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Gunsmithing

ContentsArticles

Gunsmith 1John Browning 10Jonathan Browning 16Val A. Browning 18John Garand 20Dieudonné Saive 22Eugene Stoner 24Mikhail Kalashnikov 26

ReferencesArticle Sources and Contributors 34Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 35

Article LicensesLicense 36

Gunsmith 1

GunsmithA gunsmith is a person who repairs, modifies, designs, or builds guns. This occupation differs from an armorer. Agunsmith does factory level repairs, renovation (such as applying metal finishes), and makes modifications andalterations for special uses. Gunsmiths may also apply carvings, engravings and other decorative features to anotherwise finished gun.

Gun shop in Mons (Belgium).

Overview

A gunsmith at work, 1613

Gunsmiths may be employed in:• factories by firearms manufacturers,• armories by military or law-enforcement agencies,•• sporting goods stores, or•• small gunsmith shops, as either the owner, or as one of a handful of

employees.To pursue the entirety of this trade, a gunsmith must possess skills as aparts fabricator, a metalworker and/or blacksmith, a woodworker, and/or anartisan; be knowledgeable in shop mathematics, ballistics, chemistry, andmaterials engineering; be knowledgeable in the use and application of avariety of hand, power, and machinists tools and measuring devices; and becapable of working accurately and precisely. Those who are (self-)employed in small gunsmith shops must also possess skills as smallbusiness operators; work effectively with a wide variety of customers; andremain abreast of, and comply with federal, state, and local laws,ordinances, and requirements.

Due to the great breadth of subject matter to be mastered, many gunsmiths specialize in only a few of the skillsrequired of the general gunsmith. Alternatively, some gunsmiths learn many of the skills of the trade, but only applythem to a few weapon types (e.g. only pistols, only shotguns, only specific brands or models).

Gunsmith 2

ResponsibilitiesThe primary technical responsibility of gunsmiths is to ensure that the guns they work on function safely.They accomplish this firstly by always properly observing gun safety handling procedures: both in their own actions,and in the actions of their customers and the people around them.They accomplish this secondly by inspecting guns to ensure safe mechanical operation. Gunsmiths use their in-depthknowledge of guns to guide these inspections: either repairing deficiencies; or notifying customers of unsafeconditions and taking steps to prevent catastrophic failures.Some of the ways that even properly handled guns can fail and endanger their users and those around them are:•• Improper Assembly•• Missing Parts•• Cracks: all cracked parts are cause for concern, but especially so in the chamber-area, bolt, bolt-lugs, or buttstock.•• Bore Obstructions: being either dented or bent barrels, or foreign material in barrels.•• Improper Headspace: dimensions concerning the relative locations of the chamber and the bolt are not within

specified tolerances.•• Improper Timing: (applies to fully automatic firearms and revolvers).•• Safety-Mechanism Malfunctions: potentially allowing a gun with the safety mechanism supposedly engaged to

unexpectedly fire.•• Worn Sear Edges: potentially allowing a firearm to unexpectedly fire when the safety mechanism is disengaged.•• Firing-Pin Tips Deformed: leading to the possibility of primer-rupture.This list is not comprehensive. Many failure modes are dependent on the particular model of firearm.

Common Tasks(listed in approximate, but not exact, order of increasing difficulty)• Disassemble, clean, inspect, lubricate & reassemble.•• Remove corrosion and touch-up finish.• Repair burred or damaged parts with files & stones.•• Replace defective parts with factory-made replacements, hand-fitting as necessary.•• Add after-market customizations:

•• sling-swivels•• recoil-pads•• iron-sights•• scopes•• grip caps•• butt plates

•• Repair and re-finish wooden stock parts.•• Checker or re-checker grip areas.• Deepen or clean up worn or damaged engravings & markings.•• Re-crown damaged muzzles on a lathe.•• Repair dented shotgun barrels.•• Install (solder) or repair rib on shotgun barrels, or repair double-barrel assemblies.• Measure & correct head-space dimensions.•• Check for excessive bore erosion.• Troubleshoot and repair feeding, ejecting & firing problems.•• Test-fire guns with conventional loads to ensure proper operation.•• Fabricate wooden stocks to customer specifications and body dimensions. Fit same to existing receiver and barrel.

Gunsmith 3

•• Glass-bed actions to stocks to improve accuracy.•• Remove existing metal finish, and re-blue metal parts.•• Fabricate replacement parts from metal stock.•• Modify trigger-pull weight through careful stoning of trigger mechanism parts.• Fire proof-loads through weapons to insure sufficient strength of parts under over-load conditions.•• Replace worn barrels, which have fired so many rounds that they are no longer of the specified caliber (which

leads to loss of accuracy).•• Change caliber or cartridge of existing rifle, by changing barrel, and modifying receiver.•• Re-cut rifling and change caliber of existing barrel.•• Design and build complete rifles by fitting stock barrels to stock receivers; fabricating or purchasing additional

parts as needed, and fitting same to rifle. Fitting custom stock to same.• Design and build a complete rifle starting with several pieces of blank steel and a slab of walnut; using nothing

more than a lathe, saws, files, chisels, & rasps.

SpecializationsWhile some gunsmiths are general practitioners in this trade, some of the more important specializations are:

Custom Builder/DesignerBuilds guns to customer's specification, from raw materials and shelf parts. Called upon by professionaltarget-shooters to create highly accurate custom rifles. Likely the most highly skilled of gunsmiths, as they arerequired not only to have proficiency in the other areas of gunsmithing, but must also be well educated in machining,in order to manufacture the individual components and springs before assembly takes place.

FinisherApplies various chemical processes (browning, bluing, Parkerization, among others) to the metal parts of guns todevelop corrosion resistant surface layers on the steel. Cyanide case hardening is a combined chemical andheat-treatment process which develops mottled tempering colors on steel surfaces: greatly valued for theirappearance. Typically, its use is usually restricted to receivers, rarely barrels. Although providing corrosionresistance, the colored surface layers are subject to wear: antique firearms for sale frequently stating what specificpercentage of the factory original case coloring remains.

Gunsmith 4

StockmakerCarves gun stocks from wood (usually walnut; although birch, maple, and apple wood, among others, are frequentlyseen). Fits stocks to the metal parts of the gun (receiver and barrel), as well as to customer's body dimensions. Theform of stocks are executed using saws, chisels, gouges, rasps, and files. The surfaces are then finished by sanding,scraping, staining, oiling, or lacquering.

Checkerer

Simulated checkering on plastic pistol grips.

Checkering tools, showing tiny saw-teeth used tocreate v-grooves.

(This specialization is frequently combined with that of theStockmaker) Uses checkering tools to create an ornate pattern of smallraised diamonds in the wood surfaces which are to be gripped. Thecheckering tools are in effect tiny saws, designed to leave a v-shapedgroove (of approximately 60 to 90 degrees) in the surface of thewooden gunstock. Special checkering tools consisting of two sawblades in parallel are used to set the spacing (between 16 to 24 linesper inch). The area to be checkered is covered by one set of suchgrooves parallel to each other. A second set of parallel grooves is thenexecuted across the first set, at approximately a 30 degree angle,leaving the area covered with small pointed diamonds. The edges ofthe checkered area are frequently ornamented with simple bas-reliefwood carving, frequently variations on the fleur-de-lis.

Gunsmith 5

A gunsmith checkering the fore-end of a rifle.

Gun Engraver

Hand Gravers: hand-powered tools to engravemetal.

Uses hand-gravers or die-sinker's chisels to cut designs or pictures intothe metal surfaces of the gun, primarily the receiver. Pneumaticallydriven engraving systems, such as the Gravermeister, developed byGRS Tools, may be used to replace or supplement hand-poweredengraving. Other metals (especially gold and silver) may be inlaid andengraved to further the design. Designs usually consist of elaboratescroll-work based upon Acanthus leaves or vines, or may be of purelyabstract spirals. The pictures are usually of game animals or birds, andhunting dogs. Before the development of corrosion resistant surfacetreatments for steel, gun surfaces were engraved to retain more oil toprevent rust. In modern usage, guns are engraved purely for artisticreasons. Top grade engraving may add significantly to the value ofquality firearms.

PistolsmithSpecializes in work on pistols and revolvers. Pistolsmiths should be proficient in a range of skills such aswoodworking, checkering, machining, metal finishing and metalworking. They must have an excellentunderstanding of the mechanical characteristics and function of the guns they work on. Often a pistolsmith is calledon for extensive customization of a handgun. A good pistolsmith can turn a poorly constructed firearm into one thatlooks and handles much better.

Gunsmith 6

(Niche) ManufacturerSome gunsmiths used their experience and skills to become small-operation manufacturers, specializing in makingonly a few types of gun parts, for sale to other gunsmiths and gunmakers. Some of the more important partcategories are:•• barrels•• trigger assemblies•• receivers•• locks (as in 'flint-locks')

Training and educationIn general, gunsmiths develop and expand their skills through years of experience.Some common ways to get started in gunsmithing include:• Community colleges and correspondence courses offer various courses of study (less than two years long) leading

to a degree or a certification. Well-known schools offering training in the trade include the Murray State Collegegunsmithing program, the Pennsylvania Gunsmith School, the Trinidad State Junior College Gunsmithingprogram, the Yavapai College Gunsmithing School and the Colorado School of Trades.[1]

• Military Training:• The U.S. Army trains and employs MOS 45B – Small Arms Repairmen. (was redesignated MOS 91F in Spring

of 2004)[2]

•• The U.S. Air Force trains and employs Combat Arms Instructors (Firearms instructors and small armsrepairers)AFSC(MOS) 3P0X1B.

• The U.S. Marine Corps trains and employs MOS 2111 and MOS 2112.[3]

• The U.S. Navy trains and employs Gunner's Mates (GM).• Apprenticeships: learn directly from active gunsmiths. Talk with gunsmiths in your area, and offer your help

around the shop in exchange for learning about this trade.• The National Rifle Association offers short courses in many common tasks and skills of professional

gunsmithing.Basic machinist skills, while not limited to gunsmithing, are of great help to aspiring gunsmiths. These may includeboth machine and hand-tool operations, such as metal turning, drilling, filing, stoning or polishing.News of the most highly skilled and talented gunsmiths typically spreads by word of mouth, based on the quality oftheir work. The very best and most talented gunsmiths command premium prices for their services, and may havewaiting lists booked for several years in advance.

