h. j. chowdhery studies on the subfamily...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter - V
lJXIVER2§;iTY LIBRARIEI§; OF KARIVATAKA: A PROFILE
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Library Collection
5.3 Services of Libraries
5.4 ICT Infrastructure Facilities
5.5 Internet and Networking
5.6 Auton^ation Status of the Library
5.7 Digitization of Documents
5.8 Institutional Repository
5.9 Users and Use of Library
5.10 Staff of Library
5.11 Budget of Library
5.12 Librarian's Opinion on Electronic Information
Resources and Services
5.13 Conclusion
'You need to Rave speciaCizecC owCsdge a s^ffwHiCe maintaining a broad'perspective... 5Vb one sfiouCdassume that the expertise he has today wiff suffice tomorraw, so a wdingness to [earn is
criticaP'.
•BUI Gates
Cfiapter- S ' Vniversity LiBraries of'Kflmatalla :Ji (Profile
5.1. Introduction
Libraries have been regarded as important institutions since time immemorial.
Libraries are no longer the warehouse of information but rather a gateway to information
and knowledge. Availability of information and knowledge is key to the success of
libraries. Librarian is not merely a collector but rather a facilitator of information and
knowledge (Prakash Chand and Nishy, 2008). Libraries preserve for posterity the
intellectual output of a society in written, oral, or electronic form. They developed as a
result of the urge of human beings to keep records and documents of their culture,
discoveries, and achievements. They have the ability to organize, manage and
disseminate the recorded information and knowledge for undergraduate students,
postgraduate students, faculty members, non-academic staff, and members of the public
who can contribute in achieving a knowledge-rich society.
The rapid advancements of information and communication technology into
library operations has brought a revolutionary change in the information scenario along
with electronic dissemination of information giving rise to a number of options to handle
varied information sources and services conveniently. Today, the electronic information
resources have occupied a major portion of library collections. Moreover, with the
widespread availability, the value and use of information resources, particularly
electronic resources, have increased with the time. The libraries are no longer defined by
the size of their physical collection but rather by the amount of information to which they
can provide access (Yusoff, 2006). Therefore, there is necessity to make a study on the
availability and the issues relating to access and use of electronic resources in the library
and information centres. For the present study a separate questionnaire was prepared and
administered personally to the librarians for collecting information about the
administration, organization, availability and use of resources, services and ICT
infrastructural facilities of libraries under study. An attempt was also made to ascertain
the problems being faced by them in managing these libraries. Questionnaires were
personally administered to the all libraries under study. Responses received are analyzed
and discussed in the subsequent tables.
90
Cfiapter-5 •• Vniversity LiSraries o/TQimata^ :A <Prqfile
The universities selected for the present study consists of Kuvempu University
(KU) Shankaraghatta, University of Mysore (UoM) Mysore, Bangalore University (BU)
Bangalore, Kamatak University (KUD) Dharwad, Gulbarga University (GU) Gulabarga,
Mangalore University (MU) Mangalore, Davangere University (DU) Davangere, Tumkur
University (TU) Tumkur, Kamataka State Women's University (KSWU) Bijapur,
Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University (VSKU) Bellary.
A. Personal Information
Table-5.1: Personal information Name of the University
Kuvempu University
University of Mysore
Bangalore University
Kamatak University
Gulbarga University
Mangalore University
Davangere University
Tumkur University
Kamataka State Women's University Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University
Name of the librarian and Qualification
Dr. K.C. Ramakreshnegowda. M.A., M.Lib.Sc, Ph.D Dr. C.P. Ramshesh (in charge). M.A., M.Lib.Sc, Ph.D Dr. Anjanappa (in charge). M.A., MLISc, M.phil., Ph.D Dr. S.B. Patil. M.A., M.Lib.Sc, Ph.D Dr. R.B. Gaddagimath. MLISc, Ph.D Dr. M.K. Bhandi. M.A., M.Lib.Sc., Ph.D Sri. H.J. Poomachandra (in charge). M.A., M.Lib.Sc. Sri. B. Ravi Venkat (in charge). M.A., MLIScPGDLAN Dr. P.G. Tadasad (in charge). MLISc, Ph.D
Sri. Prabhanad S. Munolimath (in charge). M.Lib. Sc
Gender
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Age
59
57
55
55
54
55
54
41
40
64
Experience
32
~
28
30
30
32
~
16
~
43
The university libraries under study running with full time librarians consisted of
KU, KUD, GU, and MU libraries. Rest of the libraries do not have full time librarians. At
the same time, all the librarians (including in-charge) had possessing good qualification.
It is also found that most of the librarians were having rich experience. The qualification
and experience are considered to be pre-requisite for effective functioning of libraries.
Educational qualifications of librarians influence the organizational health of libraries.
Higher academic and professional qualification leads to better library management,
ultimately better library services.
91
Ctiapter-S •• Vniversity LiBraries oflQimata^ :Ji (Profile
B. Institutional Information
Libraries constitute an integral part of any university in the educational system.
Realizing their crucial role in education, they are supposed to establish simultaneously
with their parent institutions. The establishment of independent library building has been
a matter of great importance in the university environment. Libraries as dynamic
institutions will continue to grow in terms of collection, staff and readers. In order to
tackle the resultant growth, it becomes necessary to house a library in an independent,
functional and modular building with adequate provision for housing its library materials
and also seating arrangement to users for reading inside library premises. Following table
reveals the information regarding the university libraries.
Institutional Information
Year of establishment Independent building Plinth area (in square feet) Floor of buildings Seating capacity
KU
1987
Yes
26,500
02
300
TabIe-5.2: Institutional information
UoM
1916
Yes
1,00,000
04
400
BU
1965
Yes
16000
02
600
KUD
1950
Yes
4030
03
300
GU
1980
Yes
~
02
1200
MU
1980
Yes
9000
02
450
DU
2009
No
3600
02
100
TU
2004
No
~
01
100
KSWU
2007
Yes
5000
02
60
VSKU
2010
No
1220
01
100
Among the libraries, UoM, KUD and BU were found to be the oldest universities
established before 1950, whereas GU, MU, and KU were established 1980 onwards and
VSKU in 2010. The other universities viz., TU, KSWU, and DU were the youngest one
established very recently i.e. 2004 onwards. The data in table-5.2 revealed that except
DU, TU, and VSKU Libraries, all other libraries functioning in independent building of
their own. The plinth area of library building varied with libraries ranging from 1220
square feet to one lakh square feet. Regarding the floor of the building it was found that
UoM library is having four floors and KUD library three. TU and VSKU libraries are
having one floor, and rest of the libraries are having two floors each. The seating capacity
in these libraries was found to be satisfactory as the data clearly depicted that GU library
92
Cfiapter- 5 •• Vniversity LiBraries ofT(flmatal{a :A ^Profile
is having highest seating capacity for 1200 users was followed by BU library with 600,
MU library with 450, and UoM with 400 users. DU, TU, and VSKU libraries are having
100 each and KSWU library is having seating capacity for 60 users.
C. Library Working Hours
Users are getting satisfied only when the library is able to rise to his or her
expectation or meet the actual needs. A quality service is said to be one, which satisfy the
users' expectation. Working hours of the library should be convenient for the user
community. Convenience is a motivating factor for encouraging individuals to use a
service or resource. Working hours of libraries have direct bearing on the use of the
library resources and services.
Respondent Universities
KU
UoM
BU
KUD
GU
MU
DU
TU
KSWU
VSKU
Table-5.3: Library working hours
Monday to Saturday
9 am - 9 pm
8 am - 8 pm
9 am - 5.15 pm
8 am - 8 pm
8 am - 7 pm
8.30 am - 8 pm
9 am - 7 pm
8.30 am - 5.30 pm
10 am -6 pm
8 am - 9 pm
Second Saturday
9 am - 2 pm
10am- 5.30 pm
9 am - 5.15 pm
10.30 am - 6 pm
9 am - 4.30 pm
10 am - 5.30 pm
-
~
10 am - 5 pm
Holiday
Sunday
9 am - 2 pm
10 am-5.30 pm
10 am - 5 pm
Holiday
9 am - 4.30 pm
10 am - 5.30 pm
~
-
10 am-2.30 pm
Holiday
Holiday
Holiday
10am- 5.30 pm
10 am- 5 pm
Holiday
9 am - 4.30 pm
10 am - 5.30 pm
Holiday
Holiday
Holiday
Holiday
The data from the above table revealed that the working hours of libraries was
found varied in different universities. It was found that KU library is working from 9 am
to 9 pm from Monday to Saturday and 9 am to 2 pm on second Saturday and Sunday.
UoM and KUD libraries are functioning from 8 am to 8 pm on Monday to Saturday. BU
library is kept open from 9 am to 5.15 pm; GU library from 8 am to 7 pm; MU library
93
chapter- 5 =^=^===^ "Vniversity Libraries of'Kflmata^ :A 'ProfiU
from 8.30 am to 8 pm; DU library from 9 am to 7 pm; TU library form 8.30 am to 5.30
pm; KSWU library from 10 am to 6 pm; and VSKU from 8 am to 9 pm on Monday to
Saturday. Further, the study also found that most of the libraries are functioning also on
second Saturday, and Sunday, and few of them even on holidays.
5.2. Library Collection
Among three components of libraries i. e. collection, staff and readers, collection
occupies the key position. It is collection which determines the use of a library.
Collection is a wider term covering books, periodicals, microforms, electronic form
documents, etc. Technological developments and the ease with which information
resources can now be accessed via the Internet, have shifted the focus of collection
development in academic libraries from print resources to their electronic counterparts.
Electronic information resources are becoming increasingly important to libraries of all
types and sizes. The explosive growth of Internet and widespread reliance on computer
networks accelerated the use of electronic information resources to a great extent. In view
of this, the researcher has gathered data about the nature and size of the collection of
libraries under study and the same is presented in table-5.4.
