Verbs Tense

Simple Past

- An action that began and ended at a particular time in the past. - An action that occurred over a period of time but was completed in the past. - An activity that look place regularly in the past. We use the Simple Past to talk about:

Action that started in the past. -I lost my wallet yesterday. -she didn't sleep well last night.

Action that happened one after the other in the past. -He woke up got out of bed and took a shower. -I put on my coat, picked up my bag and left the house.

Action that were repeated or were habits in the past. -Her grandfather made wooden toys.

-Did they have CDs in the year 1960? Simple past - Regular verbs.

Affirmative Negative Question

I/You looked I/you did not (didn't) look Did I/You look? He/She/It looked He/She/It did not (didn't) look Did He/She/It look? We/you/they looked we/you/They did not (didn't) look Did We/You/They look? Short answer Yes, I/You did. No, I/You didn't Yes, He/She/It did. No, He/She/It didn't Yes, We/You/They. No, We/You/They didn't

Simple Past - Irregular verbs. Affirmative Negative Question I/you saw I/You did not (didn't) see Did I/you see? He/She/It saw He/She/It did not (didn't) see Did He/She/it see? We/You/They saw We/You/they did not (didn't) see Did We/You/They see? Short Answers. Yes, I/you did. No, I/you didn't. Yes, He/She/It did. No, He/She/It didn't. Yes, We/you/They did. No, We/you/They didn't. Time expressions with the simple past. A week ago last summer A month ago last year A year ago on Saturday In January on August 4th In 1998 the day before yesterday In my youth the other day Last night when I was five years old Last week yesterday. Examples: I drank coffee. She didn’t drink coffee. Did he drink coffee?

Past Perfect Used for: - A past action that occurred before another past action. - An action that was expected to occur in the past. We use the past perfect to talk about:

Something that happened in the past before another action in the past.

For the action that happened first, we use the past perfect. For the action that happened second, we use the Simple Past. - The fire had gone out before the firefighters got there.

Something that happened before a specific time in the past. - They had all left by midnight.

Something that happened in the past and had an effect on a following action or state.

-He had forgotten his wallet, so he borrowed some money from me.

Affirmative I/You had (I'd/You'd) finished. He/She/It had (he'd/she'd/It'd) finished. we/you/they/ had (we'd/you'd/they'd) finished Negative Question I/You had not (hadn't) finished. Had I/You finished? He/She/It had not (hadn't) finished. Had He/She/It finished? we/you/they/ had not (hadn't) finished Had We/you/They finished? Short Answers Yes, I/You had. No, I/You hadn't Yes, He/She/It had. No, He/She/It hadn't Yes, We/You/They had. No, We/You/They hadn't

Time expressions with the past perfect After just already by (a time or date) never ..... before as soon as when. Example: He had already finished the report by Monday afternoon. She said just sat down when the phone rang. They had never been to Mexico before. Examples: I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Past Perfect Continuous: Used for: - An action that occurred before another past action. - An action that was expected to occur in the past. We use the Past Perfect Continuous to shoe that:

One action in the past lasted a long time before another past action. -The baby had been crying for hour before her mother came home.

One action that lasted a long time in the past had an effect on a following action or state. -She had been training all morning, so she was exhausted when she got home.

Affirmative I/You had (I'd/You'd) been sleeping He/She/It had (he'd/she'd/It'd) been sleeping We/You/they had (we'd/You'd/They'd) been sleeping

Negative Question I/You had not (hadn't) been sleeping Had I/You been sleeping? He/She/It had not (hadn't) been sleeping Had He/She/It been sleeping? We/You/They had not (hadn't) been sleeping Had We/you/They been sleeping? Short Answers Yes, I/You had. No, I/You hadn't. Yes, He/She/It had. No, He/she/it hadn't. Yes, We/You/they had. No, we/you/they hadn't. Examples: She had been losing weight for months before she found out. We had been waiting for hours before the theater opened. They had been studying for five hours before they finally took a break. Simple Present Used for: - A present state of affairs - A general fact - Habitual actions - Future timetables. We use the Simple Present to talk about:

Habits. -He often goes to the movies. -I walk in the park every day.