DIY gunsmithingSee also: Improvised firearmDo-it-yourself gun making has been practiced by many people around the world. Especially in certain third-worldcountries as Afghanistan, Yemen and other countries in the Middle East, diy-gunsmithing has become a necessaryexpediency.

Notable gunsmiths• John Browning, American firearms inventor. The designer of the Browning Automatic Rifle and father of Val

Browning.• Jonathan Browning, the American pioneer and firearms inventor and father of John Moses Browning.• Val A. Browning, American firearms inventor.

Gunsmith 7

• John Garand, Canadian-American firearms designer. Noted as the designer of the M1 Garand• Dieudonné Saive, Belgian small arms designer who designed the FN Model 1949 and the FN FAL.• Eugene Stoner, American firearms designer. Noted as the designer of the AR-15, later adopted as the M16 Rifle.• Mikhail Kalashnikov, Soviet Russian firearms designer. Noted for creating the AK-47 and AK-74 line of assault

rifles and sub-machine guns.

Legal RequirementsMain article: Gun lawsIn many countries of the world, the possession and ownership of firearms by civilians is highly restricted or outrightillegal. The practice of gunsmithing is therefore typically restricted, licensed, and/or regulated. In somecircumstances the only legal firearms-related repairs are by individuals trained and employed by the military orpolice. These individuals are known as Armorers. Typically, their skill level is usually far below that of the privateor artisan Gunsmith. Where the Gunsmith frequently has to design, manufacture and fit parts ranging from smallinternal parts and assemblies, the Armorer usually only has to replace standard interchangeable parts belonging toonly one type, series, or family of military-related firearms. They typically are furnished a large inventory ofstandard parts that are known to wear and cause malfunctions in the "weapons" they will encounter, and they aresimply trained to replace these items until satisfactory function is restored.In the regions where ownership is permitted but limited and/or restricted to those individuals able to afford the costsof acquiring and owning a firearm, the firearms that are allowed tend to be fewer in number and possess levels ofcraftsmanship and decoration that approach that of an art object instead of simply a device to expel a projectile.Gunsmithing in these regions (as in Germany and Britain) is concerned with the hand-crafting of completelycustom-made firearms tailored to the requirements of the owner.

GermanyMain article: Gun politics in GermanyGermany has a tradition of hunting, but this is generally a complicated undertaking that limits its participation.Firearms possession is highly regulated by the police, and most hunters own only one long gun and perhaps a singlepistol. One of Germany's more unique firearm developments is the Drilling, a multi-barrel gun that may incorporatea double-barreled shotgun above with a high-powered single-shot barrel below. These typically have highlysophisticated breech mechanisms, precise fitting, and are hand-engraved by artists specializing in this work. Thestocks are usually fitted to the individual and are very expensive wood with highly figured grain.

ItalyMain article: Gun politics in ItalyItaly has a rich history of gunmaking and gunsmithing going back several hundred years with the production ofmatchlock, flintlock, and caplock rifles and pistols. The city of Brescia, Italy and specifically its suburb of GardoneVal Trompia is historical home to a number of firearm manufacturers and gunsmiths. Firearm ownership is heavilyrestricted by the Italian government. Private ownership of various types and numbers of firearms is allowed

JapanDuring the Tokugawa period in Japan, starting in the 17th century, the government imposed very restrictive controlson the small number of gunsmiths in the nation, thereby ensuring the almost total prohibition of firearms. Japan, inthe postwar period, has had gun regulation which is strict in principle. Gun licensing is required, and is heavilyregulated by the National Police Agency of Japan. The weapons law begins by stating "No-one shall possess afire-arm or fire-arms or a sword or swords", and very few exceptions are allowed.[4]

Gunsmith 8

United KingdomMain article: Gun politics in the United KingdomEngland makes some of the most expensive hand-crafted firearms in the world, despite a highly restrictive ownershipenvironment. But, as the Gunsmith's patrons are usually well able to afford the high ownership fees and stringentstorage requirements, the price of the arm is only secondary. Decoration of these arms, typically double-barreledshotguns, is on par with the plates used to mint currency and is priced about the same. Several of the other Europeancountries follow this pattern, as in Italy, where the art of the Gunsmith has also reached a high level ofsophistication. These craftsmen may specialize as in the case of the Gun Engraver and Stockmaker. Generally, thesecraftsmen-artists serve long apprenticeships under Master Gunmakers. They may also be members of Guilds whichsets up apprentice programs (often sponsored by the Governments in these countries as highly crafted firearms areimportant items in the export trade), supervise training, and conduct exams where the Journeyman-level Gunsmithssubmit sample firearms of their own work in order to be admitted the Guild membership. Many of these artists canonly be regarded as "Gunmakers" instead of Gunsmiths, and do repairs only on the very highest grade firearms.Many are able to make substantial livelihood. Many women also participate in these firms, with some of the mostexquisite engraving decoration originating as their work.Wikipedia:Citation needed

United States of AmericaMain article: Gun politics in the United StatesIn the United States, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) is the primary federal agencyoverseeing all legitimate businesses that deal with firearms, with the exception of firearms made before January 1,1899 or muzzle loading firearms. The ATF is in charge of the licensing of all legitimate firearms dealers andGunsmiths in the US that engage in business with the public. The issuance of a Federal Firearms License (FFL)involves a thorough background investigation and an inspection of the Gunsmith's premises by an Agent of the ATF.The ATF requires all gunsmiths to record all repairs, noting the serial numbers, type of firearm, caliber or gauge, andfull particulars of the owner, with an accepted form of Identification ID to be presented and recorded. Gunsmiths arerequired to maintain these records in a permanent, non-alterable form.The ATF inspects the premises of all licensed gunsmiths with unannounced visits at periodic intervals. The ATF isgranted the power by the US Government to initiate the prosecution in US Federal Court of gunsmiths that wilfullyomit or violate these provisions. Punishment can range from losing their FFL (and therefore the privilege to engagein any firearms-related business), to fines and in severe cases, such as conspiring to supply the criminal element withblack market weaponry, imprisonment in a Federal prison.Gunsmiths who lack sophisticated machine shop capabilities must understand the law. Enlisting an unlicensed (noFFL) machine shop to create gun receivers can be illegal. Other common parts such as grips, barrels, triggers, sights,magazines, recoil springs, and stocks can be manufactured freely, but all receiver development work does requirelicensing.[5]

Generally, gunsmiths cannot undertake the repair of a firearm they believe is illegally held by a person not permittedto own a firearm (a convicted felon, for instance) or one that otherwise violates the laws where the owner resides.The ownership of firearms in the US is governed by local laws. These laws and regulations vary greatly from state tostate, county to county, city to city, and potentially across all jurisdictional lines.Additionally, modifications to firearms made by gunsmiths are restricted as well. The ATF specifies whatmodifications are permitted or not permitted and to which firearms that may or may not be applied.These laws may also vary by:•• firearm type (handgun? longarm? rifle? shotgun?)•• firearm model (semi-automatic? full automatic? caliber?)•• intended modification (minimum barrel length? magazine size? fully automatic?)

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•• customer or recipient (legal owner? felon? background check?)•• quantity of firearms (how many per week? per month?)

References[1] List of Gunsmithing Schools (http:/ / www. gunsmithingschoolshq. net/ list-of-gunsmithing-schools)[2] United States Army (http:/ / www. goarmy. com)[3] United States Marine Corps (http:/ / www. marines. com)[4][4] "Law Controlling Possession, Etc. of Fire-Arms and Swords" (1978), Law No 6, Art 3, EHS Law Bulletin Series, No 3920.[5] http:/ / www. practicalmachinist. com/ vb/ gunsmithing/ gunsmithing-machine-shop-law-195449/

• Acker, Steve (1989–2000). The Gunsmith Machinist. Traverse City, Michigan: Village Press, Inc.ISBN 0-941653-63-3. - LOC 00-109501.

• Austyn, Christopher (1998). Gun Engraving. Safari Press. ISBN 1-57157-124-8. - LOC 98-61281.• Brownell, Frank (1969). Gunsmith Kinks: A Fascinating and Widely Varied Accumulation of Shop Kinks, short

cuts, Techniques and Comments sent by Practicing Gunsmiths from all over the World to F.R."Bob" Brownell.Montezuma, Iowa: F.Brownell & on, Publishers. - LOC 77-90353.

• Dunlap, Roy F. (1950,1963). Gunsmithing: A Manual of Firearms Design, Alteration and Remodeling. ForAmateur and Professional Gunsmiths and Users of Modern Firearms. Stackpole Books. ISBN 08117-0770-9. -LOC 63-21755.

• Hartliep, Neil (1994). The Basics of Firearms Engraving: a manual of the NRA Gunsmithing Schools Program.Montezuma, Iowa: F. Brownell & Son, Publishers.

• Henderson, David R. (2003). Gunsmithing Shotguns: A Basic Guide to Care and Repair. Guilford Connecticut:Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59228-091-9.

• Lautard, Guy (1986). The Machinist's Bedside Reader: Projects, hints, tips and anecdotes of the trade. WestVancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Guy Lautard. ISBN 0-9690980-2-2.

• Meek, James B. (1973). The Art of Engraving. Montezuma, Iowa: F. Brownell & Son, Publishers, Inc. LOC73-84371.

• Newell, A.Donald (1949). Gunstock Finishing & Care: A Textbook, covering the various Means and Methods bywhich modern Protective and Decorative Coatings may be applied in the correct and suitable Finishing of Gunand Rifle Stocks. For Amateur and Professional Use. Georgetown, South Carolina: Small-Arms TechnicalPublishing Company.

• Stelle & Harrison, J.P. & Wm.B. (1883). The Gunsmith's Manual; a Complete Handbook for the AmericanGunsmith, being a Practical Guide to all Branches of the Trade. 29 & 31 Beekman St, New York: ExcelsiorPublishing House. - Republished in April 1945 by Thomas G. Samworth, Plantersville, South Carolina.

• Towsley, Bryce M. (2006). Gunsmithing Made Easy. Stoeger Publishing Company. ISBN 0-88317-294-1. - LOC2004109586.

• Turpin, Tom (1997). Modern Custom Guns: Walnut, Steel, and Uncommon Artistry. Krause Publications.ISBN 0-87341-499-3. - LOC 97-073035.

