gundremmingen nuclear-power station

Kernkraftwerk Gundremmingen

Kernkraftwerk Gundremmingen

Gundremmingen nuclear-power station A location full of energy

KernkraftwerkGundremmingen GmbH

Dr.-August-Weckesser-Straße 1D-89355 Gundremmingen

T +49 8224 78-1F +49 8244 78-2900

[email protected]

2

Gundremmingen nuclear-power station

Contents

4 Electricity – Lifeline of our civilization

6 The energy mix – No simple recipe

8 Safe and dependable – The Gundremmingen nuclear-power station

9 Uranium – Rock full of energy

10 Nuclear fission – Slowdown for heat

11 Chain reaction – A handle on things

12 How a boiling-water reactor works

14 The cooling-water circuit

16 Dovetailed – The safety facilities

20 The environs – Under control at all times

22 Safety enjoys top priority – The disposal concept with the Gundremmingen on-site interim storage facility

25 Important economic factor – Secure jobs

26 Technical data

27 Information on the location – Open for dialogue

View of a reactor-pressure vessel, opened for inspection. There are 784 fuel elements 28 metres belowthe water surface. During the annual inspections, about one fifth of the fuel elements are exchanged.

3

54

Electricity – Lifeline of our civilization

Without electricity, it would be “no sys-tems go” today. Electricity becomes light,electricity is heat, is power. Electricitycontrols and regulates, transports infor-mation.

Electricity is needed if we are to use other energy sources in a sensibleand economical way. We need electricity to utilize ambient heat, solarand wind energy. And, not least: electricity is emission-free at itsplace of use.

All of these unique, typical properties of electricity have meant thatthe demand for this precious energy both from households and frombusiness and industry has grown steadily over recent decades:electricity has found new areas of application, has replaced otherenergy carriers or enabled their sparing use. And this has had a positive impact on developments in overall energy consumption,which has expanded much more slowly since 1970.

Energy is the lifeline of our civilization. All the more important, then,that affordable electricity should be available for each and every

one of us around the clock. However, electricity cannot be stored(or only with difficulty), so it must be generated in the amount thathappens to be needed. Utilities have assumed the task of producingand supplying energy. To the fore in this service, besides a depend-able, secure and low-cost supply, we find environmental protectionand sparing use of raw materials as equal-ranking goals today.

Ultimately, it is up to each individual to make sensible and sparinguse of electricity. The utilities support this with comprehensive cus-tomer advice, and manufacturing industry is developing ever thriftiermachines and appliances.

In Bavaria, nuclear energy and hydropower, with a share of 66 and15 percent resp., are the most important pillars of power generation.Coal, with some 8 percent tends to play a subordinate role, while oiland gas are primarily used for short-term demand peaks. This energymix is economical and environmentally friendly. More than 80 percentof Bavaria's power is produced without air pollutants, i.e. withoutharming the climate.

Germany reported the following shares in 2007 power generation:24 percent nuclear energy, 26 percent lignite, 22 percent hard coal,10 percent natural gas, 15 percent renewable energy, 3 percent fueloil, pumped storage and other.

Oil

Natural gas

Hard coal*

Hydropower

1.6 %

9.6 %

7.6 %

15.3 %

Net power generation in Bavaria

Shares of power plants, 2007, in %

*) incl refuse, renewable and other energy sourcesSource: BayLfStaD

Nuclear energy65.9 %


7

A balanced energy mix is also needed for the technical structure ofthe power supply: the strong seasonal and also daily fluctuations inelectricity consumption can be cushioned in only one way: by havinga mix of different power-plant types. How that works? By distribut-ing the load of the energy demand between power plants. This meansthat a specific power plant is in charge of one of the three loads:

6

Environmental protection, security ofsupply, economic efficiency – these arethe three goals in power generation.

Anyone out to produce energy on a sustainable basis must reconcilethese goals – no mean feat. Depending on which goals you take asyour base, you will set your own course for a future-proof energysupply. Sometimes security of supply will be more to the fore, at othertimes environmental protection perhaps. A look ahead will alwaysface us with one central task: responsibility for the sustainability ofGermany’s, but also the world's, energy supply.