General truths. -Water boils at 212° F(100°C) - We make oil from olives.

Permanent situations in the present. -They live in Boston.

-She teaches history and geography.

Affirmative negative Question I/you Work I/You do not (Don't) work Do I/You Work? He/She/It works He/She/It does not (Doesn't) work Does He/She/It work We/you/They work We/you/They do not (don't) work Do We/You/They work? Short Answer Yes, I/You do. No, I/you don’t. He/She/It does. No, He/She/It doesn’t. We/you/They do. No, we/you/they don't. Time Expressions with Simple Present. Every day in the morning Every week in the afternoon Every month in the evening Every year three times a day Every summer once a week On Mondays twice a month In June three times a year. Examples: My sister lives in Jamaica. My brothers eats chocolates. I dance ska music. My bus passes at 8:00am. Present Continuous Used for: - A specific action that is occurring. - A general activity that takes place over a period of time. - Future arrangements.

We use the Present Continuous to talk about:

Things that are happening at the time of speaking. -She is watching TV now. - I am reading a book.

Things that are happening, but not necessarily at the exact time we are speaking.

-We're studying Italian this years. -She's working this summer. Affirmative Negative I am (I'm) working I am not (I'm not) working You are (you're) working you are not (you're not) working He is (He's) working He is not (He's not) working she is (She's) working she is not (She's not) working It is (It's) working It is not (It's not) working we are (we're) working we are not (we're not) working you are (you're) working you are not (you're not) working They are (they're) working they are not (they're not) working Question short answers Am I Working? Yes, I am. No, I am Are you working? Yes, you are. No, you aren't Is he working? Yes, he is. No, he isn't Is she working? Yes, she is. No, she isn't Is it working? Yes, it is. No, it isn't Are we working? Yes, we are. No, we aren't Are you working? Yes, you are. No, you aren't Are they working? Yes, they are. No, they aren't

Two contractions of be are possible for negative forms with you, he, she, it, we and they. You aren't working. You're not working. He isn't working. He's not working. She isn't working. She's not working. We aren't working we're not working. Time Expressions with Present Continuous Today this afternoon At the moment this week Now this month Right now this year This morning Examples: You are doing the homework now. You aren’t dancing now. Are you studying? I am drinking water. I am not standing. They are cleaning the room. They are not listening the radio. What are you doing? Why aren't you doing your homework? Present Perfect Continuous Used for: - An action that began in the past and has just recently ended. - An action that began in the past and continues in the present. - An action repeated over a period of time in the past and continuing in the present. - A general action recently in progress (no particular time is mentioned) The present perfect Continuous or progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.

Affirmative Negative I have been speaking. I have not been speaking You have been speaking. You have not been speaking. He has been speaking. He has not been speaking. She has been speaking. She has not been speaking. We have been speaking. We have not been speaking. You had been speaking. You had not been speaking. They have been speaking. They have not been speaking. Question Have I been speaking? Have you been speaking? Has he been speaking? Has she been speaking? Has it been speaking? Have we been speaking? Have you been speaking? Have they been speaking? Time expressions Present Perfect Continuous All day for 4 years Since 1993 how long? The whole week Examples: -They had been talking for over an hour before Robert arrived. -He had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. -How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? -Daniel wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. -James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia.

Future Simple Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future. Future Going to - Expressing a future intent based on a decision made in the past. - predicting an event that is likely to happen in the future. - predicting an event that is likely to happen based on the present condition. Future Will -Making a decision at the time of speaking. - predicting an event that is likely to happen in the future. - indicating willingness to do something. Will Affirmative Negative I will go to the doctor. I will not (won't) do my homework. You will go to the doctor. You will not (won't) do your homework. He will go to the doctor. He will not (won't) do his homework. She will go to the doctor. She will not (won't) do her homework. It will go to the doctor. It will not (won't) do it homework. We will go to the doctor. We will not (won't) do our homework. You will go to the doctor. You will not (won't) do your homework. They will go to the doctor. They will not (won't) do homework. Question Will I go to the school? Will you go to the school? Will he go to school? Will she go to the school? Will it go to the school? Will we go to the school? Will you go to the school? Will they go to the school?