• Wilson, R.L. (1995). Steel Canvas: The Art of American Arms. Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-7858-1891-X.

John Browning 10

John BrowningFor other people named John Browning, see John Browning (disambiguation).

John Moses Browning

Personal Info

Born January 23, 1855 Ogden, Utah, U.S.

Died November 26, 1926 (aged 71) Liege, Belgium

Age 71

Religion The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Relations Rachel Child (wife)Jonathan Browning (father)Val A. Browning (son)John Val Browning (grandson)

Awards John Scott Medal (1905)Order of Léopold (1914)

Company info

Name Browning Arms Company

Foundation 1927, Utah

Fate 1977, acquired as a subsidiary by Fabrique Nationale de Herstal (FN)

Company value US$3.5 billion

Headquarters Mountain Green, Utah

Notable Weapons

Pistols M1911 pistol, Browning Hi-Power, Colt Woodsman

Rifles Winchester Model 1892, Remington Model 8, Winchester 1890, Winchester Model 1885

Automaticrifles

Browning Automatic Rifle

Shotguns Browning Auto-5, Browning Superposed, Winchester Model 1897

Machine guns M2 Browning .50 cal., M1919 air cooled .30 cal., M1895 'potato digger' .30-06 Springfield, water cooledM1917 .30 cal.

John Moses Browning (January 23, 1855 – November 26, 1926), born in Ogden, Utah, was an American firearms designer who developed many varieties of military and civilian firearms, cartridges, and gun mechanisms, many of which are still in use around the world.[1] He is regarded as one of the most successful firearms designers of the 20th century, in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms, and is credited with 128 gun

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patents.[2] He made his first firearm at age 13 in his father's gun shop, and was awarded his first patent on October 7,1879 at the age of 24.[3]

Browning influenced nearly all categories of firearms design. He invented or made significant improvements tosingle-shot, lever-action, and slide-action, rifles and shotguns. His most significant contributions were arguably inthe area of autoloading firearms. He developed the first autoloading pistols that were both reliable and compact byinventing the telescoping bolt, integrating the bolt and barrel shroud into what is known as the pistol slide.Browning's telescoping bolt design is now found on nearly every modern semi-automatic pistol, as well as severalmodern fully automatic weapons. He also developed the first gas-operated machine gun, the Colt-Browning Model1895—a system that surpassed mechanical recoil operation to become the standard for most high-power self-loadingfirearm designs worldwide. Browning also made significant contributions to automatic cannon development.Browning's most successful designs include the M1911 pistol, the Browning Hi Power pistol, the Browning .50caliber machine gun, the Browning Automatic Rifle, and the Browning Auto-5, a ground-breaking semi-automaticshotgun. These arms are nearly identical today to those assembled by Browning, with only minor changes in detailand cosmetics. Even today, John Browning's guns are still some of the most copied guns in the world.

BiographyBrowning was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and served a two-year mission inGeorgia beginning on March 28, 1887. His father Jonathan Browning, who was among the thousands of Mormonpioneers in the mass exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois to Utah, established a gunsmith shop in Ogden in 1852.John Moses worked in his father's Ogden shop from the age of seven, where he was taught basic engineering andmanufacturing principles, and encouraged to experiment with new concepts. He developed his first rifle, asingle-shot falling block action design, then founded his own manufacturing operation, in partnership with hisyounger brother Matthew Sandifer Browning, and began to produce this firearm.

John M. Browning and Winchester Repeating Arms CompanyProduction examples of the Model 1885 Single Shot Rifle caught the attention of the Winchester Repeating ArmsCompany, who dispatched a representative to evaluate the competition. Winchester bought the design for $8,000 andmoved production to their Connecticut factory. From 1883, Browning worked in partnership with Winchester anddesigned a series of rifles and shotguns, most notably the lever action Winchester Model 1887 and the Model 1897pump shotgun, the falling block single shot Model 1885, and the lever-action Model 1886, Model 1892, Model 1894,Model 1895 rifles as well as the long recoil operated semi-automatic Remington Model 8 rifle, many of which arestill in production today in some form; over seven million Model 1894s have been produced, more than any othercenterfire sporting rifle.[4]

Winchester manufactured several popular small arms designed by John M. Browning. For decades in the late 19thCentury-early 20th Century, Browning designs and Winchester firearms were synonymous and the collaboration washighly successful. This came to an end when Browning proposed a new long recoil operated semi-automatic shotgundesign, a prototype finished in 1898, to Winchester management, which ultimately became the Browning Auto-5shotgun. As was the custom of the time, Browning's earlier designs had been licensed exclusively to Winchester (andother manufacturers) for a single fee payment. With this new product, Browning introduced in his negotiations acontinuous royalty fee based upon unit sales, rather than a single front-end fee payment. If the new shotgun becamehighly successful, Browning stood to make substantially more fee income over the prior license fee arrangements.Winchester management was displeased with the bold change in their relationship, and rejected Browning's offer.Remington Arms was also approached, however the president of Remington died of a heart attack as Browningwaited to offer them the gun. This forced Browning to look overseas to produce the shotgun.

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Having recently successfully negotiated firearm licenses with Fabrique Nationale de Herstal of Belgium (FN),Browning took the new shotgun design to FN; the offer was accepted and FN manufactured the new shotgun,honoring its inventor, as the Browning Auto-5. The Browning Auto-5 was continuously manufactured as a highlypopular shotgun throughout the 20th century. In response, Winchester shifted reliance on John Browning designswhen it adopted a hammerless shotgun design of Thomas Crossley Johnson for the new Winchester Model 1911 SL,(Johnson had to work around Browning's patents of what became the Auto-5) and the new Model 1912 pumpshotgun, which was based in small part upon design features of the earlier Browning-designed Winchester Model1897 shotgun. This shift marked the end of an era of Winchester-Browning collaboration.

Later work and life

Browning in his later years

John Browning was known as a dedicated and tireless innovator andexperimenter who sought breakthrough consumer-oriented features andperformance and reliability improvements in small arms designs. He did notretire from his career in his elder years, but dedicated his entire adult life -literally to his last day - to these pursuits. On November 26, 1926, while workingat the bench on a self-loading pistol design for Fabrique Nationale de Herstal(FN) in Liège, he died of heart failure in the design shop of his son Val A.Browning. Even the 9 mm self-loading pistol he was working on when he diedhad great design merit and was eventually completed in 1935, by Belgiandesigner Dieudonne Saive. Released as the Fabrique Nationale GP35, it wasmore popularly known as the successful Browning Hi-Power pistol, a favorite ofsportsmen and law enforcement.

The premium priced Browning Superposed shotgun, an over-under shotgundesign for the ages, was his last completed firearm design and possibly his mostelegant. It was marketed originally with twin triggers; a single trigger

modification was later completed by his son, Val Browning. Commercially introduced in 1931 by FN, BrowningSuperposed shotguns, and their more affordable cousins, the Browning Citori made in Asia, continue to bemanufactured into the 21st Century, and come with varying grades of fine hand engraving and premium qualitywood.

Throughout his life, Browning designed a vast array of military and civilian small arms for his own company, as wellas for Winchester, Colt, Remington, Savage, and Fabrique Nationale de Herstal of Belgium. Browning firearms havebeen made, both licensed and unlicensed, by hundreds of factories around the world. Browning Arms Company wasestablished in 1927, the year after Browning's death. In 1977, FN Herstal acquired the company.

ProductsSeveral of Browning's designs are still in production today. Some of his most notable designs include:

Cartridges•• .25 ACP•• .32 ACP•• .38 ACP•• 9mm Browning Long•• .380 ACP•• .45 ACP•• .50 BMG

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Firearms• FN M1899/M1900 (.32 ACP)• Colt Model 1900 (.38 ACP)• Colt Model 1902 (.38 ACP)• Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammer (.38 ACP)• FN Model 1903 (.32 ACP, 9mm Browning Long)• Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless (.32 ACP)• FN Model 1906 Vest Pocket (.25 ACP)• Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket (.25 ACP)• Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless (.380 ACP)• FN Model 1910 (.32 ACP, .380 ACP)• U.S. M1911 pistol (.45 ACP)• Browning Hi-Power (9mm Parabellum)• Colt Woodsman pistol (.22 LR)• Savage/Stevens Model 720 long-recoil semi-automatic shotgun• Stevens Model 520/620 pump-action repeating shotgun• Winchester Model 1885 falling-block single shot rifle• Winchester Model 1886 lever-action repeating rifle• Winchester Model 1887 lever-action repeating shotgun• Winchester Model 1890 slide-action repeating rifle (.22 LR)• Winchester Model 1892 lever-action repeating rifle• Winchester Model 1893 pump-action repeating shotgun• Winchester Model 1894 lever-action repeating rifle• Winchester Model 1895 lever-action repeating rifle• Winchester Model 1897 pump-action repeating shotgun• Winchester Model 1900 bolt-action single shot rifle (.22 LR)• Browning Auto-5 long-recoil semi-automatic shotgun• Browning Superposed over/under shotgun• Remington Model 8 semi-auto rifle• Remington Model 17 pump-action repeating shotgun• Browning 22 Semi-Auto rifle (.22 LR)• Remington Model 24 semi-auto rifle (.22 LR)• FN Trombone pump-action rifle (.22 LR)• U.S. M1895 air-cooled gas-operated machine gun• U.S. M1917 water-cooled recoil-operated machine gun• U.S. M1919 air-cooled recoil-operated machine gun• U.S. M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR)• U.S. M2 .50-caliber heavy machine gun• U.S. M4 37mm Automatic Gun

Military weaponsThe M1895 Machine Gun saw action in the Spanish–American War with the United States Marines. The Colt M1911, Browning 1917/19, and the BAR saw action with US forces in World War I, World War II and the Korean War, with the Browning M1911 going on to serve as the U.S.'s standard military side arm until 1985; a variant is still used by special operations units of the United States Marine Corps and the design remains very popular amongst civilian shooters and some police departments. The Browning Hi-Power has a similarly lengthy period of service

John Browning 14

outside the United States, and remains the standard side arm of the Australian and Canadian armed forces. The M2Browning machine gun, the timeless .50 caliber "Ma-Deuce", which was developed in 1918, entered service with theUS Armed Forces in 1921, and remains in active service for nearly a century with armed forces across the world in avariety of roles. The M4 cannon, a 37mm autocannon, was initially designed by Browning in 1921, and enteredservice in 1938; it was used both in aircraft and on the U.S. Navy PT boat during World War II.