Be it coal, gas, nuclear energy or renewables – every energy sourceis marked by advantages and drawbacks, sweet spots and weakspots. So, only one solution can survive in the long run: a balancedmix of different energy carriers.

Many sources feed the current. And not only today, but in future aswell – a future of modern, climate-sparing energy generation. In thelong term, most energy will continue to bubble up from the well offossil fuels, including coal and gas. They have emerged from theconversion of dead organisms – over millions of years. Because theyare being used up faster than they are renewed, their reserves arefinite. Moreover, their use is associated with the emission of green-house gases like CO2.

Also foreseeable is the growing contribution to be made by renew-able energy. It cannot be exhausted by human consumption. Eitherbecause it is available in large amounts – like solar energy and wind– or because it continuously renews itself, like hydropower and bio-mass.

Many countries’ energy grids are fed by a sizeable chunk of nuclearpower: relatively low-cost, readily available and sparing the climate,since there are no CO2 emissions. In Germany, nuclear energy’s useis time-limited due to the country’s Atomic Energy Act. In the medi-um term, this climate-friendly, safe and economic energy source isset to dry up there.

Summer day Winter day

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Base load

Intermediate load

Peak load

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Sta

rto

fw

ork

Lu

nch

Wa

t ch

ing

TV

Uhr

Underlying technical conditions

The energy mix – No simple recipe

Peak-load power plants help out when energydemand reaches maximum values for a short time.Only quick-starters can keep pace with such a rise:gas turbine and pumped-storage power plants.Just a few seconds – and they have reached theirfull output.

Intermediate-load power plants produce theenergy add-ons if demand increases. This interme-diate-load demand is mainly covered by hard-coaland gas power stations in the minute to hour range.

Base-load power plants are the most importantingredient in the power-station mix. Having a high,continuous output and, hence, favourable costs,they cover the basic demand for electricity – theday job of nuclear-power stations, lignite-fired andrun-of-river power plants.

Electricity demand curve on a typical summer and winter day

98


In 1984, the two units went on stream after an 8-year constructionperiod. Ever since, they have been producing – dependably, safelyand without emitting pollutants – an average of 21 billion kWh ofelectricity per year. This is equivalent to about 30% of Bavaria's annual power consumption. At the same time, the power station –compared with electricity production from fossil fuels – avoidsemissions of some 21 million tonnes of carbon dioxide every year.Safety enjoys top priority in operating the power plant. A workforceof about 1,100 at the location, with high competence and pronouncedsafety awareness, makes a crucial contribution toward this.

Operator of the plant is Kernkraftwerke Gundremmingen GmbH(KGG), which belongs to RWE Power AG in Essen with a 75 percentshare, and to E.ON Kernkraft GmbH in Hanover with 25 percent.

Safe and dependable – The Gundremmingen nuclear-power station

An ideal power-plant location must meet several preconditions:proximity to the extra-high voltage system and consumers, goodtraffic link-ups and a river in the immediate vicinity – and all aremet by the Gundremmingen municipality near Günzburg betweenAugsburg and Ulm. So, alongside the now shut down 250-megawattnuclear-power station – unit A – construction was able to start in1976 at Gundremmingen on two new boiling-water reactor unitswith an output of 1,344 MW each.

The power-plant terrain, measuring some 35 hectares, is at an eleva-tion of 433 metres, embedded in a forestry and agricultural setting.The proximity of both motorway and railway makes the transporta-tion of heavy goods easier.

Little less than a kilometre away flows the Danube, whose waterhelps to cool the two units. To ensure that the amount of heatdischarged into the river does not rise beyond a level that is stillcompatible with flora and fauna, two natural-draught wet coolingtowers were built at Gundremmingen.

Uranium – Rock full of energy

Nuclear-power stations utilize the energy that is released in the fissionof the nucleus of the naturally occurring radionuclide uranium-235.