94
b C4 u £i
]S
a JS -*< CM O
J-l
B 0) ka »> a o • • N
u 0)
o O -* V) u .c rt
H
L J
C' NN
>
P ^ ^
Ui o
ri ^
^ [—' Cli vj N*N
n
§ o U)
^
s a "a u
a _o '** u id "S U
3
o o 00 o en
o o o t ^
o en
o r-~ • t
m f S
r-VO m r-r f
VO >n
00
>r> <N Ov VO Ov <N
O O o
m
o o o o o
o o o iri o
t/5
o o
OQ
m r-^ H
o rn ( N
m l O
^ »- m
00 o
u-> <N T t
l O
<N
o U-) f - H
^ H
r<i
c
3
o o o 00
o o i n
o o
O m ( N
1
j
1
o o o IT)
o o o «-) '^
o o o
^ 8 S i
o .2 CD "O
c o
rt> —«
PS u
o <ri
o o 00
o
o *^
o U-) r-t - ^
m ( N
m
l o 00 r-~ r
o o >n 00
o o o o <N
o
c O
• ^
<L) Ui
Q • o c V)
'35 u
j = H
o o o T f
o o ( N
1
o o ^
>o 00 o ( N <N
O O
00
o «n * — 1
VO Tj-
o o o o
o o o o o
o o IT)
" « o '•5 _o ' C cu
o
u B
_3
>
c 3 o
OQ
1
1
t
1
1
00 ( N
j
1
1/1
c
u a>
C L
o 00 1 - H
, '
1
U-) o
00 f - H
<N •<i-
1
1
o •T)
o o o <N
1
to C o
1 1 c
s e > o
O
v, o
1
*
1
1
00 o >r\ •rt
T f
IT) t
1
O
o o o VO
o o o
o a .
o > — 1
, '
<n o
<n ( N
,
1
1
i n <N
o o o <N
,
o a .
a:
3
i <
o m
1
'
1
<N O
,
1
1
o ^
t
1
(A
K A I . 4»
s o o
a o
>
a
u
u ^ N * ^
1
, '
1
,
,
( N
O <N
1
1
O <n ( N
1
2 o
!i B o o
i
o o
1
1
'
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
o o <N
,
a ,
u
O o <N
,
O
>n f N
Ti->n i n t - ^
1
o o ( N
1
O o r<^
1
en
.2 u -5
o u
•T3
>
3 <
B u o
"5 2 u
a o u
"o U '-^ U
1
, '
1
1
,
00 a\
1
o o o ^
1
1
o o
CQ o
'S o
• * - » o u
s
1
, '
1
, '
+ <n <-> >n • *
o o i n 00
i n ( N VO m
o o m VO
+ o (-) <-> 0 0
+ o o o
t/)
B 3 o
1—>
'5 o o u W
1
1
'
,
,
vo » — <
1
o ^
o * — 1
1 - ^
>n o ON
I/)
u CO
«
1 Q O Q O
,
,
1 1
1
'
( N O
VO ""
1 — <
o
<N O
1 - ^
o
•^ o
«1 <u
1 Q
" c O
,
1
'
1
1
*
1
o m
1
1
-?'
,
CO C O
u to to
5 T3 C C3 to
(U J 3
H o
'c o is o <u a
1
, '
,
,
0 0 '^
1
1
'P-
1
to XL o a.
aJ o '5 o
• * - »
o <u
s
,
,
1 1
, '
1
iT)
1
1
-?^
1
C/)
c u 6 3 O o
Q u u c u
o ' c o
-•-» o u
s
1
, '
1
, '
,
( N f N
1
1
-?•
1
to
n T3 U U o o
OH u <J c u
<*-c o
u o
' c o >
• * - » o u
s
1
, '
1
,
,
"~?-
1
1
-?-
,
CO
'C o
' K O
a:
c o
en C
1
1
1
'
1/1
c a
oi o o <N NO
1
1
1
1
1
CO
u
O
>n O N
Cfiapter- 5 = = = = : Vniversity LiSraries of'Kftmata^ :A (Profile
From the table 5.4, one can observe that the nature of collection and its strength of
these universities is not unique. There is a variation among the different types of library
collection in terms of number and forms of collection. The data reveals that UoM library
is having rich collection possessing around 500000 books, 150 current periodicals, 15000
reference books, 20000 thesis and dissertations, 100000 bound volumes of periodicals,
12000 government publications, 6000 reports and 1000 other reports. BU library is also
having significant collections possessing around 325000 books, 275 current periodicals,
5000 reference books, 8500 thesis and dissertations, 50000 bound volumes of periodicals,
28 newspaper clippings, 50 government publications, 10 reports, 25 annual reports and
10 newsletters. KUD library is having 296925 books, 425 current periodicals, 7785 thesis
and dissertations, 46250 bound volumes of periodicals. MU library is also having 147367
books, 316 current periodicals, 1756 thesis and dissertations, 22085 bound volumes of
periodicals, 4218 government publications and 4508 reports. KU library is having
105000 books, 311 current periodicals, 5000 reference books, 1550 thesis and
dissertations, 5500 back volumes of periodicals and 1000 reports. Other universities such
as DU, TU, KSWU and VSKU libraries are having book collection ranging from 23000
to 72000 and few other collections. None of the university library is having news paper
clippings. Regarding non-book materials are considered, UoM library is having 250
microforms 200 magnetic tapes and 300 A/V materials and KUD, MU, DU, VSKU
libraries are having 200, 1554, 25, 200 A/V materials respectively. With regard to
collection strength in electronic form, except KU, TU, KSWU and VSKU libraries, all
other libraries are having quite a good number of collections of electronic journals, CD-
ROM and online databases. GU library is having 8500 electronic journals, 98 electronic
books, 16 CD-ROM and online databases, 150 electronic thesis and dissertations, 18
electronic reports, 22 electronic conference proceedings, 5 reference documents and an
institutional repository digitised 300 faculty publications, all question papers, annual
reports and syllabus. It is also having 6200 reprints.
96
Cfiapter- S •• Vniversity LiBraries of'Kflmatalia :Ji (Profile
5.2.1. Adequacy of Existing Collection of Electronic Information Resources to Meet
the User Needs
The increasing availability of information sources in electronic format has
required libraries to make difficult decisions regarding services and collection. It is vital
to understand user needs and how users utilise information. This would help librarians to
understand the adequacy of collection in meeting the information needs of its readers and
accordingly plan and acquire information sources that best meet user needs in a more
efficient and effective manner.
Response
Yes No
TabIe-5.5: Adequacy of electronic information resources
KU
V ~
UoM
V ~
BU
V ~
KUD —
V
GU
V ~
MU
V ~
DU ~
V
TU ~
V
KSWU ~
V
VSKU ~
V
Regarding the adequacy of existing electronic information resources to meet the
needs of users was concerned KU, UoM, BU, GU and MUs are of the opinion that they
had adequate resources. Whereas, the other libraries opined that the existing collection
was not found to be adequate to meet the needs of its users. Hence, these universities
should take necessary steps to acquire need based electronic information resources to
meet the needs of their users.
5.2.2. Preference of Collection Development
The goal of the libraries is to provide an effective combination of print, non-print
and electronic resources, and the integration of the use of these resources in support of
teaching, learning and research at the university. Today, academic libraries particularly
university libraries are faced with managing hybrid resources and serving as an access
point to both print and electronic resources. Currently, electronic formats present libraries
with management issues that more traditional formats do not. They may be significantly
more expensive to acquire and maintain. In view of this the librarians were asked to state
the preference of their library's collection development.
97
Cfiapter-S •• Vniversity LiBraries ofTQimata^ :A 'Profile
Table-5.6: Preference of collection development of information resources
Preference of collection development Print only Electronic only Print + Electronic
KU
~ —
V
UoM
— ~
V
BU
— ~
V
KUD
— ~
V
GU
~ ~
V
MU
~ —
V
DU
--~
V
TU
~ ~
V
KSWU
~ —
V
VSKU
— —
V
All the libraries under study had unique preference for having both print as well
as electronic formats. Electronic environment had greater impact on libraries and it would
always be crucial for libraries to hold both print and electronic information resources in
future. At the same time, it shows that print would remain even in the future paperless
society. Electronic forms can only serve as supplementary sources to print formats, but
cannot substitute for the print sources.
5.3. Services of Libraries
Libraries have an inherent obligation to provide information service to support the
educational, recreational, personal and economic endeavours of the members of their
respective communities, as appropriate to the libraries' individual missions. Being the
centres of research, university libraries are recognised as vital sources for the scientific
and societal progress of the nation. The establishment and maintenance of a resource rich
library with need based facilities and services are the important prerequisites for
universities.
5.3.1. Types of Information Services offered by the Libraries
Information services in libraries take a variety of forms ranging from direct
personal assistance, reference service, reader's advisory service, dissemination of
information in anticipation, access to electronic information etc. A library must develop
information services appropriate to its community. This has prompted the researcher to
elicit the data regarding the information services offered by the libraries under study. The
data so collected has been presented in table 5.7 below.
98
CHapter- 5 •• "Vniversity LiSraries ofTQimata^ :^ (Profile
Table-5.7: Types of information services offered
Information services offered by the libraries
Reference service Lending service Newspaper clipping service Inter library loan service Photocopy (Xeroxing) and other reprographic services Audiovisuals presentation/shows Referral service Current Awareness Services (CAS) SDI services Bibliograpiiic services
Electronic information services (EISs)
Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) CD-ROM search service Access to library databases Access to online databases Access to consortia based databases/resources Access to e-joumals service Access to E-Books service Scanning of images and documents
KU
V V
V
V V
V
V V -
V
UoM
V V
-
V V
V
l V -
V
BU
V V
V
V V
-
l V
-
V
KUD
V V
-
V V
V
NI
V -
V
GU
V V
V
/
V
V
V V -
V
MU
V V
V
V V
V
V v -
^l
3y the libraries
DU
V V
-
-
V
-
V V --
TU
V V
V
V V
-
V V --
KSWU
V V
V
V V
V -
V --
VSKU
V ^
V
V V
V -
-
-
V
V
V V V V
V
V V
V
V V V -
V
V -
V
-
V V -
V
l -
V
-
V V V
V
l -
V
V V V V
V
V V
^l V V V V
V
-
-
V ---
-
-
-
-
-
V --
-
-
-
-
-
---
-
-
-
-
-
---
-
-
-
-
Regarding the conventional information services offered to the users by libraries,
all the libraries under study are providing reference service, lending service and
photocopy services. With regard to inter library loan service, all the libraries except DU
library and current awareness service is being provided by all the libraries except VSKU
library. Audio-visual service is being provided by all the other libraries except BU, DU
and TU libraries and referral service is by all libraries except BU, KSWU and VSKU
libraries. Except UoM, KUD and DU libraries, rest of the libraries are providing news
paper clipping service and only six libraries except DU, TU, and KSWU libraries are
providing bibliographic services to their readers. It was surprising to know that, no
university library under study is providing SDI services.