Selected patents• U.S. Patent 220,271 [5] Winchester 1885 single-shot rifle, Browning's first patent• U.S. Patent 306,577 [6] Winchester 1886 and Model 71 lever action rifles• U.S. Patent 336,287 [7] Winchester Model 1887/1901 lever action shotgun• U.S. Patent 385,238 [8] Winchester 1890 pump action rifle• U.S. Patent 441,390 [9] Winchester 1893 and 1897 pump action shotguns• U.S. Patent 465,339 [10] Winchester 1892 lever action rifle• U.S. Patent 524,702 [11] Winchester 1894 lever action rifle• U.S. Patent 544,657 [12] Colt-Browning Model 1895 machine gun• U.S. Patent 549,345 [13] Winchester 1895 lever action rifle• U.S. Patent 580,924 [14] Colt 1900 automatic pistol• U.S. Patent 632,094 [15] Winchester 1900 bolt action single shot .22 rifle• U.S. Patent 689,283 [16] Browning Auto-5 shotgun, also Remington Model 11 and Savage 720• U.S. Patent 659,786 [17] Remington Model 8 semi-automatic rifle• U.S. Patent 678,937 [18] M1917 Browning machine gun• U.S. Patent 747,585 [19] Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless automatic pistol• U.S. Patent 781,765 [20] Stevens 520 pump action shotgun• U.S. Patent 808,003 [21] Colt Model 1905 in .45 ACP (predecessor to the M1911)• U.S. Patent 947,478 [22] FN Model 1906 and Colt Model 1908 Vest Pocket in .25 ACP• U.S. Patent 984,519 [23] Colt 1911• U.S. Patent 1,065,341 [24] Browning 22 Semi-Auto rifle and Remington model 24• U.S. Patent 1,143,170 [25] Remington Model 17 and Ithaca 37 pump action shotguns• U.S. Patent 1,276,716 [26] Colt Woodsman• U.S. Patent 1,293,022 [27] Browning Automatic Rifle Model of 1918• U.S. Patent 1,424,553 [28] FN "Trombone" pump action .22 caliber repeater (Rare in USA)• U.S. Patent 1,525,065 [29] 37 mm automatic cannons, M1 and M4• U.S. Patent 1,578,638 [30] Browning Superposed over/under shotgun• U.S. Patent 1,618,510 [31] FN and Browning Hi-Power pistol• U.S. Patent 1,628,226 [32] M2 Browning machine gun in .50 BMG

John Browning 15

References[1] Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production, p. 152, 156-9, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.[2] "By 1900, over 75% of the repeating sporting arms on the United States market, both lever and pump, were of John's invention." Browning

Firearms Collection (http:/ / files. asme. org/ ASMEORG/ Communities/ History/ Landmarks/ 5508. pdf) brochure from The AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers

[3] Encyclopædia Britannica online, "John Moses Browning" (http:/ / p2. www. britannica. com/ eb/ article-9016723/ John-Moses-Browning).[4][4] Harold A. Murtz, ed. Gun Digest Treasury (DBI Books, 1994), p. 190.[5] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US220271[6] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US306577[7] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US336287[8] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US385238[9] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US441390[10] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US465339[11] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US524702[12] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US544657[13] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US549345[14] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US580924[15] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US632094[16] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US689283[17] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US659786[18] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US678937[19] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US747585[20] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US781765[21] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US808003[22] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US947478[23] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US984519[24] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1065341[25] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1143170[26] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1276716[27] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1293022[28] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1424553[29] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1525065[30] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1578638[31] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1618510[32] http:/ / www. google. com/ patents/ US1628226

• Browning, John, and Curt Gentry. John M. Browning, American Gunmaker. New York: Doubleday, 1964. OCLC1329440

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Browning.

• The Ogden Union Station Browning Museum (http:/ / theunionstation. org/ index. php/ museums-2/john-m-browning-firearms-museum/ )

• M-1911 Pistol History (http:/ / www. m1911. org/ full_history. htm)• 1911 Pistol Photo Reference Site Past Items Sold at Auction (http:/ / www. 1911pistols. org)

Jonathan Browning 16

Jonathan BrowningFor the businessman, see Jonathan Browning (UK businessman).

Jonathan Browning

Personal Info

Birth October 22, 1805, Sumner County, Tennessee

Death June 21, 1879, Ogden, Utah

Aged 73

Religion The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)

Relations John M Browning (son)Val A Browning (grandson)

Notable Gun

Rifles Harmonica Gun

Jonathan Browning (October 22, 1805 – June 21, 1879) was an American inventor and gunmaker. Born in SumnerCounty, Tennessee, he started earning a living as a blacksmith and later switched to become a lock and gunsmith. Heinvented a 'sliding breech' repeating rifle also called a Harmonica gun between 1834 and 1842 while living inQuincy, Illinois. He achieved success with the Harmonica gun and he received many orders. It is estimated that eachHarmonica gun took 2 weeks to make, and Browning sold the guns for twenty-four dollars.With his local prominence in Quincy, Browning was elected the justice of the peace. He came to know a younglawyer by the name of Abraham Lincoln who was an overnight guest in his home on at least two occasions.In October 1838, Governor Lilburn Boggs issued the Extermination Order that caused the Mormon followers ofJoseph Smith to flee Missouri. In his capacity as a judge, Browning came into contact with many of the Mormonexiles. Curious about the new settlement of Mormons in the swampy lands of Nauvoo, Illinois, Browning paid a visitto Nauvoo. His meeting with Mormon Prophet Joseph Smith caused Browning to convert to the Mormon faith. Hisconversion led to him being ostracized by the community in Quincy. Browning sold his gun shop and land inQuincy.He moved to Nauvoo, Illinois and joined the Mormon community in 1842, where he established a gun shop. Gunsthat Browning produced during these times were labeled "Holiness to the Lord - Our Preservation." [1] The BrowningGun Shop [2] has been restored as a museum, and is open to the public at no charge.Browning fled Illinois with Brigham Young in late 1846 to escape religious persecution. He settled in the temporaryMormon community of Council Bluffs, Iowa (then called Kanesville in honor of Thomas L. Kane) and repaired gunsfor the Mormon settlers who were migrating to Utah. He was awaiting Brigham Young to invite him to join the mainbody of settlers in Utah. When the Mormon Battalion was formed during the War with Mexico, Browning wanted tojoin them, but was told by Young that his skills would not be needed by the soldiers as much as they would by themain body of pioneers in Kanesville.As was common in the Mormon community at that time, Jonathan Browning was a polygamist, having taken threewives. He fathered 19 children; prominent among them was the gun designer, John Moses Browning, one of themost important figures in the development of modern automatic and semi-automatic firearms.Browning received the word to join the main party of Mormon settlers in 1852. He left his gunshop in Iowa and migrated across the Rocky Mountains as the captain of a group of pioneers. He arrived with six wagons and six hundred dollars in the Salt Lake Valley. Browning moved to Ogden, Utah and established a gun shop there. His activities were limited to repairs in the Ogden shop, however. His son John Moses recalled, "We ridiculed some of

Jonathan Browning 17

the guns we fixed, and I damned some of them when Pappy wasn't near, but it never occurred to us to make betterones. He was too old, and I was too young."

References• John Browning & Curt Gentry. John M. Browning, American Gunmaker. New York: Doubleday, 1964.

External links• Jonathan Browning Home and Gun Shop [3]

References[1] http:/ / upload. wikimedia. org/ wikipedia/ en/ 2/ 22/ Browning_Gun_Label. jpg[2] http:/ / www. historicnauvoo. net/ 2010/ 01/ browning-home-gunsmith-shop/[3] http:/ / www. lds. org/ locations/ jonathon-browning-nauvoo-home-and-gun-shop

Val A. Browning 18

Val A. Browning

Val Allen Browning

Lt. Val Browning with the Browning Automatic Rifle

Born August 20, 1895Ogden, Utah

Died May 16, 1994 (aged 98)Ogden, Utah

Allegiance United States

Service/branch United States Army

Years of service 1917–1918

Rank 1st Lieutenant

Unit 79th Infantry Division

Awards Order of Leopold

Relations John M Browning (father)Jonathan Browning (grandfather)

Other work industrialist, philanthropist, gun manufacturer

Val Allen Browning (August 20, 1895 – May 16, 1994) was an American industrialist, philanthropist and thirdgeneration gun innovator. His grandfather, Jonathan Browning, opened a gun shop in Ogden, Utah in 1852 and hisfather, John Browning, is regarded as one of the most successful firearms designers of the 20th century.[1]

LifeBorn in Ogden, Utah Territory, Browning graduated from Ogden High School in 1913 and later studied law andengineering at Cornell University.In 1918, Browning was commissioned as a second lieutenant with the United States Army, and served with the 79th Infantry Division at Verdun. In 1920, he became the manager of the manufacturing of John Browning guns in Liege, Belgium, and served as his father's personal representative to the Fabrique Nationale de Herstal company. Upon his father's death in 1926, Browning had the responsibility of completing the projects that were not finished by his father, including the Browning Superposed shotgun and the Browning Hi-Power pistol (GP-35) (the latter in

Val A. Browning 19

cooperation with his father's Belgian assistant, Dieudonné Saive).In 1924, Browning married Ann Chaffin (1901–1975) of Farmington, Utah and they had four children. They lived inBelgium until 1935 when Browning returned to Utah as President of Browning Arms Company.Browning received 48 gun patents during his career, compared to his father John Browning's 128 American gunpatents. In 1955, Val Browning was awarded Knighthood in the Order of Léopold by King Baudouin of Belgium foran "outstanding contribution to the Gun Making Art;" an honor that had been bestowed upon his father in 1914.Browning spent his career representing business interests in the United States and Europe. In addition to chairingBrowning Arms, he served as director of the First Security Corporation, Utah International, Amalgamated SugarCompany, and the Mountain Fuel Supply Company. Through the 1940s purchase of some of the shares of W. L.Wattis of his founding shares in Utah Construction Company, Browning shared in the substantial gains in the sale ofUtah International. Browning was a benefactor of the Dixie State University and Weber State University and hisdonation of his substantial collection of European fine art formed the basis of the Utah Museum of Fine Artsmasterwork paintings.Browning died in 1994. He was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Notes[1] "By 1900, over 75% of the repeating sporting arms on the United States market, both lever and pump, were of John's invention." Browning

Firearms Collection (http:/ / files. asme. org/ ASMEORG/ Communities/ History/ Landmarks/ 5508. pdf) brochure from The AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers

References•• Schwing, Neil. The Browning Superposed, John M. Browning's Last Legacy. ISBN 0-87341-350-4

External links• Val A. Browning Center (http:/ / www. weber. edu/ browningcenter)• Utah Museum of Fine Arts (http:/ / www. umfa. utah. edu)• Obituary of son (http:/ / www. legacy. com/ DeseretNews/ Obituaries. asp?Page=LifeStory& PersonId=878736),

John Val Browning - Deseret News

John Garand 20

John GarandFor other uses, see Garand (disambiguation).