Uranium is a heavy metal that is embedded in ores and depositedrelatively evenly across the earth, and it can be mined. As today’sknowledge stands, the fuel uranium will be available for at leastanother 200 years. Thanks to the continuous further developmentof the technology used to locate and mine uranium, a much longerreach may be expected.

Uranium has a very high energy density, i.e. a very high energy con-tent. One kilogramme of natural uranium has an energy contentequivalent to that of 12,600 litres of crude oil or 18,900 kilograms ofhard coal.

Unlike other energy-conversion technologies, nuclear energy’scompetitiveness is not impaired when fuel costs rise. The share ofuranium in the electricity-generation costs of a power stationamounts to a mere 3 to 5 percent. This means that increases in theprice of fuel have only very little impact. Even a doubling of the raw-material price would have hardly any effect on power-generationcosts.

The uranium extracted from ores consists of 0.7 percent fissionableuranium-235, the rest being uranium-238. Thanks to enrichment,the share of uranium-235 is raised to 3 to 5 percent in the mixturewith uranium-238. The enriched uranium is pressed into pellet formand filled into rods of an especially resistant material (zircaloy). Thesefuel rods are bundled to form fuel elements and can be used in thisform in a nuclear-power station.

1 kg of natural uranium

is equivalent to12,600 l of crude oil

or 18,900 kg of hard coal

Fast-movingneutronUranium

FissionproductsSlow-moving neutron Moderator Control rod

Nuclear fission of uranium-235 Controlled chain reaction

Nuclear fission – Slowdown for heat

There is nothing mysterious going on in the reactor of a nuclear-power station. As in other power plants, man is using technical means to exploit natural occurrences.

When neutrons strike a uranium-235 nucleus at a relatively low speed,we speak of nuclear fission – an event that also occurs in nature.

In the process, uranium-236 emerges, and this splits into two pieceswhich, in their turn, scatter at high speed, to be slowed down by otheratoms in the vicinity. Thanks to this braking action, the kinetic energyproduced is turned into utilizable heat to generate power. The wholeprocess only works, however, if it is possible to check the franticspeed of the neutrons, so that they do not miss their target, theuranium nucleus.

Water lends itself as neutron brake – acting as moderator, in the jargon. It helps reduce the velocity of the neutrons to a speed thatis right for fission.

Each fission produces two to three new neutrons which triggerfurther fissions. This gives rise to a self-sustaining chain reaction.

Chicago, 1942: The physicist Enrico Fermi masters the first self-sustaining chain reaction in Chicago in 1942. But long before manexisted, namely two billion years ago, uranium-235 was fissioningin nature by itself in West Africa's Gabon, where scientists have dis-covered several natural reactors.

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Chain reaction – A handle on things

The more neutrons there are, the more fissions occur and the moreenergy is released. Since more neutrons emerge in uranium fissionthan are needed to maintain a controlled chain reaction, some ofthe neutrons are deflected from their actual target.

To this end, control rods are used in a nuclear-power station’s reactor.They consist of a material (boron, hafnium) that sucks up the neu-trons, i.e. absorbs them. To lower reactor output, these rods are in-serted into the reactor; to increase it, they are pulled out again.

Nuclear fission is interrupted when they are inserted. A reactorworks at max. output when the rods are removed.

In operation, the control rods are powered by electric drives; inde-pendent of this, a hydraulic system is available for emergency shut-down.

There is however a second way to control and regulate the chainreaction: the hotter the moderator or the cooling agent becomes,the more steam voids emerge. Steam, unlike water, is unable toslow down the neutrons sufficiently, and more and more neutronsmiss their target.

This physical occurrence is exploited by the dosed addition of cool-ing water. More water means a lower temperature, which results ina higher hit rate of the neutrons. A lower amount leads to fasterheating of the water. This leads to more steam voids, which lowersthe hit rate. Behind this principle lies a crucial safety element in aboiling-water reactor: in any loss of water, the chain reaction stopsby itself.