99
Cfiapter-5 = = = = = Vniversity LiBraries of'Kflmata^ .-y? <ProfiIe
In addition to the conventional library services, some of the libraries under study
also providing electronic information services. The data from the table-5.7 revealed that
except TU, KSWU libraries, all other libraries providing OPAC service to its readers.
Regarding access to library databases and access to online databases, except DU, TU,
KSWU libraries, all other libraries are offering to its users. Electronic journal service is
providing by all the libraries except DU, TU, KSWU and VSKU libraries. The provision
of CD-ROM search service is providing by KU, UoM, GU, MU and TU libraries.
Similarly access to consortia based database service is extending only at KU, KUD, GU
and MU libraries. Access to e-book service is also available at KU, UoM, BU, KUD and
GU libraries and only KU, and GU libraries have made provision for scanning of images
and documents to their readers.
5.4. ICT Infrastructure Facilities
Information Communication Technology greatly facilitates the acquisition and
absorption of knowledge, offering libraries unprecedented opportunity to enhance
research and other developmental activities of the nation. ICTs are being increasingly
used in library and information centres for the acquisition, processing and dissemination
of information. Libraries and Information centres have been using ICT infrastructures and
services to satisfy the diverse information need of their users. The availability of
Information and Communication Technology infrastructure has become increasingly
important in university libraries to ensure effective use of informational resources
particularly electronic resources.
5.4.1. Availability of ICT Infrastructure in the Library
Since ICT infrastructure is the basic component of library housekeeping operations, it
is essential for the university libraries to acquire various hardware, software and
networking components which enables integration of operations of various library
activities.
100
chapter- 5 • Vniversity Libraries of'Kfimatak^ :Jl (Profile
Table-5.8
ICT Infrastructure facilities
: Available infrastructure facilities
KU UoM BU KUD GU MU
in the
DU
! library
TU KSWU VSKU
Computers: - Server systems - Desktop Computers - Laptop Computers
Printers Scanners Barcode Scanner LCD Projectors Power backup with UPS Generators Television VCR/DVD Player OHP Web Cameras Fax
03 50 01 09 01 01 01 01 01 ---
01 -
02 180
-05 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 -
01
05 80 01 08 01 03 02 01 01 ----
01
01 25 -
04 -
02 01 06 ------
04 140 05 05 02 02 02 01 01 02 --
01 01
01 13 -
05 01 02 -
01 01 01 01 01 -
01
01 07 -
02 ----~ -----
-
02 -----
01 --
01 ---
01 15 -
02 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 ---
-
02 -
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 --
01 Network facilities Internet Intranet Computer Networking
V V V
V -
V
V -
V
V l
V
V ^
V
V V V
V --
V --
V V V
V -
V
Table-5.8 shows that majority of university libraries are having impressive ICT
infrastructural facilities like servers, computers, printers, barcode printers, scanners and
LCD projectors and others. It also shows that KU, UoM BU, and GU libraries were
having good infrastructure compared to other university libraries. Except TU and VSKU
libraries, all other libraries were having server systems, of which GU library had
4 servers, KU had 3 and UoM library had 2 servers. Regarding desktop computers UoM,
GU, BU and KU libraries are having 180, 140, 80, and 50 computers respectively and
KU, BU libraries had one laptop and GU had five laptop computers. With regard to
printers, TU library do not have any printer whereas KU got 9 printers, BU library had 8
printers, UoM, GU and MU libraries are having 5 printers each, DU and KSWU libraries
had 2 each fallowed by VSKU library had I printer. Regarding scanner, GU library
possessing 2 scanners and KU, UoM, BU, MU, KSWU and VSKU libraries are having
1 each and KUD, DU and TU libraries do not have any scanner. Similarly, BU library is
having 3 barcode scanners, KUD, GU and MU libraries are having 2 and KU, UoM,
KSWU and VSKU libraries had I each, whereas, BU, DU and TU libraries do not have
101
Cfiapter-S •• Vniversity LiSrarks of%flmata^ :Jl (Profile
any barcode scanner. Except MU, DU and TU libraries, all other libraries are having
LCD projector. All the libraries are having UPS except DU library, and GU had 6 UPS in
its library. Generators (1 each) are also present at all the libraries except KUD, DU and
TU libraries. Television, VCR/DVD player, OHP, web cameras and fax were also found
in some libraries. With regard to networking facilities, Internet facility has been available
in all the libraries, intranet facility is also available in these libraries except UoM, DU,
TU and VSKU libraries. Except DU, TU libraries, all the other libraries have extended
computer networking facilities to its users.
5.5. Internet and Networking
With the advent of information and telecommunication technologies,
revolutionary changes have taken place in the field of Library and Information Science.
The Networking Technology is the core technology of ICT, which shrinks the physical
boundaries through dissemination and distribution of digital information. The facilities
offered by networking have not left libraries untouched. The network integrates various
information technology areas by providing a central focus for management of resources
and services. The network makes it easy to coordinate the management of computing,
library automation, telecommunications, media technology, and other networked
information resources. Such coordinated management allows better use of resources, and
allows much more efficient strategies for handling technology infrastructure components.
Therefore, in order to know, whether the libraries are working under networking
environment or not, this question has been raised to the respondent librarians.
Table-5.9: Library working under network environment
Response
Yes No
KU
V ~
UoM
V ~
BU
V ~
KUD
V ~
GU
V ~
MU
V ~
DU
V ~
TU
~
V
KSWU
V ~
VSKul
- 1 ^ 1
It is found from the above table that except TU and VSKU libraries, all the other
libraries are functioning under networking environment.
102
Cfiapter-S •• iJniversity LiBraries qflQimata^ :Ji (Profile
5.5.1. Types of Network
Networking, whether local, metropolitan, national or regional, is becoming
increasingly common among libraries and other information-provision organizations.
Networking enables libraries to become integral parts of the organization-wide
communication infrastructure. The ability to access national and international networks
will certainly facilitate to access information.
Response LAN CAN MAN WAN
KU ~
—
—
V
Table-5.10: Types of network
UoM V ~
~
~
BU V ~
~
~
KUD V —
—
~
GU ~
V ~
~
MU V ~
—
~
DU V ~
~
~
KSWU V ~
~
—
It is evident from the above table-5.10 that except TU and VSKU libraries, all
other libraries are having network facility. Among them, UoM, BU, KUD, MU, DU, and
KSWU libraries are having Local Area Network (LAN). KU library is having Wide Area
Network (WAN) and GU library is also having Campus Area Network (CAN).
5.5.2. Spreading of Network in the Campus
The network is an information channel that reaches every place on campus where
academicians, students, and staff members live and work such as departments,
administrative blocks, classrooms, laboratories, hostels, staff residence etc. The ideal
network provides a seamless interface to on-campus sub-nets and to off-campus locations
and resources and has physical components that meet defined institutional standards,
provide for modularity and expandability. This has prompted the researcher to elicit the
data regarding the spreading of network in the universities.
Table-5.11: Spreading of network in the campus
Spreading of network Library All Academic Departments All administrative sections Hostels Residences Guest House
KU V V V V V V
UoM V —
~
~
~
~
BU
V V V ~
~
~
KUD V V ~
~
—
~
GU V V V ~
V ~
MU
V V V ~
~
~
DU V —
~
~
—
~
KSWU V —
~
~
—
—
103
Cfiapter-S •• Vniversity LiSraries of'Kftmataka :A 'Profile
The networking facility can be extended to various segments of the university
such as library, departments, administrative sections, hostels and even residences and
guest houses. The data from the table-5.11 reveals that KU is the only university
extended its networking facility to all the above segments of the university including
guest house. GU has extended its network facility to departments, administrative sections
and residences, apart from library; MU has provided to library, departments and
administrative sections; BU has extended to library, departments and admin sections.
UoM, DU and KSWUs are having this facility only in their library buildings.
5.5.3. Physical Transmission Medium used for LAN
Transmission media are the physical pathways that connect computers, other
devices, and people on a network- the highways and byways that comprise the
information superhighway. Each transmission medium requires specialized network
hardware that has to be compatible with that medium. A local area network is a group of
computers that are connected together in a localized area to communicate with one
another and share resources such as printers. Data is sent in the form of packets and to
regulate the transmission of the packets, different technologies can be used. The physical
transmission medium for a wired LAN involves cables, mainly twisted pair or fibre
optics. Since more and more applications are running over networks today, higher and
higher network performance is required. In view of this, a question was asked to know
the type of transmission medium used in these libraries.
TabIe-5.12:
Physical medium UTP Cable
1 Wireless loFC
KU ~
V V
Physical transmission medium used for LAN
UoM ~
V —
BU —
—
V
KUD ~
—
V
GU ~
~
V
MU —
~
V
DU V ~
—
KSWU V —
—
It was found that. Optical Fibre. Cable (OFC) has been used as the physical
transmission medium for LAN at KU, BU, KUD, GU and MU libraries, whereas wireless
networking has made available at KU, UoM and BU libraries. UTP cable has been
employed at DU and KSWU libraries. GU library is having ECAT6 within the library,
and OFC outside the library as physical transmission medium for LAN.