Jean (John) Cantius Garand

Garand points out features of his M1 Rifle to Army generals

Born January 1, 1888St. Rémi, Quebec

Died February 16, 1974 (aged 86)Springfield, Massachusetts, USA

Nationality Canadian-American

Occupation Designer, Engineer

Years active 1917-1953

Employer Springfield Armory

Known for First successful semi-automatic rifle put into active military service

Notable work(s) M1 Garand

Awards Meritorious Service Medal in 1941Medal for Merit in 1944

Jean Cantius Garand (/ˈɡærənd/; January 1, 1888 – February 16, 1974) was a Canadian-American designer offirearms best known for creating the first successful semi-automatic rifle to be widely used in active military service,the M1 Garand.Garand was born in St. Rémi, Quebec in a French Canadian family,[1] and moved as a child to Jewett City,Connecticut. He attended school until he was 11 years old, and then became employed in a textile mill, where he waslater promoted to machinist. After gaining the necessary experience, he was hired by a tool factory in Providence,Rhode Island.His fondness for machinery and target shooting blended naturally into a hobby of designing guns, which howevertook a more vocational turn in 1917. That year the United States Army took bids on designs for a light machine gun,and Garand's design was eventually selected by the War Department. Garand was appointed to a position with theUnited States Bureau of Standards with the task of perfecting the weapon. The first model was not built until 1919,too late for use in World War I, but the government kept Garand on in a position as consulting engineer with theSpringfield Armory.In this position he was tasked with designing a semi-automatic infantry rifle and carbine. Designing the rifle took several preliminary designs and quite a bit of detail work stretching over fifteen years to perfect the model to Army specifications. The resulting M1 Garand was patented by Garand in 1934 and began mass production in 1936. In the

John Garand 21

late 1940s and early 1950s, Garand had designed and built a prototype bullpup rifle. It fired the same cartridge as theM1 rifle, but the magazine, action and shape were completely different. It was a select-fire design, and had a firingrate of about 600rpm. When Garand retired in 1953, the second version of the T31 was incomplete, and remained so.The project was scrapped, and the gun was retired to the Springfield Armory museum in 1961.For his work with the Springfield Armory, Garand was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal in 1941, and the firstMedal for Merit (together with Albert Hoyt Taylor) on March 28, 1944. Garand never received any royalties fromhis design. A bill was introduced in Congress to award him $100,000 in appreciation, but did not pass. Garandremained in his consulting position until his retirement in 1953, and died in Springfield, Massachusetts in 1974.Garand married French Canadian widow Nellie Bruce Shepard (3 Aug 1900 - 25 Feb 1986) on 6 Sep 1930 inAlbany, NY. She had two daughters by her previous marriage, and they had a daughter and a son of theirown.[2][3][4][5]

PronunciationPronunciation of the name Garand is often disputed, being pronounced variably as /ɡəˈrænd/ or /ˈɡærənd/.Descendants of John Garand and his close friend Julian Hatcher generally agree that it is the latter, rhymingapproximately 'errand.'[6]

References[1] All the Garand in North America have Pierre Garand (~1643 - 1700) from Rouen France, as common ancestor. See also Pierre Garand,

Canadian modern singer.[2][2] 1930 US Census; 7 Apr 1930; Springfield, MA; Sheet 5B; line 98[3][3] 1940 US Census; 16 Apr 1940; Springfield, MA; Sheet 13B; line 72[4][4] Wedding announcement; The Springfield Republican; 5 Oct 1930; page 6[5][5] John C. Garand obituary: The Springfield Republican; 17 Feb 1974; page 62[6] Keefe, Mark A., IV "Garand Pronunciation" American Rifleman July 2012 p.36

• Springfield Armory Website (http:/ / www. nps. gov/ spar/ historyculture/ john-garand. htm)• T31 Rifle Information (http:/ / www. thefirearmblog. com/ blog/ 2010/ 02/ 08/ garand-t31-aka-bullpup-30/ )• Springfield Armory Museum Collections on the T31 (http:/ / www. museum. nps. gov/ spar/ vfpcgi.

exe?IDCFile=/ spar/ DETAILS. IDC,SPECIFIC=9562,DATABASE=objects,ORDERBY=CATNBR,LISTIDC=/SPAR/ BROWSER. IDC,RECORDMAX=10,RECNO=917,WORDS=searil)

External links• Popular Science, December 1940, He Invented the World's Deadliest Rifle (http:/ / books. google. com/

books?id=JScDAAAAMBAJ& pg=PA68& dq=popular+ science+ October+ 1940& hl=en&ei=E2OMTMS1JYihnAevt83uCg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=3&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q=popular science October 1940& f=true)

• John Garand (http:/ / www. findagrave. com/ cgi-bin/ fg. cgi?page=gr& GRid=7679672) at Find a Grave

Dieudonné Saive 22

Dieudonné Saive

Dieudonné JosephSaive

Born Dieudonné Joseph SaiveJune 6, 1889Belgium

Died March 22, 1973 (aged 83)

Occupation Inventor, gunsmith

Dieudonné Joseph Saive (1889–1973) was a Belgian small arms designer who designed several well-knownfirearms for Belgian armsmaker Fabrique Nationale, including the FN Model 1949 and the FN FAL (FusilAutomatique Leger or Light Automatic Rifle). He is also known for modifying several of John Browning's firearmsdesigns, including the 1931 Baby Browning and Hi Power pistol as well as the Browning .30 cal machine gun.In 1921, the French military requested that Fabrique Nationale create a new semi-automatic nine millimetre pistolwith a 15-round magazine. John Browning, who was FN's chief weapons designer, initially declined to respond tothe French request because he felt standard single-row magazines holding seven or eight rounds (such as was used inhis Colt's Model 1911) were sufficient. Saive, who was then Browning's assistant at FN, set to work designing ahigh-capacity, double-row magazine. Saive mated his experimental magazine to a modified FN Model 1903 fortesting. Saive then provided the completed magazine to Browning who developed two 9mm pistol designsalternately using locked and unlocked breaches. Browning and Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co. submitteda U.S. patent application for the locked-breach version of the pistol on June 28, 1923. The patent was granted onFebruary 22, 1927, four months after Browning's death at FN's plant in Liege, Belgium. Colt's elected to concentrateon manufacturing its hugely successful Model 1911 instead of either of Browning's new 9mm pistols so Browning'sson, Val, offered the design to FN. This pistol design, modified after Browning's death, was offered as the 13-shotFN Browning Model 1922 or Grand Rendement. (meaning High Yield)[1]

Following the expiration of the patents on the Model 1911, Saive redesigned the Grand Rendement to incorporatethe best features of both pistols in the FN Model 1928, which still bore Browning's name. Saive traveled toYugoslavia in 1928 to set up the state arsenal in Kraguoujevac. In 1929, Saive returned to Belgium where heoversaw the manufacture of the commercial version of the Browning Automatic Rifle. By 1930, Saive was promotedto become FN's chief weapons designer (Chef de Service). Saive improved the operating mechanism of the .30 cal.M1919 Browning M2 AN aircraft machine gun in 1932, increasing its rate of fire to 1,200 rpm. In 1938, he madeadditional improvements to the M2 further increasing its rate of fire to 1,500 rpm.[2] During the same period, Saivecontinued to improve the Grand Rendement, and by 1934 the French term Grande Puissance ("Hi-Power") was firstapplied to the evolved design which became the French GP-35 self-loading pistol or FN Browning Hi-Power.[3] TheHi-Power was the first 9 mm handgun to utilize a true staggered-column magazine. The large magazine enabled theweapon to carry a total of fourteen cartridges without an excessively oversized or protruding handgrip.France declined to adopt the Hi-Power for its armed forces, instead using the Modèle 1935 pistol. Despite this rejection, the Hi-Power was a sales success with more than 56,000 produced by May 1940, mostly for the Belgian military. It was used extensively in World War II by many nations including the British Commonwealth and Chinese forces. More than 65,000 Hi-Power pistols were also used by German forces, renamed Pistole 640(b), after the Nazis captured FN's manufacturing plant in Liege, Belgium on May 12, 1940.[4] Saive fled the German invasion, eventually arriving in London in mid-1941. He was soon at work at the Enfield Design Department at the Drill Hall in Cheshunt, England, recreating production drawings for the Hi-Power and further developing his design for a gas-operated rifle called the EXP-1, later the FN Model 1949. By June 1943, the British modified Saive's technical drawings to produce the Mk. I U.K. model of the Hi-Power.[5] After the war, the Browning Hi-Power was adopted as

Dieudonné Saive 23

the standard military service sidearm of many Western countries, including the United Kingdom and Australia.Modern versions remain in production today, three-quarters of a century later.Saive's Gas-Operated Rifle Designs

Saive is most famous for his series of gas-operated self-loading rifle designs, which used a tipping bolt to lock theaction. His FN-49 rifle went into production, and was later developed into the widely successful FN FALselective-fire battle rifle.

