GVZpracticequestionstest220171.Listanddescribe(function,anatomy)somesynapomorphiesofAmphibia.2.Listanddescribe(function,anatomy)somesynapomorphiesofGymnophiona.3.Listanddescribe(function,anatomy)somesynapomorphiesofAnura.4.Howwouldyoudistinguishacaecilianfromanamphisbaenid?5.Listanddescribesomeintromittentsexorgans(penises)andotherstructuresusedforinternalfertilizationbydifferentTetrapodtaxa.6.Listandcontrastthetongueprojectionanatomyoftaxathatprojectthetongueinfeeding.7.Venomouscoralsnakesandharmlesskingsnakesliveinthesameareasandbothdisplaysimilarexternalcolorpatternsofred,yellow,andblackringsaroundthebody.HowwouldyoutestwhetherthisisacaseofBatesianmimicry?WhatresultswouldsupporttheideaofBatesianmimicry?(hint:howdidShawnKuchtatestforBatesianmimicryinsalamanders?)8.Describecourtshipinsalamanders.9.Whatispaedomorphosis?Giveanexampleofpaedomorphosisinsalamanders.Canyouthinkofanyexamplesofpaedomorphosisoutsideofsalamanders?10.Whatisaurostyle?11.WhatpatternsofTemperaturedependentsexdeterminationareseeninamniotetaxa?WhatistheCharnov-BullhypothesisfortheevolutionofTSD?HowdidWernerandShinetestthishypothesis?Whatdidtheyfind?12.ListonefullyaquatictaxonfromCaudata,Gymnophiona,andAnura.13.InthemovieTalladegaNights,CalNaughtonJunior'sphotogenicalteregoisnamed:a.CNJ b.Calinatorc.Naughty d.NOTe.MikeHoncho f.ColeTrickleg.Jerkass14.Whatkindsoflocomotionareusedbycrocodylians?15.Howdogeckosclingtoceilings?16.Describechangesundergonebyfrogsinthedevelopmentfromtadpoletoadult.

17.Whichhasbeenevolvinglonger,tuatarasorhumans?Explainyouranswer.18.Drawaphylogenetictreeofturtles,Plethodon,Gymnophiona,Amphisbaena,Crotalus,Varanus,Bufo,humans,Iguana,Ascaphus,Rana,Gavialis,Stegosaurus,andtuatara.19.Listanddescribethefunctionsofthemembranesthatmakeuptheamnioticegg.20.Compareandcontrastskullfenestrationpatternsinamniotes.Whichtaxapossesswhichskulltypes?21.Describethenaturalhistoryoftuataras,andhowtheydifferanatomicallyfrommembersofSquamata.22.ListanddescribesomesynapomorphiesofSquamata.Howdothesecharactersvary(i.e.,howaretheyfurtherevolutionarilymodified)withinSquamata?23.Describetheanatomyandtaxonomyofcoelacanths.24.Whatgroupoflizardscanrunacrosswater?Whichgroupcanglide?25.Rankthefollowinggroupsintermsofnumberofspecies:lungfish,Latimeria,Squamata,Ascaphus,snakes,Gymnophiona,frogs,Caudata,Sphenodon.26.Describesometraitsthatvaryamongcaecilianspecies.27.Listsomegeneraofsalamanders.28.Whatsortsofcommunicationsareusedbycrocodylians?Underwhatcircumstancesdocrocscommunicate?29.Whatisamplexus?30.Howdomalefrogssignalforamate?31.Discusstongueanatomyandfunctioninsquamates.32.Listsomeareaswherefrogsdepositeggs.33.Whataspectsoftheskullallowalethinophidiansnakestoswallowsuchlargeprey?Howdosnakesswallowlargeprey(thatis,whatmovementsofthebodyand/ortheheadcauseswallowinginalethinophidansnakes)?Contrastswallowinginscolecophidiansnakesversusswallowinginalethinophidiansnakes.34.Describeparentalcareinanamphibianspeciesofyourchoice.

35.Listgeneraofcrocodylians.36.Assumingthefollowingphylogenetictree,giveanode-baseddefinitionforthegroupnameBatrachia. Giveastem-baseddefinitionforataxonthatincludescaeciliansandfrogsbutexcludesSphenodon.

37.Contrasttheskullofanactinopterygiianwiththeskullofashark.38.Describethereproductivebiologyoftheanglerfish.39.Contrastthecirculatorysystemofanactinopterygiianwiththecirculatorysystemofalizard.40.Contrastfeedingonlandversusfeedingunderwater.Whatanatomicalcharacteristicsareimportantineachcase?41.Discussthebiologyofthecoelacanth,includingitstaxonomy.42.Whatarezygapophyses?Whyaretheseimportantfortheevolutionarytransitiontoland?43.Compareandcontrastvenomdeliverysystemsinsquamates.44.Listsomereptilesthatglide,anddescribetheanatomythatenablesgliding.45.Givevertebrateexamplesofhomologyinbehavior,morphology,andmolecules.46.Givevertebrateexamplesofconvergence/homoplasyinbehavior,morphology,andmolecules.

47.Crocodylianpopulationshavemadearemarkablecomebackfromtheirstatusdecadesagowhennearlyallspecieswereconsideredendangered.Describetheconservationmeasuresthathaveaidedtherecoveryofspeciesinthisclade.48.Listsomegeneraofsquamates.Tellsomethinginteresting/unusualabouteachone(e.g.:adultAmblyrhynchus[marineiguanas]forageforseaweedintheocean).49.Listfivespeciesorgeneraorothergroupsoffrogs,andtellsomethinginteresting/unusualabouteachone(e.g.:Centrolenellahavetranslucentskin).50.Compareandcontrastanatomicalapproachestomaintainingbuoyancyinsharksandactinopterygiians.51DescribeparentalcareinAlligatormississippiensis.52Listthenamesofsomeray-finnedfishthatarenotteleosts.Alsolistsometeleosts.53Describehowfishovercomedrag.(Whatisdrag?)54Contrastanguliiform,ostraciform,andcarangiformmodesoflocomotioninfish.55Describeasystemofgasexchangeingillsusedby(someormost)fish.56Trueorfalse:bluegillsunfish(ateleostfish)aremorecloselyrelatedtohumansthantheyaretosharks.Explainyouranswer.Includethephrase"shareamorerecentancestry"inyouranswer.

Usethisinformationtoarguewhyitisorisnotappropriatetoincludesharksandteleostsinataxonomicgroup(e.g.,'Pisces,''fish')separatefromhumans.57Giveexamplesofcooperativefeedingincrocodylians.58Giveanode-baseddefinitionforthetaxonnameCrocodylia,agroupthatincludesallextantspeciesofcrocodylians.Alsogiveastem-baseddefinitionforthenameCrocodylomorpha,whichincludesCrocodyliaanditsextinctcloserelatives.59Describecontroversiesandhypothesesfordinosaurphylogeny.

61.Identifythefollowingskullsasamphibian,lizard,crocodylian,orActinopterygiian.