Finally, there is a third way to shut down the reactor fast at any time:a boron solution is pumped in, which absorbs the neutrons and interrupts the fissioning of the uranium cores.

Controlrods

Fissionprocesses

Fuel-elements

Control rods lowered Control rods lifted

Neutronrelease

Fission processes low to none Fission processes increased

11


NeutronWater molecules

Moderator temperature high Moderator temperature low

Fission processes low to none Fission processes increased

1312


How a boiling-water reactor works

The two boiling-water reactor units B and C in Gundremmingen areidentical in design. The core in each case is the reactor-pressurevessel, which is roughly two thirds filled with water. This steel cylinder,clad in a solid concrete shell, the so-called biological shield, containsthe bundled fuel elements. Each fuel element is 4.47 metres highand consists of up to 96 fuel rods filled with uranium pellets. In total,each reactor contains 784 fuel elements each.

During core fission in the fuel rods of the reactor core, heat is releasedthat sets the reactor water boiling – a process similar to that in animmersion heater. The water flows from bottom to top through thereactor core and takes the heat developed in the fuel rods with it.Some of the water evaporates.

After the steam is separated from the water in the upper part of thepressure vessel, the pure water vapour flows to the turbine and sets itrotating – as wind does with a wind turbine – by driving the rotors ofthe turbine shafts. Thermal energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

The turbine is coupled to the generator via the turbine shaft inwhich the mechanical energy is translated into electric energythrough a strongly rotating magnetic field – designed on the principleof a push-bike dynamo. Its voltage is increased via a generator trans-former, transferred to the near-by transformer station and fed intothe public supply grid. Increasing the voltage is necessary becauseelectricity can only be transported across long distances in thisform.

Once a year, each power plant unit is shut down for some two tofour weeks for inspection and exchange of the fuel elements. Aboutone fifth of the fuel elements are replaced. During the entire in-spection and maintenance work and in the recurrent checks, some1,500 further specialists from third-party companies are deployedin addition to our own staff.

Refuellingmachine

Fuel-storagepool

ContainmentReactor-pressure vessel

Suppressionchamber

Steam

Turbine

Water

CondenserFeed-waterpump

Generator Transformer

Cooling water

Cooling-waterpump

Reactor building Turbine house Cooling tower

A look inside the turbine house of the 1,344-MW turbine generator set: the steam from the reactor flows throughthe high-pressure section (not visible in the background), then the turbine's two low-pressure sections, and sub-sequently condenses in the condensers below. Shown in the foreground is the generator with an exciter.

14

The cooling-water circuit

In the condenser behind the turbine, the steam gives off its residualheat to the cooling water and becomes water again which thenmakes its way through the reactor anew. The heated cooling wateris cooled off again in the cooling tower.

The two cooling towers at Gundremmingen are 160 metres tall. Theheated cooling water flows into the cooling towers, is pumped 12metres upwards and trickles via down slabs into a collecting tank.The cooling towers at Gundremmingen are natural-draught wetcooling towers that make use of a naturally rising air draught tocool the water. Additional components like fans are not necessary.In the draught, the droplets of the warm cooling water cool off. Inthe process, some of the cooling water evaporates and is yankedupward with the draught: in this way, depending on the weather, atypical vapour plume will emerge. Most of the water by far is pumpedback to the condenser. The evaporation loss occurring in the coolingtower is offset by cleaned water from the Danube.

from the condenser

to the condenser

15


1716


Dovetailed – The safety facilities

Ensuring a high safety standard is the central obligation of any nuclear-power station operator. The basis of the high safety level isa high-quality technical design that reliably avoids incidents. In ad-dition, the downtimes of systems and components are considered"up front" already, and it is ensured that they have no impact ontheir surroundings. Comprehensive inspection and maintenanceprogrammes help keep the plant in an optimal condition at all timesand detect and remedy any irregularities in plant components earlyon. Besides guaranteeing an excellent technical condition, the oper-ator’s efforts also focus on organizational issues and a high safetyawareness among plant staff.

What is more, operation of the nuclear-power stations is stringentlymonitored by the authorities in charge.