References[1] Law, Clive M., Inglis Diamond, The Canadian High Power Pistol, Collector Grade Publications, (2001), pp. 3-4[2] Goldsmith, Dolf L., The Browning Machine Gun, Volume II: Rifle Caliber Brownings Abroad, Collector Grade Publications, 1st ed. (2006)[3] Law, Clive M., Inglis Diamond, The Canadian High Power Pistol, Collector Grade Publications, (2001), pp. 5-7[4] Law, Clive M., Inglis Diamond, The Canadian High Power Pistol, Collector Grade Publications, (2001), pp. 17-8[5] Law, Clive M., Inglis Diamond, The Canadian High Power Pistol, Collector Grade Publications, (2001), pp. 18-22, citing Stevens, R. Blake,

The Browning High Power Automatic Pistol, Collector Grade Publications, (1984)

• Johnson, Wayne, and Anthony Vanderlinden (December 2005). "The Last of its Kind: FN's Model 1949Self-Loading Rifle", American Rifleman: 60–63, 94.

Further reading• Johnson, Wayne.The FN-49 The Last Elegant Old-World Military Rifle. Greensboro, NC: Wet Dog Publications,

?. ISBN 0-9707997-2-1. The second chapter is (apparently) a biography of Dieudonne Saive.

Eugene Stoner 24

Eugene Stoner

Eugene StonerBorn November 22, 1922

Gosport, Indiana

Died April 24, 1997 (aged 74)Palm City, Florida

Engineering career

Significant design AR-10 and other small arms

Eugene Morrison Stoner (November 22, 1922 — April 24, 1997) is the man most associated with the AR-15 rifle,adopted by the US military as the M16. He is regarded by some historians as one of the most successful firearmsdesigners of the 20th century, along with John Browning and Mikhail Kalashnikov.Eugene Stoner attended high school in Long Beach and afterwards worked for the Vega Aircraft Company installingarmament. During World War II, he enlisted for Aviation Ordnance in the U.S. Marine Corps and served in theSouth Pacific and northern China.In late 1945 he began working in the machine shop for Whittaker, an aircraft equipment company, and ultimatelybecame a Design Engineer. In 1954 he came to work as chief engineer for ArmaLite, a division of FairchildEngine & Airplane Corporation. While at ArmaLite, he designed a series of prototype small arms, including theAR-3, AR-9, AR-11, AR-12, none of which saw significant production. Their only real success during this periodwas the AR-5 survival rifle, which was adopted by the United States Air Force.In 1955, Stoner completed initial design work on the revolutionary AR-10, a lightweight (7.25 lbs.) selective-fireinfantry rifle in 7.62 x 51 mm NATO caliber. The AR-10 was submitted for rifle evaluation trials to the US Army’sAberdeen Proving Ground late in 1956. In comparison with competing rifle designs previously submitted forevaluation, the AR-10 was smaller, easier to fire in automatic, and much lighter. However it arrived very late in thetesting cycle, and the army rejected the AR-10 in favor of the more conventional T44, which would becomethe M14. The AR-10's design was later licensed to the Dutch firm of Artillerie Inrichtingen, who produced theAR-10 until 1960 for sale to various foreign military forces.

The AR-15 rifle, derived from Stoner's originaldesign.

At the request of the U.S. military, Stoner's chief assistant, RobertFremont and Jim Sullivan designed the AR-15 from the basic AR-10model, scaling it down to fire the small-caliber .222 Remingtoncartridge, slightly enlarged to meet the minimum Army penetrationrequirements. The AR-15 was later adopted by United States militaryforces as the M16 rifle.

After ArmaLite sold the rights to the AR-15 to Colt, Stoner turned hisattention to the AR-16 design. This was another advanced 7.62 mmrifle but used a more conventional piston and a number of stampedparts to reduce cost. This weapon saw only prototype development butadaptation to .223 resulted in the somewhat successful and oftenimitated Armalite AR-18.

Stoner left ArmaLite in 1961 to serve as a consultant for Colt. He eventually accepted a position with Cadillac Gage where he designed the Stoner 63 Weapons System. This was a modular weapons system that could be reconfigured to be a standard automatic rifle, a light machine gun, a medium machine gun, or a solenoid-fired fixed machine gun. The Stoner Weapons System used a piston-operated gas impingement system, though Stoner himself believed direct

Eugene Stoner 25

gas operation was the ideal method for firearms. Once again, Robert Fremont and Jim Sullivan would take a Stonerrifle and redesign it for the .223 Remington cartridge, to create the Stoner 63 Weapons System. Stoner worked forTRW by designing the TRW 6425 25 mm Bushmaster auto cannon, which was later manufactured by Oerlikon asthe KBA.He co-founded ARES Incorporated of Port Clinton, Ohio, in 1972, but left the company in 1989, after designing theAres Light Machine Gun, sometimes known as the Stoner 86. It was an evolved version of the Stoner 63. At Ares, healso designed the Future Assault Rifle Concept (FARC).In 1990, he joined Knight's Armament Company (KAC) to create the Stoner Rifle-25 (SR-25), which currently seesmilitary service as the United States Navy Mark 11 Mod 0 Sniper Weapon System. While at KAC, he also workedon yet another version of the Stoner Weapons System, called the Stoner 96. Among his last designs were the SR-50rifle and the Colt 2000.

Weapon designs

Armalite designs

•• AR-3•• AR-7•• AR-9•• AR-10•• AR-11•• AR-12•• AR-15•• M16 rifle•• AR-16•• AR-18

other designs

• Stoner 62 / Stoner 63• TRW 6425 25 mm “Bushmaster” auto cannon• ARES FMG (Folding Machine Gun)• Ares Light Machine Gun (A.K.A. the “Stoner 86”)• Advanced Individual Weapon System (AIWS)• Future Assault Rifle Concept (FARC)• SR-25 (U.S. Navy Mark 11 Mod 0 Sniper Rifle)•• SR-15•• Stoner 96•• SR-50

References

External links• M16 Development (http:/ / www. globalsecurity. org/ military/ systems/ ground/ m16. htm)• SR-25 (http:/ / www. knightarmco. com/ commercial/ ?term=sr-25)

Mikhail Kalashnikov 26

Mikhail Kalashnikov

Mikhail Kalashnikov

Mikhail Kalashnikov at the Kremlin, December 2009

Native name Михаил Тимофеевич Калашников

Born Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov10 November 1919Kurya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR

Died 23 December 2013 (aged 94)Izhevsk, Udmurtia, Russia

Cause of death Gastric hemorrhage

Nationality Russian

Occupation •• Small arms designer•• Russian lieutenant general

Known for Designer of the AK-47 and AK-74

Spouse(s) Ekaterina Viktorovna Kalashnikova (née Moiseyeva; 1921–77; her death)

Children • Victor (son; b. 1942)•• Nelli (daughter; b. 1942)•• Elena (daughter; b. 1948)• Natalya (daughter; 1953–83)

Parents •• Aleksandra Frolovna Kalashnikova (née Kaverina)•• Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov

Awards • USSR State Prize (1949)• Hero of Socialist Labour (1958)• Stalin Prize (1949)• Lenin Prize (2)•• Hero of the Russian Federation•• Order of St. Andrew• Order For Merit to the Fatherland II cl.

Lieutenant-general Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (Russian: Михаи́л Тимофе́евич Кала́шников; 10November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian general, inventor, military engineer, writer and small armsdesigner. He is most famous for developing the AK-47 assault rifle and its improvements, AKM and AK-74, as wellas the PK machine gun.Kalashnikov was, according to himself, a self-taught tinkerer who combined innate mechanical skills with the studyof weaponry to design arms that achieved battlefield ubiquity. Even though Kalashnikov felt sorrow at the weapons'uncontrolled distribution, he took pride in his inventions and in their reputation for reliability, emphasizing that his

Mikhail Kalashnikov 27

rifle is "a weapon of defense" and "not a weapon for offense".

Early lifeKalashnikov was born in Kurya, Altai Governorate, Russian SFSR, now Altai Krai, Russia, to Aleksandra FrolovnaKalashnikova (née Kaverina) and Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov. In 1930, his father and most of his familywere deprived of property and deported to the village of Nizhnyaya Mokhovaya, Tomsk Oblast. In his youth,Mikhail suffered from various illnesses and was on the verge of death at age six. He was attracted to all kinds ofmachinery, but also wrote poetry, dreaming of becoming a poet. He went on to write six books and continued towrite poetry all of his life. Kalashnikov's parents were peasants, but, after deportation to Tomsk Oblast, had tocombine farming with hunting, and thus Mikhail frequently used his father's rifle in his teens. Kalashnikov continuedhunting into his 90s.After completing seventh grade, Mikhail, with his stepfather's permission, left his family and returned to Kurya,hitchhiking for nearly 1,000 km. In Kurya he found a job in mechanics at a tractor station and developed a passionfor weaponry. In 1938, he was conscripted into the Red Army. Because of his small size and engineering skills hewas assigned as a tank mechanic, and later became a tank commander. While training, he made his first inventions,which concerned not only tanks, but also small weapons, and was personally awarded a wrist watch by GeorgyZhukov. Kalashnikov served on the T-34s of the 24th Tank Regiment, 108th Tank Division stationed in Stryi beforethe regiment retreated after the Battle of Brody in June 1941. He was wounded in combat in the Battle of Bryansk inOctober 1941 and hospitalised until April 1942. While in the hospital, he overheard some fellow soldierscomplaining about the Soviet rifles of the time.

Kalashnikov's first submachine gun

Seeing the drawbacks of the standard infantry weapons at the time, hedecided to construct a new rifle for the Soviet military. During thistime Kalashnikov began designing a submachine gun. Although hisfirst submachine gun design was not accepted into service, his talent asa designer was noticed. From 1942 onwards Kalashnikov was assignedto the Central Scientific-developmental Firing Range for RifleFirearms of the Chief Artillery Directorate of the Red Army.

In 1944, he designed a gas-operated carbine for the new 7.62x39 mmcartridge. This weapon, influenced by the M1 Garand rifle, lost out tothe new Simonov carbine which would be eventually adopted as the

SKS; but it became a basis for his entry in an assault rifle competition in 1946.

His winning entry, the "Mikhtim" (so named by taking the first letters of his name and patronymic, MikhailTimofeyevich) became the prototype for the development of a family of prototype rifles. This process culminated in1947, when he designed the AK-47 (standing for Avtomat Kalashnikova model 1947). In 1949, the AK-47 becamethe standard issue assault rifle of the Soviet Army and went on to become Kalashnikov's most famous invention.While developing his first assault rifles, Kalashnikov competed with two much more experienced weapon designers,Vasily Degtyaryov and Georgy Shpagin, who both accepted the superiority of the AK-47. Kalashnikov namedAlexandr Zaitsev and Vladimir Deikin as his major collaborators during those years.