104
i CHapter- S •• Vnivemty LiSraries o/'Kumata^: fi. <Profi[e
5.5.4. Type of Internet Connection
There are different ways to connect Internet including traditional dial-up access
through the analog modems and broadband options such as ISDN. Cables, leased lines
and wireless type connections are being widely used by many university libraries. The
user demands and the nature of collection play an important role in choice of connection
in the libraries.
Table-5.13: Type of Internet connection
Type Of Connection Dial-up Leased Line V-SAT
KU
~
<
~
UOM
~
V
BU
~
V
KUD
~
V
GU
~
V
MU
~
V
DU
Broadband
~
~
TU
Broadband
~
~
KSWU
~
V ~
VSKU
~
^
—
The above table indicated that, DU and TU libraries are having broadband
connection and rest of the libraries are having leased lines for Internet connection.
5.5.5. Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the Internet.
The service providers give software package, usemame, password and access phone
number. As university libraries grow and expand their operations, the need for a better
and improved connectivity services with assurance quality of services is becoming the
order of the day. The libraries are becoming more demanding and the nature of services
extended to the user community has undergone a tremendous change over the years.
Today the connectivity options in the libraries are multi fold, offering their unique
benefits. The integrated service providers are offering the complete bouquet of services
for library and information centres.
Table-5.14: Internet service provider
Internet Service Provider
BSNL ERNET NICNET Other
KU
l — —
UoM
l ~ ~
BU
V ^! —
KUD
l ~ ~
GU
~
V ~
MHRD
MU
l V ~
DU
V — ~
TU
V — ~
KSWU
V ~ ~
VSKU
V ~ ~
105
Cfiapter-5 •• Vniversity Libraries ofKflmata^ :Ji (ProfUe
Regarding the type of Internet connection, BSNL was found most common
Internet service provider in majority of libraries. Tlie KU, UoM, BU, MU, KUD, DU,
TU, KSWU and VSKU libraries are availing this facility. At the same time, BU and MU
libraries are alos getting the services ERNET. GU library is also availing the services
provided by MHRD besides ERNET.
5.5.6. Access Speed (Bandwidth) of Internet
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted across a network or
cable; usually measured in bits per second (bps) for Internet access. For example, a
modem may connect at 28.8 Kbps, which means it can nominally send and receive
28,800 bits of information per second.
KU
1GB
UOM
2MB
Table-5.15: Access speed of Internet
BU
1GB
KUD
1GB
GU
1GB
MU
10MB
DU
2MB
TU
256KB
KSWU
10MB
VSKU
100MB
Regarding the bandwidth of the Internet in the university libraries, it was ranging
from IMBPS to IGBPS. Further it was found that KU, BU, KUD and GU libraries are
having 1 GBPS of bandwidth, VSKU library has 100 MBPS, MU and KSWU libraries
are having 10 MBPS each, UoM and DU libraries are having 2 MBPS each, and
TU library is having only 256 KBPS bandwidth.
5.5.7. Library Membership to Network / Consortia
Cooperation among libraries is not a new concept. It has existed in many forms, in
many countries, for many years. Cooperative efforts usually had an economic motivation.
Recent developments in library funding and the growth in importance of electronic
materials have led to a change in thinking about how libraries cooperate, and the growth
of formal cooperative entities results in establishment of library consortia programmes.
Library consortia arose from a need for sharing when resources or funding for those
resources were scarce. A library consortium is a group of two or more libraries that have
agreed to cooperate with each other in order to fulfil certain similar needs, usually
106
: Cfiapter-J iJniversity LiSraries ofTQimata^ :Ji (Profile
resource sharing. Membership in a consortium is a serious commitment for a library. It
may involve a significant payment in membership dues and other necessary fees,
although not all are expensive to join.
Response Yes No
Table-5.16:
KU V —
UoM V ~
Membership
BU V ~
KUD V ~
to library network / consortia
GU V ~
MU V ~
DU ~
V
TU —
V
KSWU —
V
VSKU ~
V
It was found that, KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU, and MU libraries are having
membership for library network/consortia and rest of the libraries still not became the
members for any network/consortia.
5.5.8. Type of Library Network / Consortia
There are number of significant national and international library networks/
consortia playing a greater role through resource sharing in satisfying ever growing
information needs of the academic community. Today, libraries have been surrounded by
networked data connected to a huge amount of electronic information resources and
services. These networks/consortia functions as a resource centre with an aim to cater to
the needs of its members. This has prompted the researcher to know which
network/consortia the libraries are having in extending the library services.
TabIe-5.17: Type of library network / consortia
Library Network / Consortia UGC-Infonet INDEST ERNET NICNET
KU V ~ ~
~
UoM V — ~
—
BU V — ~
~
KUD V ~ —
~
GU V ~ ~
~
MU V ~ ~
~
From the above table-5.I7 it was found that KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU and MU
libraries were found to be the members of UGC-INFONET library consortium and
availing the benefits extended by this programme in their respective libraries.
107
chapter-5 •• University Libraries of'Kfimata^ :A 'ProfUe
5.5.9. Development of Library Web Portal
In a networked information environment where electronic information resources
are becoming dominant sources, it is difficult to know what information exists, in which
format it is available and where to look for it. Most library patrons want information
regardless of where they find it and they don't want to limit themselves to their library's
collection. Though many search engine, directories and virtual libraries facilitate
retrieving information required from web sources, creation of one's own e-resource portal
found to be very significant in providing access to electronic resources available
(Satpathy et al, 2012). A library portal is a single access point combining the library
catalogs, subscription databases, subject gateways, electronic journals etc. Library portal
has become standard interface to generate library resources and services through a single
access and management point for users. Library portal is growing in its importance as the
preferred way of organizing and using information.
Response Yes No
KU
V —
UoM
V —
TabIe-5.18: Library
BU
V
KUD ~
—
GU
V —
web portal
MU ~
V
DU ~
V
TU ~
V
KSWU ~
V
VSKUl
- 1 ^ \
The data revealed that only KU, UoM, and GU libraries are having web portal of
their own for the benefit of its users, whereas other libraries under survey still not
developed portal in their libraries.
5.5.10. Personnel Supervising Internet / Networking Section in the Library
Networking operations of the library systems need regular supervision,
maintenance, and upgrading. It can be done either by skilled library professionals or
through outsources, computer science expert, e-resource provider. There are plenty of
routine jobs needs be attained by the networking section of the library which involves
maintenance of network connections, trouble shoot problems, installations, work with
vendors or other external partners, control and security, and other similar tasks. To
promote this kind of technical activities of the organisation in the networked
108
CHapter-S •• University LiSraries of'Kfirnatal{a :^ (Profile
environment, staff members need training and encouragement to develop knowledge and
skills. In view of this, the researcher was intended to know the personnel supervising the
networking of the libraries under study.
TabIe-5.19: Personnel supervising Internet / Networking section
1 Supervision of Network LIS professional
1 Computer Science expert E-resource provider Out sourcing
KU ~
—
~
~
UoM
V ~
~
~
BU
V ~
~
~
KUD
V ~
~
~
GU
V V ~
~
MU ~
~
~
V
DU
V ~
~
~
KSWU V ~
~
~
It is very much clear that the networking section is supervised by LIS
professionals in majority of libraries. The networking section of UoM, BU, KUD, GU,
DU, and KSWU libraries are supervising by LIS professionals. GU library is supervising
through computer science expert along with LIS personnel. At the same time, MU library
has out sourced its maintenance. No library had given its supervision or maintenance to
e-resource provider.
5.5.11. Measures Taken to Promote the Use of Electronic Information Resources
and Services
The changing information environment warrants libraries to take some efforts to
promote usage of electronic resources amongst the user community. There are plenty of
methods to create awareness and increase the use of electronic resources such as
orientation programmes, demonstrations, and other means including sending
communications to users through e-mail, providing links from home page etc. These
kinds of programmes act as a bridge to facilitate better communication amongst users in
the use of information resources particularly electronic resources. This has led the
researcher to identify what measures the libraries have undertaken to promote the use of
electronic resources.
109
CHapter-S •• Vniversity LiSraries ofTQimata^ :Ji 'Profile
Table-5.20: Measures taken to promote use of electronic information resources and services
Measures to Promote
Provide links from home page E-mail/Internet mailing link Conduct orientation programmes for users Demonstrations / visits Audio / Video Sending communication to users Power point presentation Any other
KU
<
V
V
V <
<
V
UoM
V
V
<
V ~
V
V
BU
V
V
V
V —
<
V
KUD
V
V
V
l V <
V
GU
V
V
V
V <
<
V
MU
V
V
V
V V V
V
DU
~
~
-
~ ~
~
~
TU
~
~
~
~ -
~
~
KSWU
~
~
<
— —
-
-
VSKU
~
~
~
~ ~
~
~
Table-5.20 clearly indicated that KU, KUD, GU, MU libraries were found taken
all listed measures to promote the use of electronic information resources, whereas UoM,
and BU libraries also taken up all measures except audio/video methods. DU, TU, and
VSKU libraries have not responded since they do not have adequate electronic resources
and the question of promoting the use electronic resources may not arise at this point of
time.
Besides these efforts, KU library is used to arrange lectures from the experts to
promote the use of electronic information resources. In spite of the above, GU library has
made provision for checking virtual tour at their library portal.
5.6. Automation Status of the Library
Library automation began with the in-house processing of traditional tasks and
grew to include the use of computing and telecommunications tools. Library automation
has gained wide acceptance globally due to its many benefit potentials including
improved performance, efficiency and delivery of quality service. It helps in achieving
more efficient and effective functioning and for providing excellent library and
information services. Further, it provides users with unprecedented and fast access
information stored in global information resources in the form of databases and other
bibliographical resources and services.