The design principles By way of precaution, the designs of a nuclear-power stations alwaysassume a coincidence of unfavourable circumstances and damageevents. This being so, engineering and construction are based onthe design principles: redundancy, diversity, spatial separation andfail-safe (so-called passive safety).

Redundancy: several systems of the same kind are in place todo the same job. In an emergency, one takes over from the other.At Gundremmingen, for example, there are three emergencycooling systems operating independently of one another, anyone of which can step in should the main cooling system fail –two remain on standby

Diversity: different systems have the task of performing the samefunction. If, for instance, the insertion of the control rods failsusing the electric motors provided for this purpose, they areput in place by a hydraulic system. In the long term, the reactorcan also be switched off safely by pumping in a boron solution.

Fail-safe: all safety systems unfold their effect in a safe directionshould a disruption occur. In the event of a power cut, say, thecontrol rods are inserted into the reactor using a hydraulic systemwhich kicks in automatically in any power failure.

The control room lives up to its name: modern control engineering handles the processing of all information and measured values that crop up and ensures largely automated operations.

Additionalsystem ReactorControl rodsCooling systems

Redundancy Diversity Fail-safe

Boronsolution

Electrically shutvalve

High-pressurenitrogen

19


Having a spatial separation of the redundant and diversitary fa-cilities ensures that several systems cannot fail simultaneouslydue to one cause.

The safety facilities Every nuclear plant is equipped with numerous safety facilities. Ex-treme requirements must be met by a nuclear-power station’s de-sign. The aim of all safety measures in nuclear reactors is to retainthe radioactive materials that arise in nuclear fission in the reactorcore.

For this, the following retention barriers are in place:

the fuel’s crystal lattice, which retains most of the fission products

the gas-tight and pressure-proof metal casing around the fuelpellets (fuel rod)

the reactor-pressure vessel with closed cooling circuit

the biological shield: a 1-m-thick concrete shell

the containment consisting of some 1.2-m-thick reinforced concrete with a jacket of 16,000 pre-stressing steel rods

the reactor building with 1.8-m-thick reinforced concrete.

The reactor-protection systemEvery nuclear-power station is additionally equipped with a reactor-protection system. During operation, it checks on an ongoing basisall important measurement values, compares them with the targetstate and corrects any anomalous operating states it detects. If certainlimits precisely defined in advance are reached, the reactor-pro-tection system automatically triggers active safety measures – e.g. areactor emergency shut-down or emergency power supply.

Safety facilities and safety measures are systematically checked toensure operatability by a stipulated programme of recurrent audits.

Biological shield(wall thickness: 1 m)

Residualheat-removal

system

Reactor building

Reactor building(wall thickness: 1.8 m

Containment(pre-stressed

concrete: 1.2 m)Steel lining

Fuel elementswith fuel pellets

3,000 m³water

reserve

Pressure-suppression system

Earthquake-proofbottom slab

Reactor-pressure vessel

18

Look into the fuel-element pool. The exchange of the fuel elements is controlled and monitored by a fuel-charging machine.

The environs – Under control at all times

Although the Gundremmingen nuclear-power station emits onlythe minutest amounts of radioactive radiation, the entire surround-ings of the plant are monitored by our in-house laboratory and byindependent institutions. In fact, even the strict approval values arefar undercut in Gundremmingen at all times, as evidenced by testsamples taken from the soil, air and water in the plant's environs.

Like all atomic reactors in Bavaria, Gundremmingen, too, is linkedto the nuclear-reactor telemonitoring system of Bavaria’s State Officefor Environmental Protection. At regular intervals, measured valuesfrom the plant's environs are automatically read, transmitted toAugsburg by radio and evaluated by the authority. All results of this evaluation are accessible to the public.