Examples: I will send you the e-mail with information when I get it. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. Will you tell me the truth? Will you do the homework? I will not do your homework for you. I won't do all the housework myself! Going to form be Affirmative and negative I'm going to go the concert today. I'm not going to go the concert today. . You are going go the concert today. You are not going to go the concert today. . He is going to go the concert today. He is not going to go the concert today. She is going to go the concert today. She is not going to go the concert today. It is going to meet go the concert today. It is not going to go the concert today. We are going to go the concert today. We are not going go the concert today. You are going to go the concert today. You are not going to go the concert today. They are going to go the concert today. They are not going to go the concert today. Question Am I Going to go the concert today? Are you going to go the concert today? Is he going to go the concert today? Is she going to go the concert today? Is it going to go the concert today? Are we going to go the concert today? Are they going to go the concert today?

Future Continuous Used for: - An action that will be ongoing at a particular time in the future. - Future actions which have already been decided. Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing "and "be going to be doing''. [Will be + present participle] Affirmative I will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. He will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. She will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. It will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. We will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. We will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. They will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Negative I will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. He will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. She will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. It will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. We will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. They will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Question Will I be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will He be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will she be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will it be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will we be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Examples: I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives [am/is/are + going to be + present participle] Affirmative I am going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. He is going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. She is going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. It is going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. We are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. They are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Negative I'm not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. He is not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. She is not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. It is not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. We are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. They are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Question Am I going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Is he going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Is she going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Is it going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Are we going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? Are they going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?

Examples: I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. Future Perfect. - An action that will be completed before a particular time in the future. Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." [will have + past participle] Affirmative I will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. He will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. She will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. It will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. We will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. They will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Negative I will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. He will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. she will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

It will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. We will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. They will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Question Will I have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will He have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will she have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will It have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will we have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Will they have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? [am/is/are + going to have + past participle] Affirmative I'm going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S He is going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S She is going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S It is going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S

We are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S They are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S Negative I'm not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. He is not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. She is not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. It is not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. We are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. They are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Question Am I going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Is he going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Is she going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Is it going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Are we going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

Are they going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? Examples: By next November, I will have received my promotion. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50? Future Perfect Continuous - Emphazing the length of time that has occurred before a specific time in the future. - Future Perfect Continuous has two different forms: "will have been doing " and "be going to have been doing." We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. [Will have been + present participle] [Will have been + present participle] Affirmative I will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane

finally arrives. He will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. She will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. It will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. We will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. They will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Negative I will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. He will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. She will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. It will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. We will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. They will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Question Will I have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Will He have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Will She have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane

finally arrives? Will It have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Will We have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Will they have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? [am/is/are + going to have been + present participle] Affirmative I'm going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. He is going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. She is going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. It is going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. We are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. They are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Negative I'm not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. He is not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. She is not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. It is not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her

plane finally arrives. We are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. They are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Question Am I going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Is he going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Is she going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Is it going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Are we going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Are they going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? Examples: They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. How long will you have been studying when you graduate? We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage.

Modal Auxiliary

Other helping verbs, called modal auxiliaries or modals, such as can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would, do not change form for different subjects. For instance, try substituting any of these modal auxiliaries for can with any of the subjects listed below. Uses of Can and Could The modal auxiliary can is used

to express ability (in the sense of being able to do something or knowing how to do something):

He can speak Spanish but he can't write it very well.

to expression permission (in the sense of being allowed or permitted to do something):

Can I talk to my friends in the library waiting room? (Note that can is less formal than may. Also, some writers will object to the use of can in this context.)

to express theoretical possibility: American automobile makers can make better cars if they think there's a profit in it. The modal auxiliary could is used

to express an ability in the past: I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.

to express past or future permission: Could I bury my cat in your back yard?

to express present possibility: We could always spend the afternoon just sitting around talking.

to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances: If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

In expressing ability, can and could frequently also imply willingness: Can you help me with my homework? Can versus May Whether the auxiliary verb can be used to express permission or not — "Can I leave the room now?" ["I don't know if you can, but you may."] — depends on the level of formality of your text or situation. As Theodore Bernstein puts it in The Careful Writer, " a writer who is attentive to the proprieties will preserve the traditional distinction: can for ability or power to do something, may for permission to do it. The question is at what level you can safely ignore the "proprieties." Merriam-Webster's Dictionary, tenth edition, says the battle is over and can can be used in virtually any situation to express or ask for permission. Most authorities, however, recommend a stricter adherence to the distinction, at least in formal situations. Uses of May and Might Two of the more troublesome modal auxiliaries are may and might. When used in the context of granting or seeking permission, might is the past tense of may. Might is considerably more tentative than may.