Mikhail Kalashnikov 28

Later careerFrom 1949, Mikhail Kalashnikov lived and worked in Izhevsk, Udmurtia. He held a degree of Doctor of TechnicalSciences (1971) and was a member of 16 academies.Over the course of his career, he evolved the basic design into a weapons family. The AKM (Russian: АвтоматКала́шникова Модернизированный – Kalashnikov modernized assault rifle) first appeared in 1963, was lighter andcheaper to manufacture owing to the use of a stamped steel receiver (in place of the AK47's milled steel receiver),and contained detail improvements such as a re-shaped stock and muzzle compensator. From the AKM he developeda squad automatic weapon variant, known as the RPK (Russian: Ручной пулемет Кала́шникова – Kalashnikovlight machine gun).He also developed the general-purpose PK machine gun (Russian: Пулемет Кала́шникова – Kalashnikov machinegun), which used the more powerful 7.62×54R cartridge of the Mosin-Nagant rifle. It is cartridge belt-fed, notmagazine-fed, as it is intended to provide heavy sustained fire from a tripod mount, or be used as a light,bipod-mounted weapon. The common characteristics of all these weapons are simple design, ruggedness and ease ofmaintenance in all operating conditions.Approximately 100 million AK-47 assault rifles had been produced by 2009, and about half of them are counterfeit,manufactured at a rate of about a million per year. Izhmash, the official manufacturer of AK-47 in Russia, did notpatent the weapon until 1997, and in 2006 accounted for only 10% of the world's production. Kalashnikov himselfclaimed he was always motivated by service to his country rather than money, and made no direct profit fromweapon production. He did however own 30% of a German company Marken Marketing International (MMI) run byhis grandson Igor. The company revamps trademarks and produces merchandise carrying the Kalashnikov name,such as vodka, umbrellas and knives. One of the items is a knife named for the AK-74.During a visit to the United States in the early 2000s, Kalashnikov was invited to tour a Virginia holding site for theforthcoming American Wartime Museum. The former tanker Kalashnikov became visibly moved at the sight of hisold tank in action, painted with his name in Cyrillic.On 17 November 2013, Kalashnikov was hospitalized in an Udmurtian medical facility. He died on 23 December2013 at a hospital after a prolonged illness.

FamilyKalashnikov's father, Timofey Aleksandrovich Kalashnikov (1883–1930), was a peasant. He completed two gradesof parochial school and could read and write. In 1901 he married Aleksandra Frolovna Kaverina (1884–1957), whowas illiterate throughout her life. They had 19 children, but only eight survived to adult age; Kalashnikov was born17th, and was close to death at age six.In 1930, the government labeled Timofey Aleksandrovich a kulak, confiscated his property, and deported him toSiberia, along with most of the family. The eldest three siblings, daughters Agasha (b. 1905) and Anna and sonVictor, were already married by 1930, and remained in Kuriya. After her husband's death in 1930, AleksandraFrolovna married Efrem Kosach, a widower who had three children of his own.Mikhail Kalashnikov married twice, the first time to Ekaterina Danilovna Astakhova of Altai Krai. He married thesecond time to Ekaterina Viktorovna Moiseyeva (1921–1977). She was an engineer and did much technical drawingwork for her husband. They had four children: daughters Nelli (b. 1942), Elena (b. 1948) and Natalya (1953–1983),and a son Victor (b. 1942). Victor also became a prominent small arms designer.

Mikhail Kalashnikov 29

Weapon designs

The Russian Medal of SmallArms Maker was introduced

in 2008 and named afterKalashnikov.

During his career, Kalashnikov designed about 150 models of small weapons. The mostfamous of them are:•• AK-47•• AKM• AK-74 / AKS-74U / AK-74M / AKS-74• AK-101 / AK-102• AK-103 / AK-104•• AK-105•• AK-12• RPK / RPK-74• PK / PKM / PKP•• Saiga semi-automatic rifle

AwardsIncorporates information from the corresponding article in the Russian Wikipedia

• Recipients of the Order of Saint Apostle Andrew the First-Called• Mikhail Kalashnikov was twice named Hero of Socialist Labour. In 1998, he was awarded an Order of Saint

Andrew the Protoclete• On his 90th birthday on 10 November 2009, Kalashnikov was named a "Hero of the Russian Federation" and

presented with a medal by President Dmitry Medvedev who lauded him for creating "the brand every Russian isproud of"

• In 2012, Izhevsk State Technical University was named after Kalashnikov

Russian Federation

Decorations

• Hero of the Russian Federation (2009)• Order of St. Andrew (2008)• Order For Merit to the Fatherland, Second Class (1994)• Order of Military Merit (Russia) (2004)

Awards

•• State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of design (1997)•• Award of the President of the Russian Federation in the field of education (2003)•• All-Russian Literary Prize of Suvorov (2009)

Mikhail Kalashnikov 30

Honorary diplomas

•• Diploma of the Government of the Russian Federation (1997, 1999)

Medals

• Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"•• Medal "Symbol of Science" (2007)• Gold Medal of Zhukov•• Medal "For outstanding contribution to the development of the collection business in Russia"

Acknowledgements

•• Gratitude of the President of the Russian Federation (1997, 1999, 2002, 2007)

Soviet

Honours

• Order of Lenin (1958, 1969, 1976)• Order of the October Revolution (1974)• Order of the Red Star (1949)• Order of the Patriotic War, 1st Class (1985)• Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1957)• Order of Friendship of Peoples (1982)

Medals

•• Medal "Hammer and Sickle" (1958,1976)• Medal "For Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945"• Medal "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"•• Medal "In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"• Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"• Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"•• Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR"•• Medal "Veteran of Labor" on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR•• Jubilee Medal "30 years of the Soviet Army and Navy"•• Jubilee Medal "40 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"•• Jubilee Medal "50 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"•• Jubilee Medal "60 Years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"•• Jubilee Medal "70 years of the Armed Forces of the USSR"•• Medal "In Commemoration of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"

Mikhail Kalashnikov 31

Awards

• Stalin Prize (1949)• Lenin Prize (1964)

Foreign decorations•• Order of Honour of Belarus (1999)• Order of Friendship, First Class (2003)

Other honours•• the home of Mikhail Kalashnikov in the village he set Courier lifetime bronze bust (1980)•• the name of the designer named projected prospect in Izhevsk (1994)•• "Honorary Citizen of the Altai Territory" (1997)• Ministry of Economy of Russia award – The sign "of small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov" (1997)•• Union of scientific and engineering organizations and the Government of Udmurtia established an award named

after Mikhail Kalashnikov (1999)•• Diamond company "Alrosa" extracted 29 December 1995 gem diamonds weighing 50.74 carats given the name

"designer Mikhail Kalashnikov" (14.5 x 15, 0h15, 5 mm, quality Stones Black) (1999)•• Mikhail Kalashnikov Cadet School in Votkinsk (2002)•• Award in his name at the School of Weapon Skills of Izhevsk (2002)•• Izhevsk State Cultural Institution "Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov"•• "Honorary Engineer of Kazakhstan" (Kazakhstan; 2004)• Gift from President Hugo Chávez, the highest award of the Republic – a copy of the famous sword of Simon

Bolivar, which is a relic of Venezuela and the copy is equal to the highest award of the country (2009)•• The name of Mikhail Kalashnikov was given to the military department of the Mining Institute in St. Petersburg

(2009)•• Izhevsk State Technical University was awarded the name of Mikhail Kalashnikov (2012)•• German knife company Boker has dedicated a series to him (2013)

DeathKalashnikov died 23 December 2013, at age 94 in a hospital in Izhevsk, the capital of Udmurtia and where he lived,from gastric hemorrhage. In January 2014 a letter that Kalashnikov wrote six months before his death to the leader ofthe Russian Orthodox Church, Patriarch Kirill, was published by the Russian daily newspaper Izvestia. In the letterhe stated that he was suffering "spiritual pain" about whether he was responsible for the deaths caused by theweapons he created.[1] Translated from the published letter he states, "My heartache unbearable same insolublequestion: if my rifle deprive people of life, and therefore I, Michael Kalashnikov, ninety-three years old, the son of apeasant, and Orthodox Christian according to his faith, responsible for the death of people, let even an enemy?"The patriarch wrote back, thanked Kalashnikov, and said that he "was an example of patriotism and a correct attitudetoward the country". Kirill added about the design responsibility for the deaths by the rifle, "the church has awell-defined position when the weapon is defense of the Motherland, the Church supports its creators and themilitary, which use it."

Mikhail Kalashnikov 32

Quotes• "I'm proud of my invention, but I'm sad that it is used by terrorists ... I would prefer to have invented a machine

that people could use and that would help farmers with their work — for example a lawn mower."•• "Blame the Nazi Germans for making me become a gun designer ... I always wanted to construct agriculture

machinery."•• "I created a weapon to defend the borders of my motherland. It's not my fault that it's being used where it

shouldn't be. The politicians are more to blame for this."• "When a young man, I read somewhere the following: God the Almighty said, 'All that is too complex is

unnecessary, and it is simple that is needed' ... So this has been my lifetime motto – I have been creating weaponsto defend the borders of my fatherland, to be simple and reliable."

• "I sleep well. It's the politicians who are to blame for failing to come to an agreement and resorting toviolence."[2]

• A banquet took place in Moscow honoring General Kalashnikov on the occasion of his 85th birthday. PresidentPutin got up to toast the general. And when he finished the toast, General Kalashnikov got up, looked him in theeye and said, “Mr. President, my dream is of a country like the United States governed by men and women notafraid of an armed citizenry.[3]

References[1] BBC News - Kalashnikov 'feared he was to blame' for AK-47 rifle deaths (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ world-middle-east-25709371).