110
Cfuipter-5: Vniversity LiSraries of%iimatakfi :A <ProJiU
Table-5.21: Library automation
Response Yes No
KU V
UoM V
BU V
KUD V
GU V
MU V
DU V
TU —
V
KSWU V —
VSKU ~
V
It was found from the above table that KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU, MU DU
KSWU libraries were automated their house keeping operations, whereas TU and VSKU
libraries are yet to automated their library operations.
5.6.1. Extent of Libraty Automation
The housekeeping operations of library are the preliminary computer-based
activities on which all the technology based library services depend. Library and network
programs were found using information and communication technology in all
housekeeping activities, i.e., acquisition, (ordering and procurement of documents),
cataloguing (technical processing of documents), circulation (charging and discharging of
documents), serial controls (periodical management and article indexing), stock
verification (computerized checking/inventory of holdings), and budget control. In view
of this, librarians were asked to indicate the extent of automation of housekeeping
operations in their libraries.
Areas of automation
Acquisition
Cataloguing
Circulation
OPAC
Serial Control
Table-5.22:
Status of automation
Fully automated Partially automated Not automated Fully automated Partially automated Not automated Fully automated Partially automated Not automated Fully automated Partially automated Not automated Fully automated Partially automated Not automated
Extent of library automation
KU
V ~ ~
V ~ ~ ~
V ~
V ~ ~
V ~ ~
UoM
~
V ~
^! — — —
V ~
V ~ ~
V ~
BU
V ~ ~
i — —
V ~ ~
V ~ ~
V ~ ~
KUD
~ ~ ~
V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
V ~ — ~ ~
GU
~
V ~
V ~ ~
V ~ —
V ~ ~ ~
V ~
MU
— ~ ~
V ~ ~
V ~ —
V ~ —
V ~ ~
DU
^ — — --—
l — ~
V V ~ ~ ~ ~ ^
KSWU
V ~ ~ — ~
V — ~
V ~ ~ /
— — ^
111
Cfiapter- 5 = = = = = = Vniversity LiBraries of'Kftmata^ :A <Prqfi[e
Computerisation of library holdings is the first line use and application of the ICT
in the libraries. Table-5.22 shows the status of the automation of library housekeeping
operations. After knowing the status of automation, another question was asked to know
the extent of automation of housekeeping activities. The data revealed that the acquisition
system was fully automated at KU, BU, DU and KSWU libraries; partially automated at
UoM, and GU libraries; not yet automated at KUD and MU libraries. The cataloguing
system was fully automated at KU, BU, GU and MU libraries; partially automated at
UoM and KUD libraries; DU and KSWU libraries still not automated cataloguing
section. The circulation system has been fully automated at BU, GU and MU libraries;
partially automated at KU library and UoM, KUD, DU and KSWU libraries were not
automated this section. The data also revealed that OPAC system has been fully
automated at KU, BU, GU, MU and DU libraries; partially automated at UoM and KUD
libraries; did not automated by KSWU library. The serial control system was fully
automated at KU and MU library; partially automated at UoM, BU and GU libraries and
KUD, DU and yet to be automated by KSWU library.
When asked regarding the reasons for not automating the library operations, TU
library opined that it was due to lack of ICT infrastructure and skilled library
professionals, they could not automated the library activities. KSWU library is facing
acute technical manpower in automating library operations. In spite of these problems
they are in the process of automation.
5.6.2. Use of Barcode / RFID
Barcode and RFID system are the fundamental technologies for library
automation and are being considered as an effective addition to support automation
process. Barcodes are noting but self-contained messages with information such as
header, manufacturers identification number, item number and check digit, encoded in a
series of black bars of varying breadths and white spaces between every two of them.
Barcode can eliminate human errors and are considered in terms of reliability of
information ease, speed of operation and use. Barcode have distinct advantages over
other techniques like manual data, magnetic stripes etc.
112
CAapter-J: Vniversity LiSraries ofTQimata^ :A 'Profile
RPID is a method of remotely storing and retrieving data using devices called
RFID tags and enables greater automation of data collection process. Libraries have
become a driving force in the development of RFID for the mass market (Patil et al,
2006). The leading role for libraries seems to be understandable, since libraries share
their knowledge in the development of these systems and also the benefits derived from
these systems has been greatest for the library community.
TabIe-5.23: Use of barcode/RFID
Barcode
RFID
Response Yes No Yes No
KU
V
V
UoM
V
V
BU
V
V
KUD
V
V
GU
V
V
MU
V
V
DU ~
V
V
TU —
V
V
KSWU ~
V
V
VSKU —
V ~
V The data from the above table indicated that the barcode system was found to be
using at KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU, and MU libraries and was not developed in DU, TU,
KSWU and VSKU libraries. At the same time, no library in these universities has been
adopted RFID technology in the process of automating their library activities. Looking at
the existing condition of these libraries, there is a nee^ for adopting barcode and RFID
technologies in automating the library activities.
5.6.3. Automation Software used in the Library
Latest achievements in the field of information technology have compelled
libraries to embrace automation. Libraries have been looking forward for the better
technologies even before the onset of the computers. The last few years have witnessed
some useful initiatives in the development of library automation software. Library
automation software plays a key role for the success of library automation which brings
users and equipment into real use by integrating all the activities and routines of the
library. This has made the researcher to find out the software used for automating the
library activities.
Table-5.24: Automation software used in the library KU
SOUL
UoM
KOHA
BU New
Generation Software
KUD
SOUL
GU
LibSys
MU
LibSys
DU
SOUL
KSWU
e-granthalaya
TU
-
VSKU
-
113
Cfiapter-5 Vniversity LiSraries of'Kfimata^ :A <Profi(e
The data revealed that the libraries under study are using a wealth of different
software packages depending upon particular applications. The table-5.24 displayed that
out of eight libraries, three libraries viz., KU, KUD, DU libraries are using SOUL
software for automating the library activities. Libsys is being used by GU and MU
libraries; KOHA is being used by UoM library; NewGenLib software is using at BU
library; e-granthalaya is using by KSWU library.
The above analysis revealed that libraries are using both proprietary and open
source library software for automating the house keeping operations. When asking
regarding the purpose for which the library software is using, it was found that except DU
library, all other libraries stated that they were using software for the purpose of
automating the housekeeping operations of the library and DU library is using for data
entry purpose only.
5.7. Digitization of Documents
Recent advances in digital technology have provided new ways of dealing with
information in academic libraries. The explosion of the web, the Internet and digital
technology in general has created challenges and has provided huge opportunities for
library and information professionals. Digital revolution has transformed the intellectual
function of traditional libraries. The increased use of the Internet for research, as well as
the desire to preserve information, has necessitated the digitization of library materials.
Digitization is the process by which analogue content is converted into a sequence of Is
and Os and put into a binary code to be readable by a computer. The process of
digitization involves conversion of source materials into digital form, and storage,
organization, processing and retrieval of digitized information (Chowdhury and
Chowdhury, 2004). Digital information also has common characteristics and qualities
regardless of whether the content is stored on DVD, CD-ROM or other digital storage
media.
5.7.1. Digitization of Library Collection
Most libraries are digitizing those materials which might be lost in the future,
such as old manuscripts, research projects, photo images, government official gazettes
and several other historical records. Digitization is useful in preserving precious
114
CHapter-S •• Vniversity LiBraries of%ftmata^ :Jl <Profi(e
materials. There are three major reasons for digitization endeavours. Firstly, there is a
need to preserve endangered library resources, secondly, improvement of the efficiency
of information search mechanisms, and thirdly, digitization improves access to library
resources (Fabunmi, et al, 2006). Digitisation of information is resuhing in access to an
unbelievable volume of information In view of this, the librarians were asked to know
whether they have digitised their library collection or not.
TabIe-5.25: Digitization of library collection
Response
Yes No
No, but plan to digitise
KU
~
—
V
UoM
~
~
V
BU
V ~
~
KUD
V —
—
GU
V —
—
MU
—
V ~
DU
~
V ~
TU
~
V ~
KSWU
—
V —
VSKU
~
V ~
The table 5.25 revealed that only three libraries i.e. BU, KUD, GU libraries were
undertaken digitisation of their library collection and rest of the libraries did not
undertaken digitisation activities in their libraries. At the same time, KU and UoM
libraries though they did not undertaken digitisation activity, but they have plan to
digitise the library materials in the near future.
5.7.2. Type of Library Materials Digitized
After knowing the status of digitisation, another question was asked to know the
type of documents digitised by these libraries.
Table-5.26: Type of library materials digitized
Documents Books Journals Manuscripts Thesis Dissertations Reports Exam question papers
BU 4000
~
100 3500
~
—
~
KUD 1000
—
~
—
~
—
~
GU —
~
10 5 —
~
all
115
CHapter-S: 1)niversity LiSraries o/Xfimata^ :A 'Profile
It was found that, among the three libraries which are digitised their collection it
was found that BU library has digitised 4000 books, 100 manuscripts and 3500 thesis.
KUD library has digitised 1000 books. GU library has digitised 10 manuscripts, 5
dissertations and all question papers at their university and in addition to this the library
also digitised 300 research publications.
5.7.3. Reasons for not digitizing the Library Collection
Digitization of library resources poses a great deal of challenges and problems to
the library management. The library management has to source for fund for the
digitization project. Most of the academic libraries are facing unmanageable budgetary
demands. The financial constraints need to be taken into consideration as it is essential to
be able to continue with the digitization exercise. Digitization is also a time consuming
which requires adequate planning and monitoring. The major problem is lack of
technical-know-how and hence most digitization projects often run into problems. This
has prompted the researcher to elicit the reasons for not digitising the library collection
and the responses are summarised below.
Table-5.27: Reasons for not digitizing the library collection
Reasons Lack of funds Lack of demand Lack of equipments Lack of trained staff
MU V ~ —
~
DU V —
V V
TU V ~
V ~
KSWU V V ~
~
VSKU V —
V V
Regarding the reasons for not digitising the library collection the data indicated
that these libraries are facing the problem of shortage of funds. DU and VSKU libraries
are facing the problem of lack of equipments and lack of trained staff. TU library is
facing lack of demand. Overall result shows that lack of fiinds and lack of equipments
were the major reasons for not digitising the library collection.