20 21

22


Safety enjoys top priority –The disposal concept withthe Gundremmingen on-siteinterim storage facility

According to the disposal concept for nuclear-power stations, radio-active waste from nuclear reactors is to be enclosed indefinitely andsafely in final (permanent) storage sites. The federal government hasgiven an undertaking to make available final storage sites by 2030 atthe latest. Pending such time, spent fuel elements must be kept intemporary storage sites. For this purpose, an on-site interim storagefacility was built on the premises of the Gundremmingen nuclear-power station to house the spent fuel elements from the nuclear reactor until they are transported to the final storage site.

The core of the interim storage facility’s safety concept goes by thename of CASTOR. CASTOR is a special container for fuel elements.The type envisaged for Gundremmingen can hold 52 fuel elementsand has stood the test hitherto. It shields the radiation of the spentfuel elements so well that you can stand in the immediate vicinity ofa CASTOR without coming to harm. Its design and the outstandingproperties of the material used have proved their worth for yearsnow both in the transportation of retired fuel elements and in theirtemporary storage. CASTOR has evidenced its safety in numeroustests. It must, for example, withstand a fall from a height of nine metres on to an unyielding base and survive intact a fire with a tem-perature of at least 800 °C. In addition, CASTOR withstands an earth-quake, as it does a plane crash.

23

Airlock of the on-site interim storage facility to hold the spent fu-el elements packed in CASTOR containers

24

The storage building is located on the power-plant grounds to theside of the reactor building of unit C in front of the cooling towers.It is 104 metres long, 38 metres wide and 18 metres high. The buildingis divided into a loading hall and two halls for holding CASTOR con-tainers with spent fuel elements. Seen from the outside, the buildinglooks like a conventional industrial hall. With its 85-cm-strong outerwalls and its 55-cm-thick concrete roof, however, the storage buildingis of a very robust design. Every year, the Gundremmingen powerplant produces an average of five to six CASTOR containers with retired fuel elements.

The interim storage facility offers space for max. 192 CASTOR con-tainers, so that the system is planned at all events so as to take fuelelements from the Gundremmingen power plant for its entire re-maining technical and economic operating life.

Gundremmingen consumes about 300 fuel elements a year. Afterleaving the reactor, they are taken to the fuel-storage pool insidethe reactor building. There they stay for about five years before

being packed into the CASTOR containers and placed in the on-siteinterim storage facility. The casks have two overlying lids fitted withspecial seals. An additional guard plate prevents dust and moisturereaching the lid system during storage. The tightness of the double-lid system is constantly checked by an automated monitoring systemduring the entire storage period.

For people living in the area of the power station, there is no addi-tional measurable radiation burden. This will still hold true whenthe interim storage facility is completely full. Even if you were tospend a whole year at the nearest generally accessible location, theadditional radiation, viz. just 0.1 millisievert, would be very small.This is roughly equivalent to a simple x-ray photo. The average, na-tural radiation to which everyone is exposed in Germany is 2.4 milli-sievert a year. Even inside the building, the exposure is so low thatthe operating team can work there without being harmed. The per-missible limit values under Germany's Radiation Protection Ordinanceare easily undercut.

Double-lid system

Castor

Main Body

Basket

Moderator rod

Cooling ribs

2.44 m

5.8

6m

25

Important economic factor –Secure jobs

The Gundremmingen nuclear-power station is an important econo-mic factor in the region. The plant secures the jobs of some 780 in-house staff as well as 360 specialists in third-party companies thatare constantly represented on the site. To this must be added a further1,000 jobs with numerous suppliers and service providers. The ordervolume to firms in the region totals around € 25 million annually.What is more, the location offers interesting training places foryoung people.

3,840

1,344

1,284

35

60

56

69.6

286

14,300

2,077

0.02

215

784

193

approx. 136

4,470

131x131

80 to 96

approx. 255

approx. 172

approx. 173

3.13 – 4.6

3.27 – 5.47

6,620

22,350

86.3

300

163 + 8

90 + 8

228 + 8

785

8

8,731

31.1

1,838

1,030

26


Technical data

Uranium dioxide/mixed oxide

Boron and hafnium

22 NiMoCr 37

Four-pole rotary-current generator

Condensing reaction turbine

Pre-stressed concrete with steel liner

1/3


27

Information on the location –Open for dialogue

As power-plant operator and major employer, we are part of the region in the Günzburg district. A trusting and partnership-basedrelationship with the population and an open dialogue with all thoseinterested are among our central concerns. Here, the informationcentre of the Gundremmingen nuclear-power station serves as com-munication platform. Our competent and committed staff are readyto answer any questions, and not just on technical issues. Also tothe fore of the complex discussions are various subjects round andabout energy.

