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GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology Lecture 12: Petrology of Immature Siliciclastic Sed. Rocks Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA

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Page 1: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology

Lecture 12: Petrology of Immature Siliciclastic Sed. Rocks

Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA

Page 2: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Last Time

1. Factors promoting beach development

2. Beach profiles

3. Beach facies & sedimentary sections

Page 3: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Beach Facies

From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada, 409p.

Page 4: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Factors controlling beach development

Steady supply of sand to the shoreline, by river, delta or longshore drift

Wave dominated setting (medium to high wave energy is best; low tidal energy necessary)

Stable, low gradient coastal plan and continental shelf gradient

32,000 km of shoreline meet these requirements; best studied beaches are along the US eastern and Gulf coasts

Page 5: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Overall beach dynamics

From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada, 409p.

Page 6: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Hydrodynamic zones

From Komar, P.D., 1998. Beach Processes and Sedimentation. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 544p.

Sedimentary Facies

Page 7: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Beach Facies

From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada, 409p.

Page 8: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Today’s Agenda

1. Immature siliciclastic sediment

2. Immature siliciclastic sedimentary rocks

3. Point counting (an option for bonus credit in this week’s lab assignment)

Immature siliciclastic sediment and sedimentary rocks

Page 9: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Q = quartz

F = feldspars

R = lithic fragments

(includes chert)

Q

F R Source: Blatt, H., Middleton, G and Murray, R., 1980: Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Prentice Hill, 782 p.

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

Page 10: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Q

F R Source: Blatt, H., Middleton, G and Murray, R., 1980: Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Prentice Hill, 782 p.

“Mature” rocks (mineralogically stable)

Enriched in quartz and clay minerals

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

Page 11: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Quartz-rich (quartz arenites)

Generally well rounded grains

Poorly sorted to well sorted

Gravel to clay sized grains

250 m XN

Mature Siliciclastic Petrography

Page 12: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Q

F R Source: Blatt, H., Middleton, G and Murray, R., 1980: Origin of Sedimentary Rocks. Prentice Hill, 782 p.

“Immature” rocks (mineralogically unstable)

Enriched in feldspars and unstable rock fragments

Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

Page 13: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Important Grain Parameters

Page 14: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Important Grain Parameters

Grain Size (energy of deposition)

Rounding (degree of wear)

Sorting (energy of deposition)

Page 15: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

Page 16: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

XN

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

250 μm PPL 250 μm

Page 17: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

Is usually more diverse (mineralogy-wise) than mature sediment.

Grains include:

XN 250 μm

Page 18: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

Is usually more diverse (mineralogy-wise) than mature sediment.

Grains include:

XN 250 μm

Plagioclase feldspar

Orthoclase

Microcline

Micas

Lithics

Quartz

Page 19: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

More variable grain compositions can make mineral identification more difficult

Page 20: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

More variable grain compositions can make mineral identification more difficult

e.g., orthoclase and quartz (look for chemical alteration of feldspar)

Page 21: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Immature Siliciclastic Sediment

Cement/matrix is also typically more variable (and complex!)

Page 22: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Matrix • Heterogeneous

• Chemically impure • Drapes over grains • Predates cements

• Generally dark in color

100 µm XN

Matrix versus Cement

Cement • Homogeneous

• Chemically pure • Lines pores

• Specific fabrics • Multiphased, zoned

100 µm

Page 23: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Matrix • Heterogeneous

• Chemically impure • Drapes over grains • Predates cements

• Generally dark in color

PPL

Matrix versus Cement

Cement • Homogeneous

• Chemically pure • Lines pores

• Specific fabrics • Multiphased, zoned

Clay cement is hard to distinguish from matrix

100 µm http://www.earthsci.unibe.ch/bilder/exogenegeologie/fig_7am.jpg

Page 24: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Matrix • Heterogeneous

• Chemically impure • Drapes over grains • Predates cements

• Generally dark in color

PPL

Matrix versus Cement

Cement • Homogeneous

• Chemically pure • Lines pores

• Specific fabrics • Multiphased, zoned

150 µm

Squished fine-grained lithic clasts are hard to tell apart from

matrix

Page 25: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Lithic Fragments

Page 26: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Lithic Fragments

Page 27: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Hand specimens Imature siliciclastic sandstones

(arkose - litharenite)

5 cm

Arkose (basalt-derived)

Litharenite (igneous/sedimentary-derived) Arkose (granite-derived)

Page 28: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 1.5 mm

Arkose

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 29: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 1.5 mm

Arkose

quartz

chert plagioclase

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 30: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 0.5 mm

Arkose

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 31: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 0.5 mm

Arkose

Granite rock fragment

microcline

“perthite”

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 32: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 750 m

Arkose

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 33: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 750 m

Arkose

plagioclase

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 34: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 1 mm

Arkose

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 35: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 1 mm

Arkose

biotite

?

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 36: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 0.75 mm

Litharenite

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 37: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 0.75 mm

Litharenite

volcanic R.F.

chert muscovite

Thin-section Photomicrographs

chert

Page 38: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl 0.250 mm

Litharenite

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 39: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 750 μm

Litharenite

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 40: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 750 μm

Litharenite

chert

Thin-section Photomicrographs

chert

Page 41: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 1 mm

Arkose - cement

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 42: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 1 mm

Arkose - cement

calcite cement

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 43: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

ppl xn 0.75 mm

Arkose - cement dolomite cement

Thin-section Photomicrographs

Page 44: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Mechanical stage

Page 45: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Mechanical stage

Page 46: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Point counting

The mechanical stage locks the thin section down to the stage. You systematically advance the thin section along the x or y directions. At each stop, you identify the grain/component under the cross-hairs.

Page 47: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Point counting

Page 48: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

x - direction

Point counting

Page 49: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

x - direction

Point counting

Page 50: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

x - direction

300 point counts (minimum) are required in order to assure statistical significance

Point counting

Page 51: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Upcoming Stuff

Homework 1) Lecture Test 1 Due now

2) Write 3 re dos Due Thursday 3) James Section Due Friday

Lab This Week

Immature Siliciclastic Petrography (Due Thursday)

Online Lecture: Lecture 14-Immature Siliciclastic Facies

This Thursday:

Activity 5: Flume exercise (fun!; due in class) More

Page 52: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Today’s Lab

Page 53: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Today’s Lab

Page 54: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Today’s Lab

Page 55: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

Today’s Lab

Do one thin section from Group 1 and one from Group 2, 3 or 4

Page 56: GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology - University of South … Facies From Walker, R.G. and James, N.P. (1992). Facies Models: Response to Sea Level Change. Geological Association of Canada,

GY 402: Sedimentary Petrology

Lecture 12: Immature Siliciclastic Sedimentary Rocks

Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick

[email protected]

This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes. For personal use only.


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