
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1 2
P-wave first arrival picking and
velocity profile
Check-shot data - Qp
247.7
-76.8
71.1
Flattened down-going P-waves Spectra ratio and
Q estimation
3 4 5
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1 2
S-wave first arrival picking
and velocity profile
Check-shot data - Qs
31.6
10.9
-19.7
83.4
16.5
Flattened down-going S-waves Spectra ratio and
Q estimation
3 4 5
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Qp vs. Vp
Attenuation โ pressure and temperature dependence
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Qs vs. Vs
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Conclusions
โข Increase pressure elevates both velocity and Q;
โข Increase temperature decreases velocity and Q;
โข Q vs. V: ๐๐๐๐ = 53 โ ๐๐๐๐ โ 33; ๐๐๐๐ = 28 โ ๐๐๐๐ โ 10.
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โA better understanding of the elastic behaviors of rock salt is provided;
โEmpirical values and relationships are summarized for direct application.
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Arthur Cheng, Yunyue (Elita) Li, NUS;
Fred Hilterman and Geokinetics Inc., Houston;
Joel Warneke, Texas Brine Corp. and United Salt Corp.;
Di Jiao, Craig Whitney, Core Laboratories Inc.;
Scott Leaney, Alan Champbell, Ali Sayed, Schlumberger;
Stephan Gelinsky, Long Huang, Shell;
Leon Thomsen, Sharon Cornelius, Yukai Wo, UH;
Acknowledgements
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