116
Cfiapter- 5 •• Vniversiiy LiSraries of'Kflmata^ :Ji (Profile
5.8. Institutional Repository
Institutional Repository (IR) is a place where people can contribute resources to
be shared among academic community. An institutional repository is one where digital
contents are stored and can be searched and retrieved for later use. Development of
institutional repositories encourages the capturing of intellectual capital and teaching and
learning resources. It supports mechanisms to import, export, identify, store and retrieve
digital assets (Hayes, 2005). This would imply a certain level of information technology
infrastructure in universities and also acceptance and usage of information technology in
teaching and learning by user community. The purpose of a institutional repository is not
only safe storage and delivery but also sharing and reuse (Duncan, 2003). Therefore, the
academic community should use and reuse the digital resources and need to be ready to
share them with others if digital repositories are to be developed for knowledge sharing.
This has made the researcher to understand whether the libraries under study have
developed institutional repositories or not.
TabIe-5.28: Development of institutional repository
Response Yes No
KU V —
UoM ~
V
BU V ~
KUD —
V
GU V ~
MU ~
V
DU ~
V
TU —
V
KSWU ~
V
VSKU ~
V
From the above table, it was found that out of ten university libraries, only KU,
BU, and GU libraries have developed institutional repositories. Rest of the university
libraries still not developed institutional repositories.
5.8.1. Nature of Access to Institutional Repository
Access to institutional repositories is another important factor to be considered for
effective use of institutional resources. The institutional repositories can be accessed
through local, regional, national and international networks. Keeping this in mind the
librarians were asked to know the means of access to institutional repositories.
Table-5.29: Nature of access to institutional repository
Response LAN MAN CAN WAN
KU V ~
—
~
BU V —
~
~
GU V ~
V ~
117
Cfiapter-S •• University LiSraries of'Kflmatalig. :A <Projy£
It was found that the GU library has provided access to its institutional repository
through Local Area Network (LAN). The users of the library can also access to electronic
resources through Campus Area Network (CAN) outside the library with the help of
remote access. KU and BU libraries provided access to its institutional repository through
LAN only.
5.9. Users and Use of Library
Regarding strength of the library users, KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU and MU
libraries are having good strength in terms of academic staff, research scholars, students
and non teaching staff. The strength is ranging from about 2500 to 5000 students, 200 to
900 research scholars, about 200 to 400 academic staff and approximately 150 to 1000
non-teaching staff. Rest of the university libraries have limited number of users in term of
different categories of users.
Table-5.30: Library users
Types of users
Academic staff Research Scholars Students Non-teaching Staff
KU
205 210
2680 505
UoM
400 900
2500 300
BU
500 800
3000 300
KUD
400 500
5000 1000
GU
275 350
2450 125
MU
211 365
1860 280
DU
42 12
1050 25
TU
80 10
565 25
KSWU
45 68
650 120
VSKU
28 05
300 28
5.9.L Frequency of Use of Electronic Information Resources
The librarians were asked with the intension of knowing the frequency of use of
electronic resources in their universities. The summary of results has been presented in
table below.
Table-5.31: Frequency of use of electronic information Response
Daily Alternative days Twice in a week Weekly Fortnightly Occasionally
KU V ~ —
~
~
~
UoM
V — ~
~
~
~
BU V — —
~
~
~
KUD V — —
—
~
~
GU
V ~ ~
—
—
~
resources MU
V ~ ~
~
~
~
KSWU ~
~ ~
V ~
~
18
Cfiapter-S: Vniversity LiSraries of'Kflmatatifi :A 'Profile
When asked about the frequency of use of electronic information resources, it was
found that users at KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU and MU libraries found using electronic
resources daily. The users at KSWU library were found using on a weekly basis.
5.9.2. Level of Knowledge and Skill of Users in Using Electronic Information
Resources
Students are increasingly expected to use electronic resources while at university.
Use of online e-resources and retrieval systems requires a basic knowledge of computing
and searching skills. Knowledge of e-resources is associated with users' attitude,
practices and usage (Manda, 2005). It is essential that users acquire the necessary skills to
enable them to make successful searches for information. This is a critical factor for
increasing the utilization of electronic resources.
Table-5.32: Level of knowledge and skill of users in using electronic information resources
Response Excellent Good Average Poor Very poor
KU —
V ~ ~
~
UoM ~
V — —
~
BU —
V — —
—
KUD ~
V ~ ~
~
GU ~
V ~ ~
~
MU ~
V ~ ~
~
KSWU ~ ~
V ~
~
The level of knowledge and skill of users in using electronic information
resources was good in most of the university libraries except KSWU library, where users
had average knowledge and skill.
5.9.3. Kinds of Electronic Information Resources Used in the Library
The technological changes found in the library have moved faculty and students
from using printed sources to using electronic sources, and more specifically the Internet,
as a major source of information. The frequency of use of print and electronic resources
depends on the knowledge of users about the availability of such sources in a particular
library on the Internet. In other instances, their use would depend on users' preferences
for print and electronic resources. Pullinger (1999) felt that the local information
environment that surrounds the user affected his or her use of electronic journals. Thus,
the use of electronic resources would be perpetuated by the absence of particular
resources in print. In view of this, the researcher asked a question to know the frequency
of use of electronic resources by its readers.
119
u
V J3 -*<
-a
S in u
3 O w <u u e
_o '•C
E t .
;2 u s o In
u "3 CM o w -a e i2
1
H
"3 S
S 2
1 ^ 5 « V ° w a-
V O i CJ GA
a e S B V S
ha
O
0 SS t n
R «
S "
O 15
u •3 i2 h «
« 2
•4-t Q l
^ .2
£ s •4-t U u 9 ± 0
e -c g « « « s «
b - 4 «8
1 1
1 1
1
1
-?-
1
-p-
1
1 1
1 1
-P-
1
tu S
1
- ? '
~p'
-?•
1 1
1
1
1
-y
-p-
1
-? -
u.
^
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
^
1 1
• 7 ^
1
1 1
1
1 1
0
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
^ z
g
1
-^
1 1
1 1
-y
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
U^
S
~7^
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
-?-
• 7 ^
~7>
U,
1 1
1 1
-^
• 7 ^
1 1
^
1 1
-;>
1
-7>
1 1
"?-
0
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1
^ 2
0 0
1 1
-?-
1 1
1
~?>
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
-y-
1 1
t 1
1
1
1 1
1 1
-7=-
1^
u.
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
"7-
~^
• > -
• > -
1 1
1 1
0
-y
1 1
^
1
1 1
-^
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
< < Z
ffl
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
7=-
^
7 >
1
1 1
1 1
-p-
1
•y
1 1
1 1
1
!
1 1
I
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
u*
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
0
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
t 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
< <
Q
i4
1 1
-y
1 1
1 1
1
t 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
•7>
1
U.
S
1
^
-p-
-?•
1
1 1
-?•
-?-
1
1 1
b
-y
1
-?•
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
0
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
t 1
I 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
< < Z
0 0
1
h
• ^
^
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
^
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
~7-
~1^
1 1
UH
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
t 1
7=-
• 7 ^
1
1 1
1 1
0
1
1 1
1 1
t 1
1 1
FT'
" T '
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
< < z
1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
"7^
t 1
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
t u
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
0
-y
~y
1 1
-y
-?•
-y
-y
-y
-y
-y
< < Z
on
o
CHapter- 5 Vniversity LiBraries of'Kflmata^: A 'PrqfUe
The data from the table-5.33 revealed that the electronic books were found to be
used frequently at KU and BU libraries and occasionally at UoM library. The electronic
journals were found to be used most frequently at KU, KUD and GU libraries, frequently
at UoM, BU and MU libraries but not being used at KSWU library. Regarding electronic
thesis and dissertations are concerned, users at KU, GU and MU libraries were used them
frequently and occasionally at UoM library. The electronic newspapers were being used
frequently at KU, UoM and GU libraries and occasionally at MU library. The electronic
reports were found to be used occasionally at KU, UoM and MU libraries. The online
databases are another important category of electronic sources used most frequently at
KU and KUD libraries and frequently at UoM library. CD-ROM databases were being
used most frequently at KUD library, frequently at GU library and occasionally by users
of KU and UoM library. OPAC is being used most frequently at KU, UoM and KUD
libraries, frequently at BU, GU and KSWU library users. Online reference works found
used most frequently at MU library, frequently by users of KU and GU library and
occasionally at UoM library. Electronic conference proceedings were being used most
frequently at MU library, frequently at KU library and occasionally at UoM and GU
library. The users at UoM and GU library used the websites most frequently and the users
of KU, KUD and MU libraries used frequently. Another emerging electronic information
resource, i.e. institutional repositories was found using frequently at UoM and MU
library users and occasionally at KU and GU libraries. Looking at the responses of the
librarians in the above universities, it becomes very clear that e-joumals were considered
to be most frequently source of information by the users. In addition to this OPAC,
websites were also found to be used frequently and rest of the resources were seems to be
used rarely.
5.9.4. Support of Electronic Information Resources in Academic Activities of the
University
The availability and use of electronic resources are very important for the
promotion of research and other academic activities in the universities. Users can access
and use electronic resources which are important for perusing their academic work and
this would result in the production of quality output which leads to development of a
nation. In view of this, the librarians were asked to know whether availability and use of
electronic resources have supported academic activities of the university.
121
Cftapter-5: Vniversity LiSraries of'Kftmata^: A ^ofile
Response Yes No
Table-5.34
KU V ~
UoM V ~
: Support for academic activities
BU V ~
KUD V ~
GU V ~
MU V ~
KSWU V ~
VSKU V —
The result of the analysis clearly indicated that most of the libraries were of the
opinion that the availability and use of electronic information resources has certainly
supported and promoted the academic activities of the university.