Bbc.co.uk (13 January 2014). Retrieved on 18 April 2014.[2] AK-47 inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov dead at 94 (http:/ / www. militarytimes. com/ article/ 20131223/ NEWS04/ 312230014/

AK-47-inventor-Mikhail-Kalashnikov-dead-94) – Militarytimes.com, 23 December 2013[3] http:/ / www. glennbeck. com/ 2012/ 10/ 31/ nra-president-david-keene-weighs-in-on-2012-election/

Further reading• Forge, John (January–February 2007). "No Consolation For Kalashnikov" (http:/ / www. philosophynow. org/

issue59/ 59forge. htm). Philosophy Now (59). Retrieved 24 January 2007.• Ружье. Оружие и амуниция double/special issue of 1997/5-6 has a fairly complete inventory of Kalashnikov's

designs. Issues 1 and 2 of the same magazine from 1999 have articles on Kalashnikov's 1st sub-machine gun(1942) (http:/ / grigorew. narod. ru/ raznoe/ 1942. htm) (http:/ / www. sinopa. ee/ kalashnikov/ r9899/ ruzjo0199/ruz019930/ ru019930. htm) and respectively his first rifle (1944–45) (http:/ / grigorew. narod. ru/ raznoe/ karkal.htm) (http:/ / www. sinopa. ee/ kalashnikov/ r9899/ ruzjo0299/ ruzjo029904/ ru029904. htm).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mikhail Kalashnikov.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Mikhail Kalashnikov

• M.T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Small Arms Complex (http:/ / en. museum-mtk. ru/ )• 'I sleep soundly' (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ g2/ story/ 0,3604,1059879,00. html) – Interview with and article

on Mikhail Kalashnikov at the age of 83, from The Guardian newspaper.• Mikhail Kalashnikov backs weapons control (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ americas/ 5116124. stm)• BBC NEWS Profile: Mikhail Kalashnikov (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ 5116772. stm?ls)

Mikhail Kalashnikov 33

• Free illustrated virtual guided tour of the Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov (http:/ /kalashnikov-weapons-museum. ak47-guide. com/ )

• The life of Mikhail Kalashnikov (http:/ / www. weaponplace. ru/ kalashnikov. php) (Russian)

• On the AK-47's military and social effects on history (http:/ / www. ak-47book. com)• Mikhail Kalashnikov with Elena Joly: The Gun that Changed the World (http:/ / www. amazon. com/

Gun-that-Changed-World/ dp/ 0745636926)• 7,62 мм ручной пулемет М.Т. Калашникова. 1944 г. (http:/ / rusarchives. ru/ victory65/ pages/ 04_15_1. htm)

Kalashikov model 1944 light machine gun—his 2nd design.• The Economist: Obituary 11 January 2014 (http:/ / www. economist. com/ news/ obituary/

21593387-mikhail-timofeyevich-kalashnikov-weapons-inventor-died-december-23rd-aged-94-mikhail) MikhailTimofeyevich Kalashnikov, weapons inventor, died on 23 December, aged 94

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Mikhail Kalashnikov  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=618997785  Contributors: -Edwin-, 2 B Promoted, 3ed2ws1qa, A.b.s, Abd.rammal, Aecharri, Airplaneman, Alamgir,AlanM1, Aldis90, Alex Bakharev, Alexander Iwaschkin, All Hallow's Wraith, America789, Amire80, Analog1117, AndrewAllen, Anonymous from the 21st century, Another Believer, AnthonyAppleyard, Arildnordby, Arthena, Assassin3577, AssetBurned, Aumnamahashiva, Averaver, Az2997, BMello324, Backendgaming, Badagnani, Bananaman93, Banshee, Barbatus, Barneca,Baronnet, BeforeTheFoundation, Bender235, Benlisquare, Bestalex, Blorg, Bob305, BobbieCharlton, Bomac, Borninbronx10, Bpselvam, Brandmeister, Brianhe, CA387, CAWylie, Canglesea,Capitalismojo, Cbustapeck, CeeWhy2, Chinese3126, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, CieloEstrellado, Closedmouth, CommonsDelinker, Connormah, Conversion script, Corporal Punishment,Coyoty, CzarB, D6, DO'Neil, DOHC Holiday, DStoykov, DTOx, DarkerthanLarry, Deathphoenix, Degen Earthfast, Delmlsfan, DemocraticLuntz, Demonkey36, DerHexer, Dl2000, Doc9871,DocYako, Doctorevil64, Dom Kaos, Download, Duk, Earthlyreason, EdRooney, Emayv, Emc2, EnochBethany, Epbr123, Ergbert, EricSerge, Esc.eliska, Evenrød, Everyking, Ezhiki, FacelessEnemy, Fatal1ty wannabe, Fatla00, Favonian, Fisenko, Flix11, Flubeca, Folajimi, Fountains of Bryn Mawr, Fragger56, Frze, Gdo01, George100, Ghmyrtle, GordonUS, Graham87, GregorB,Greyhood, Grim23, Guto2003, H27kim, HaeB, Happysailor, Harrisd5917, HarrisonFord, Hephaestos, Hestemand, Hitchhiker89, Hmains, Hugo999, Hvn0413, Hydrargyrum, IjonTichyIjonTichy,Illegitimate Barrister, Infrogmation, Internet Knowledge, IronGargoyle, J JMesserly, JIR.D.B.®, Ja 62, Jack Upland, Jake Wartenberg, JamesBWatson, Jburati, Jim1138, JohnCD, JonONeill, JoseRamos, Jrdioko, Jsqqq777, Julo, KeithH, King of Hearts, Kingpin13, Kintetsubuffalo, Kiore, Klemen Kocjancic, Kmaster, Koalorka, Krukouski, Krutoi dezigner, Ktr101, Kukini, KylieTastic,L1A1 FAL, LWF, La goutte de pluie, Last Avenue, Legend78, Lekoren, Lightlowemon, Lockesdonkey, Lolsen2, Lord Bromblemore, Loserdog3000, Loserjay10, Luckas Blade, MVMosin,Magmafox, Makyen, Martinevans123, Masque of Red Death, Masterknighted, Materialscientist, Mattgirling, Maxis ftw, McNoddy, McSly, Mdy66, Mechasheherezada, Mieciu K, Mikoyan21,Minna Sora no Shita, Mistery Spectre, Miszatomic, Miti09, Monedula, Monegasque, Mootros, Mrg3105, Mufka, Mzajac, Mzmadmike, Narsil, Narson, Neilc, Niceguyedc, Nicolay Sidorov,Nixer, Noviscum, Obradovic Goran, Ohconfucius, Ohpuu, Oli19, Onceonthisisland, Oshchuchi, Ospalh, Ozgurgerilla, Paranoid, PaukMitroschina, Pmsyyz, Protoclete, Qwerty Binary, R'n'B,RJFJR, Raystephen, Rdfox 76, Redgolpe, Revth, Reyals, Rich Farmbrough, Richard David Ramsey, Richardcavell, Ricotimus, Riddley, Rjwilmsi, RobertLunaIII, RossF18, Sabretoothedduck,SamAlPacino, Samuelkowal906, Scalhotrod, Shizhao, Shuipzv3, Slazenger, Slon02, Smallerjim, Snooker Lover, Socrates2008, Sokrateskerem, SomeDudeWithAUserName, Someone not usinghis real name, Spartan078, SquareWave, Strangways, Svetovid, Synthe, Sławomir Biały, Tachikoma22, Tad Lincoln, Tagishsimon, Tasc, Tbone, Tcncv, Tdevries, Tec15, TehAlphaGamer,Tennekis, Terraflorin, Tezcaman, The Banner, The Deviant, The Epopt, The Herald, The Rambling Man, Themfromspace, Thernlund, Thomas Antonius, Thumperward, Todowd, Tom harrison,Tomer T, Tpbradbury, Tranquility2007, Travellingnorth, TravisTX, Tsja, Tuwase, Twigmoor, Twinxor, Voyevoda, Waacstats, WadeSimMiser, Weeliljimmy, Welsh, Wikidenizen, WilliamGraham, Winhunter, Wizard191, Wmahan, Woohookitty, XJaM, Xavcam, Xn4, Yellowdesk, Yms, Yuriybrisk, Zargulon, Zeerak88, Александър, 445 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 35

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:0 Mons - Rue d'Havré, 34 - (1).JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:0_Mons_-_Rue_d'Havré,_34_-_(1).JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: Jean-Pol GRANDMONTFile:Landauer I 082 r.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Landauer_I_082_r.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Tiergärtner, 1 anonymous editsImage:Gs checkering.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gs_checkering.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Human2718281828 aten.wikipediaImage:Gs checkeringtools closeup.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gs_checkeringtools_closeup.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader wasHuman2718281828 at en.wikipediaImage:Checkering Duane1.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Checkering_Duane1.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike  Contributors:TeamZissouImage:Gs handgravers.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gs_handgravers.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Human2718281828 aten.wikipediaFile:JOHN M. BROWNING.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JOHN_M._BROWNING.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Avron, Elderberrypa,Jameslwoodward, JbartaFile:Flag of the United States.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AnomieFile:JohnBrowning.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:JohnBrowning.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Hephaestos at en.wikipediaImage:Commons-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg  License: logo  Contributors: AnomieFile:Val Browning M1918 BAR.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Val_Browning_M1918_BAR.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Dreyfuss. Originaluploader was Koalorka at en.wikipediaFile:US flag 48 stars.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_flag_48_stars.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Abjiklam, AnonMoos, Clindberg, Cycn, DualFreq, Flargman4, Homo lupus, Jacobolus, MuXXo, Rocket000, SiBr4, Tkgd2007, Zscout370, 6 anonymous editsFile:En-JohnGarandLarge.jpeg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:En-JohnGarandLarge.jpeg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Hephaestos aten.wikipediaFile:Stag2wi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stag2wi.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Interchange88, KTo288, TheAlphaWolf, UserB, 6 anonymous editsFile:Michael Kalashikov.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Michael_Kalashikov.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported  Contributors:Пресс-служба Президента РоссииFile:AK-SMG-1942.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AK-SMG-1942.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: V SmootheFile:MEDAL OF SMALL ARMS KONSTRUKTOR MT Kalashnikov.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MEDAL_OF_SMALL_ARMS_KONSTRUKTOR_MT_Kalashnikov.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Russian GovernmentImage:Wikiquote-logo.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikiquote-logo.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: -xfi-, Dbc334, Doodledoo, Elian, Guillom, Jeffq,Krinkle, Maderibeyza, Majorly, Nishkid64, RedCoat, Rei-artur, Rocket000, 11 anonymous edits

License 36

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/