May I leave class early?

If I've finished all my work and I'm really quiet, might I leave early? In the context of expressing possibility, may and might are interchangeable present and future forms and might + have + past participle is the past form:

She might be my advisor next semester.

She may be my advisor next semester.

She might have advised me not to take biology. Avoid confusing the sense of possibility in may with the implication of might, that a hypothetical situation has not in fact occurred. For instance, let's say there's been a helicopter crash at the airport. In his initial report, before all the facts are gathered, a newscaster could say that the pilot "may have been injured." After we discover that the pilot is in fact all right, the newscaster can now say that the pilot "might have been

injured" because it is a hypothetical situation that has not occurred. Another example: a body had been identified after much work by a detective. It was reported that "without this painstaking work, the body may have remained unidentified." Since the body was, in fact, identified, might is clearly called for. Uses of Will and Would In certain contexts, will and would are virtually interchangeable, but there are differences. Notice that the contracted form will is very frequently used for will. Will can be used to express willingness:

I'll wash the dishes if you dry.

We're going to the movies. Will you join us? It can also express intention (especially in the first person):

I'll do my exercises later on.

Specific: The meeting will be over soon.

Timeless: Humidity will ruin my hairdo.

Habitual: The river will overflow its banks every spring. Would can also be used to express willingness:

Would you please take off your hat?

It can also express insistence (rather rare, and with a strong stress on the word "would"):

Now you've ruined everything. You would act that way. and characteristic activity:

Customary: After work, he would walk to his home in West Hartford.

Typical (casual): She would cause the whole family to be late,

every time. In a main clause, would can express a hypothetical meaning:

My cocker spaniel would weigh a ton if I let her eat what she wants.

Finally, would can express a sense of probability:

I hear a whistle. That would be the five o'clock train. Uses of Used to The auxiliary verb construction used to is used to express an action that took place in the past, perhaps customarily, but now that action no longer customarily takes place:

We used to take long vacation trips with the whole family. The spelling of this verb is a problem for some people because the "-ed" ending quite naturally disappears in speaking: "We yoostoo take long trips." But it ought not to disappear in writing. There are exceptions, though. When the auxiliary is combined with another auxiliary, did, the past tense is carried by the new auxiliary and the "-ed" ending is dropped. This will often happen in the interrogative:

Didn't you use to go jogging every morning before breakfast?

It didn't use to be that way. Used to can also be used to convey the sense of being accustomed to or familiar with something:

The tire factory down the road really stinks, but we're used to it by now.

I like these old sneakers; I'm used to them. Used to is best reserved for colloquial usage; it has no place in formal or academic text.

WH QUESTIONS:

Question Answer Example

What Thing What is that?

When Time When is the game?

Who Person Who do you live with?

Where Place Where do you live?

Why Reason Why are you happy?

How Directions/Feelings How are you?

STRUCTURE

WH questions in simple present use “do” or “be”:

WH Questions with "do"

WH + DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB

Examples:

* Where do you work?

* When does she wake up?

* Who is your brother?

WH Questions with "be"

WH + BE + SUBJECT

Examples:

* Where are you from?

* Who is that man?

* When is your class?

WH Questions are similar to YES/NO questions except they

have WH words at the start.

Examples:

Are you from Canada?

* Where are you from?

Here are some example questions and answers:

* Where are you from?

* I am from Japan.

* What is your name?

* My name is Jacob.

* When do you wake up?

* I wake up at 7:30 am.

* Why are you angry?

* I am angry because I did not pass my exam.

Guzmán Flores, Daniela Alejandra

31-4439-2012