5.9.5. Easy of Searching Information through Electronic Information Resources
Today there are variety of electronic resources are available online for use. The
effective use of these resources requires users to have greater skills and knowledge.
Electronic resources are provided with some kind of searching mechanisms through
which users can search the required information. The library should make available the
ICT facilities in order to enable users to access electronic resources more effectively and
use them.
Response Yes No
KU V ~
Table-5.35: Ease of searching information
UoM V —
BU V ~
KUD V ~
GU V ~
MU V ~
KSWU V ~
VSKU V ~
The study found that the users in the above university libraries were found easy in
searching the information through electronic information resources.
5.9.6. Organization of Orientation / Training Programme/s
Library orientation or user instruction is normally conducted for the fresher's who
sought admission for the previous year. Library orientation includes general introduction
to the library and its sections, rules and regulations. Besides, user instruction, the library
should also conduct training programmes for its beneficiaries, particularly students who
do not have formal practical instructions for using electronic resources as and when
necessary.
122
CHapter-S- Vniversity LiBraries of'Kflmata^: ^ (Profile
Table-5.36: Organization of orientation / training programme/s
Response Yes No
KU V ~
UoM V ~
BU ^ —
KUD ^
--
GU V ~
MU V ~
DU ~
V
TU —
V
KSWU V ~
VSKU ~
V
It was found from the table-5.36 that except DU, TU, and VSKU libraries, all
other libraries organising the user orientation / training programme(s) for their users to
guide/train them in making use of electronic information resources.
5.9.7. Frequency of Organising Orientation / Training Programme/s
The university libraries should organise orientation and training programme from
time to time in order to equip students with ongoing developments in the field of library
and information centres. The frequency of organising the programmes has to decide by
the librarians depends on the need and demands of the users.
TabIe-5.37: Frequency of organising orientation / training programme/s
Frequency of orientation/ training programme
Monthly Quarterly Twice a year Yearly
KU
~ ~ ~
V
UoM
~ ~
V
BU
~ ~
V ~
KUD
— ~
V ~
GU
~
V ~
V
MU
~ — —
V
KSWU
~ ~
V ~
It is found from the above table that KU, GU and MU libraries are found to be
organising orientation/training programmes every year and UoM, BU, KUD and KSWU
libraries are organising twice in a year. GU library is used to conduct once in three
months i.e. quarterly. Looking at the frequency in which the orientation/training
programmes were conducted in these universities has been varied from library to library.
5.9.8. Methods of Organising Orientation / Training Programme/s
The level of training that users need to access electronic resources may vary
according to their level of knowledge and experience. Students who feel that they are
competent to access electronic resources will find thorough training unnecessary. On the
123
Cfiapter-5 •• Vniversity LiSraries qf'Kfimata^ :A ^cfik
other hand, users who are computer and information illiterate may need thorough
training. In view of this, Fecko (1997) suggest that the library needs to consider certain
factors when planning for training such as extent of training provided whether basic or
detailed, areas of training, whether training should be mandatory or on demand etc. These
factors led the researcher to make an attempt to ascertain the methods through which the
libraries organising the training programmes for the benefit of its users.
TabIe-5.38: Methods of organising orientation / training programme/s
Method of training programme Training programmes /Workshops Lectures/Conference method Audio-Visual presentations Demonstrations / Visits Circulation of library handbooks, brochures, tutorials, etc. in print form Access to library handbooks, brochures, tutorials, etc. in electronic form
KU V ^
V V V
-
UoM V V ~
V ~
~
BU V V ~ —
V
V
KUD V ~
V ~
V
V
GU V /
V V V
~
MU V V V V V
V
KSWU V
l ~
V ~
~
The data given in the above table revealed that the training programmes/
workshops are being organised by all the libraries. These programmes were organised
through different methods. It was found that, lectures/conference methods were organised
by all the libraries except KUD library. Audio/visual presentation was found to be
organised at KU, KUD, GU, and MU libraries. Demonstrations were also conducted by
KU, UoM, GU, MU and KSWU libraries. In addition to these methods, circulation of
library handbooks, brochures, tutorials etc in print form was also carried out by all the
libraries except UoM, and KSWU libraries. Besides these methods, access to library
handbooks, broachers, and tutorials in electronic form as a method of orienting the users
was also found in BU, KUD and MU libraries.
5.9.9. Areas of Training Programmes Organized
Training has been an important aspect in the libraries on the use of resources,
facilities and services. Since electronic resources are a new concept in academic libraries,
awareness and training on the use of library resources, facilities and services is essential.
The main purpose of the trainings is to equip students with knowledge and skills on how
to use the library and its resources effectively. There are many areas on which user
124
CHapter-J: University LiSraries ofTQimata^ :Ji <Prqfite
orientation / training programmes can be successfully conducted on priority basis to
educate the user population. Keeping this in mind the researcher has enlisted the possible
areas where libraries are supposed to organise training programmes and asked respondent
librarians to mark whichever is applicable. The summary of responses qualifying these
factors has been presented in the table-5.39 below.
Table-5.39: Areas of training programmes organized
Areas of trainiag UseofOPAC Use of Databases Electronic journals & electronic books Online information search and retrieval Searching information sources available through Consortia Searching Institutional Repository Formulating search queries and search techniques
KU V l
V V V
~
V
UoM V l
V V -
V V
BU V /
V V V ~
V
KUD V i
V V V
—
V
GU V ~
V /
V ~
V
MU V >/ V V V
V V
KSWU V ~
V V ~
—
~
It is very much clear from the above table that areas such as use of OPAC,
Electronic journals & electronic books, online information search and retrieval were
found to be organised by all the libraries. Further, use of databases was another area
organised by most of the libraries except GU, and KSWU libraries. Except UoM, and
KSWU libraries, all the other libraries offering searching of information sources available
through Consortia. Formulating search queries and search techniques was also another
area of training organised in all the libraries except KSWU library. Further, training on
searching institutional repository was organised only at UoM, and MU libraries. Looking
at the responses given by the respondent libraries, it is very much clear that good number
of libraries were organising training programmes on most of the areas.
5.9.10. Problems Expressed by Users in using Electronic Resources and Services
Electronic resources are not free from problems and users face number of
problems while using them. The nature of problems depends on the availability of
adequate ICT infrastructure and the knowledge of using it. Electronic publications
themselves raise some complex issues around licensing, access, networking, pricing,
ownership, and rapidly changing technology and standards. In view of this, the researcher
tried to ascertain the problems being faced by the library users.
125
chapter - 5: Vniversity LiSraries of%flmata^ :Ji <ProfiCe
Table-5.40: Problems of using electronic information resources
Problems faced while accessing
Lack of availability of computers systems
Lack of knowledge & expertise
Lack of knowledge in searching
Lack of information about how to use e-resources
Lack of self help guides
Lack of support from the library staff
Lack of Internet cormectivity
Lack of training
Lack of time
Computer speed is very low
Resources are not adequate
Lack of maintenance
Slow downloading
Frequent power disturbances
Cost of electronic information sources is high, and users make less use of them
Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequendy Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all Frequently Seldom Not at all
KU
V
V
V
V
<
V
<
l
V
l
V
V
V
V
V
UoM
l
V
V
V
V
BU
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
<
V
V
V
V
KUD
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
l
V
V
V
V
V
A/
V
GU
V
V
• ^
V
V
V
/
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
and services
MU
• ^
V
V
V
V
V
A/
V
V
V
V
V
V
/
V
TU V
KSWU V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
126
Cdapter-S Vniversity Libraries of%fl.mata^ :A ^ofiie
While conducting the study, opinions regarding problems in accessing electronic
information resources and services in the library were sought by the librarians. In
response to the enlisted problems, the users of TU and KSWU libraries are facing the
problem of lack of availability of computer systems frequently and KU, UoM, KUD, and
MU libraries facing seldom. Lack of knowledge and expertise is another problem
frequently faced by KU and KSWU library users. Lack of knowledge in searching is a
problem that is frequently faced by the users of KU library and faced seldom at KUD and
KSWU library. The users at KU and KSWU library do not have knowledge of use of e-
resources is another problem faced frequently by the librarians. The problem of self help
guide is frequent problem at KSWU library and it is a seldom problem at KU library. The
problem with support from the library staff is faced frequently at KSWU library and
seldom at GU library. The lack of Internet connectivity is another problem faced
frequently by users at BU and KSWU library and seldom faced at UoM and KUD
libraries. Lack of training is the problem faced seldom at KU and KUD libraries and the
lack of time is a problem faced frequently at BU library and seldom faced at KU, UoM
and MU libraries. Low speed of computer is another problem faced frequently at BU
library and seldom at UoM library. Inadequate resources are one more problem felt
seldom at KU, KUD and MU libraries. Slow downloading is a problem faced seldom at
KUD library and frequent power disturbances is also a problem faced seldom at KUD
and GU libraries. Lack of maintenance is not at all a problem in these libraries. Since the
cost of electronic information resources is high, the users make less use of them is the
problem faced seldom at UoM, KUD and MU libraries. The data also reveal that KSWU
library is facing all the listed problems frequently. Hence there is a need for taking
appropriate action by the university authority after considering all these problems faced
in the libraries.
5.10. Library Staff
The changing complexity of library work and ongoing changes and application of
technology has necessitated the manpower requirement at various levels in the university.
The libraries should have a sufficient number and variety of personnel to develop,
organize and maintain the collections and provide both traditional and advanced
127
Cfiapter-5 •• "University Libraries of'Kflmata^: A 'ProJVk
information services necessary to meet the needs of its users. The size and quaUfications
of staff will be determined by many factors, including size and scope of collections,
number of separate library units, number of service points, service hours, rate of
acquisition, rate of circulation, nature of processing, and nature of service demand etc.
keeping this in mind, an attempt is made to ascertain the staff strength of the libraries
under study.