We look forward to your visit!

Kernkraftwerk Gundremmingen GmbHInformationszentrum Dr.-August-Weckesser-Strasse 1 D-89355 Gundremmingen T: +49 8224 78-2231 F: +49 8224 78-3565 [email protected] www.kkw-gundremmingen.de

Opening times of the information centre: Mondays to Fridays 9:00 to 16:00 hrs Saturdays and Sundays 13:00 to 18:00 hrs closed on holidays

Axial-flow pump

Cone-flow pump

Overall plant

Thermal output of the reactor

Gross electric output

Net electric output

Gross efficiency

Auxiliary requirements unit A

unit B

Nuclear steam-generation system

Pressure at the pressure-vessel outlet

Saturated-steam temperature at the pressure-vessel outlet

Flow rate through the core

Steam quantity at the pressure-vessel outlet

Steam moisture at the pressure-vessel outlet

Final feed-water temperature

Reactor core

Number of fuel elements

Number of control rods

Fuels

Total fuel weight

Fuel elements

Total length

Cross-section surface without boxes

Number of fuel rods per fuel element

Total weight without box

Fuel weight, uranium fuel elements

Fuel weight, MOX fuel elements

Fissionable share of the uranium fuel elements

Fissionable share of the MOX fuel elements

Reactor-pressure vessel

Inside diameter

Clearance

Design pressure

Design temperature

Cylinder-wall thickness and cladding

Top-head wall thickness and cladding

Bottom-head wall thickness and cladding

Material

Total weight

Main coolant pumps

Pump type unit A

unit B

Number of pumps

Circulation amount per pump

Static delivery head

Nominal speed

Coupling power, normal operation

MW

MW

MW

%

MW

MW

bar

°C

kg/s

kg/s

% wt.

°C

t

mm

mm

kg

kg

kg

% wt.

% wt.

mm

mm

barü

°C

mm

mm

mm

t

m3/h

mFIS

min

kW

193

3,660

3,660

3

122

approx. 120

3.2

3.3

29

32.5

1,944

66

286

0.02

1

25

1,344

1/2

1,350

2/3

24.4

43,900

2

0.08

1

25

1,640

0.85

27

50

H2O

H2

H2O

2/2

5

3 × 50

3 × 50

4

3 × 33

mm

mm

cm/s

s

cm/s

s

barü

m

m

kg/s

barü

°C

% wt.

s 1

MW

mm

°C

kg/s

bar

s 1

MVA

kV

Hz

%

%

%

Control elements

Number of control elements

Absorber length

Absorber material

Control lift

Normal insertion speed

Normal insertion time

Emergency shut-down speed

Insertion time in emergency shut-down

Containment

Design pressure

Inside diameter

Clearance

Material

Steam-power system

Steam quantity at turbine inlet

Steam pressure at turbine inlet

Steam temperature at turbine inlet

Steam moisture at turbine inlet

Turbine

Type

Number

Speed

Rated power

Number of casings, HP/LP

Last-stage blade length

Number of steam extractions, HP/LP

Mean cooling-water inlet temperature

Cooling-water quantity for condensation

Number of condensers

Condenser pressure (absolute)

Generator

Type

Number

Speed

Apparent power

cos phi

Voltage

Frequency

Cooling for stator winding

Cooling for stator core

Cooling for rotor

Steam and feed-water circuit

Number of HP/LP heater trains

Number of heater stages

Number of feed-water pumps

Number of condensate pumps

Number of condensate-polishing filters

Number of main cooling-water pumps

gundremmingen nuclear-power station

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