Table-5.41: Details of library staff
Library staff University Librarian Deputy Librarian Assistant Librarian Library Assistant System Administrator Computer Programmer Data Entry Operator
Total
KU 01 01 02 01 — 01 ~
08
UoM ~ 02 08 04 01 ~ 02 17
BU ~ 01 03 —
— 02 06
KUD 01 ~ 02 ~
~ 02 05
GU 01 04 03 02
~ ~
10
MU 01 03 05 07
~ ~
16
DU — 01 01 ~
~ 01 03
TU ~ 01 ~ 03
~ ~
04
KSWU ~ — ~ ~ ~ ~ 01 01
VSKU ~ ~ ~ 02 ~ ~ 01 04
Library staff is the key component for discharging the effective library services
and managing library resources. Table-5.41 shows that there is a significant variation
among existing staff position in these libraries. The UoM, BU, DU, TU, KSWU, and
CSKU libraries do not have full time university librarian and KUD, KSWU and VSKU
libraries do not have deputy librarians. If we observe the analysis, it is found that GU,
and MU libraries have adequate number of staff, whereas DU, TU, KSWU and VSKU
libraries do not have adequate library staff for managing the university library. Regarding
the availability of staff at computer section, KU library has one computer programmer
and UoM library has one system administrator and also one hardware technician. Further,
UoM, BU, and KUD libraries have two data entry operators each. DU, KSWU and
VSKU libraries are having one data entry operator each.
5.10.1. Adequacy of Library Staff
Managing a university library requires involvement of adequate number of people
with varied skills. Establishing various information resources and services to ensure user
access and other issues involved in routine operations in acquiring, licensing, and
providing access to electronic resources requires personnel with experience in assisting
128
Cfiapter-S: "University LiSraries of'Kftmata^ :A (ProfUJi
users seeking information. In view of this, the researcher made an attempt to collect the
opinion regarding the adequacy of library staff at different levels such as professional,
semi-professional and non-professional staff in executing the library operations.
Table-5.42: Adequacy of library staff
Library staff
Professional staff Semi professional staff Nonprofessional staff
Response
Adequate Inadequate Adequate
Inadequate
Adequate
Inadequate
K U
l ~ ~
V ~
V
Uo M %l ~ ~
V ~
V
BU
~
V ~
V —
V
KUD
~
V /
~
~
V
G U ^ — —
V
V ~
M u ~
V ~
V ~
V
DU
~
V ~
V ~
V
TU
~
V ~
V ~
V
KSWU
~
V ~
V —
V
VSKU
~
V
/
~
V
Looking at the responses, it is found that the KU, UoM and GU libraries are
having adequate professional staff strength, whereas rest of the libraries are found to have
inadequate professional staff. With regard to semi professional staff, except KUD library
all other libraries are having inadequate semi professional staff members. Regarding the
non-professional staff members in these libraries, it is found that GU library has adequate
number of non-professional staff and other libraries do not have adequate non
professional staff members.
Taking into consideration of the consolidated responses, it is clear that seven out
of ten libraries do not have adequate professional staff and nine out of ten libraries have
insufficient semi professional and supporting library staff members. Therefore one can
observed that Lack of inadequate staff at all levels is found to be the major obstacle in
functioning of libraries which directly influencing the organization and administration
library functioning. Therefore, necessary action should be taken for making appointment
of adequate staff members in these libraries.
5.10.2. Efficiency of Library Staff in handling Electronic Information Resources and
Services
The ever-increasing volume of electronic resources requires the modem libraries
to possess required skills and knowledge for managing electronic materials and providing
access to them. Library staff must select material according to their user's requirement.
129
Cfuipter-5 •• Vniversity Libraries of'Kflmata^ :Ji ^ofite
They must possess reasonable knowledge of electronic resources and techniques of their
evaluation and selection. Since more and more information is being stored digitally and
disseminated electronically and all types of materials are available online, it is imperative
for the library staff to be efficient enough to handle electronic resources and services and
understand users' needs.
Table-5.43: Opinion about the efficiency of library staff
Library staff All are efficient Majority are efficient Majority are moderately efficient Majority are not efficient
KU ~ ~
V
~
UoM ~
V ~
~
BU V —
~
~
KUD ~ ~
V
~
GU ~
V -
~
MU ~
V ~
~
DU ~ —
-
--
TU ~ ~
V
~
KSWU —
V ~
~
VSKU — ~
~
-
Regarding the efficiency of library staff in handling of electronic information
resources and services, the UoM, GU, MU and KSWU libraries felt that majority of their
staff are efficient, whereas KU, BU, KUD and TU libraries felt that majority of their staff
are moderately efficient. The DU and VSKU libraries do not responded to this question
since these libraries do not have any electronic information resources.
5.10.3. Organization of In-house Training Programmes
Professional training and development is an important programme that promotes
them with application of acquired skills that will go a long way to ensure effective
productivity in the organisational set up. In-house training is an indispensible strategy for
motivating information professionals in the library as a service organisation and will give
them an opportunity for self-improvement and development to meet the challenges and
requirements to perform a task (Telia and Popoola, 2007). In a technologically-driven
environment, libraries cannot isolate themselves from the effects of technology in their
provision of services to library users. As information becomes available in new formats,
librarians need to know how to use the technology on the broad issues and rapid
developments in the electronic information field.
130
Cfiapter-S: "University LiSraries ofl^flmata^ :A 'Profib
Response Yes No
Table-5.44: Organization of in-house training programmes
KU
V UoM
V —
BU
V ~
KUD
V ~
GU
V ~
MU
V ~
DU ~
V
TU ~
V
KSWU ~
V
VSKU —
V
Out of ten libraries six libraries i.e. KU, UoM, BU, KUD, GU and MU libraries
are organising in-house training programmes to the user community as and when it is
necessary.
5.10.4. Deputation of Library Staff to attend Training Programme
The library profession has become aware of the need for continuous training,
because of the increasing variety of information formats and increasing dependence on
automated systems. The changing nature of library users and the demand for library
professionals with appropriate skills have added to the need for training. University
libraries have been significantly influenced by these transformations. The National
Universities Commission (1996) in its draft manual on university management
emphasizes the significance of staff training and development in university libraries, by
stressing that the librarian should ensure regular training development of all his staff,
where appropriate and he should encourage his staff to participate in continuing
education programmes. The staff should be sponsored for conferences, seminars and
workshops. In view of this a question was raised to know whether library staff is deputed
to training programmes or not.
Response Yes No
KU
V -
Table-5.45
UoM
V ~
BU
V ~
: Deputation of library staff
KUD
V ~
GU
V ~
MU
V ~
DU ~
V
TU
V ~
KSWU
V ~
VSKU ~
V From the table-5.45 is found that eight out of ten libraries are found to have
deputed their library staff to attend the training programmes whereas, DU and VSKU
libraries have said that they do no sent their library staff members to attend the training
programmes. Deputation of library staff to attend training programmes is considered to
be an important way to get updated with the latest technological applications relevant to
the library operations.
131
chapter-5 •• Vniversity Libraries ofT(flmata^ .-J? (Profik
5.10.5. Adopting to Change to the Changing Information Environment
The change is the law of nature. Information Technology is rapidly changing the
whole world creating new challenges and opportunities. The flexibility of the staff and
their receptiveness to change contributed greatly to the success of the organization
(Dollar, et al. 2007). Library and information service profession is one of the most
challenging professions in the knowledge society, combining expertise in information
management with the information and communication technology competencies
(Venkata Ramana, 2006). ICT is a driving force for change in library. Change is
inevitable for the survival and success of any library in the changing technological world.
There is a need for library and information professionals adapting to changing
technologies, information environment and customers expectations.
Table-5.46: Adopting to change to changing information environment
Response
Yes No
KU
V ~
UoM
V ~
BU
V ~
KUD
V ~
GU
V ~
MU
V ~
DU
~
V
TU
V ~
KSWU ~
V
VSKU ~
V
It is found that except DU, KSWU and VSKU libraries, rest of the libraries are of
the opinion that their professional staff are well adopting to change to the changing
information environment.
5.11. Budget of Library
The impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) on libraries
has brought structural changes to library practices. Effective library management and
provision of services depends upon the availability of adequate funds. Lee (2002) argues
that the price of electronic resources is often considerably higher, even when the
additional advantages of using the resources in electronic form are taken into account. It
is imperative that librarians make decisions based on the money that is allocated to the
library to balance the purchase of print and electronic resources. As a result, libraries of
all sizes started devoting some portions of their collection budgets to the purchasing or
licensing of electronic resources and this trend is likely to increase every year. However,
132
Cfiapter-S •• University LiSraries of%flmata^: ^ (Profile
the purchase price for an electronic resource may be only one part of the total cost which
is not sufficient. Nevertheless, in the electronic world a library needs to expend money to
present the resources to the user and to maintain the connection between user and
electronic resource.
5.11.1. Details of Expenditure towards Information Sources
Looking at the data given in the above table, the allocation of budget for
acquisition of information sources in the university libraries is not found uniform. This
may be due to the prevailing conditions and needs of the library and its users. The details
of budget allocation are divided in terms of expenditure made by the libraries on both
print and electronic forms of collection.
KU UoM BU KUD GU MU DU TU KSWU |VSKU
Table-5.47: Details of ex penditure towards information sources
Information sources in print form
2008-2009
5526823
2500000
4500000
2514005
4500000
1800000
800000
1000000
6000000
1200000
2009-2010
7095000
1500000
3500000
2502000
5000000
1847489
4500000
2000000
8000000
1800000
2010-1011
5509000
1500000
3000000
1301891
6000000
1900000
5000000
2000000
1500000
1000000
Information sources in electronic
form
2008-2009
—
~
400000
—
3500000
—
~
~
—
—
2009-2010
~
100000
400000
—
4000000
~
~
~
—
—
2010-1011
—
200000
460000
545000
4500000
~
~
~
~
The table-5.47 shows that the expenditure made upon print sources is varied
between the libraries. The expenditure made on print resources by KU, BU GU, DU and
KSWU libraries found more ranging from 45 lakh to 80 lack whereas, the expenditure
made by UoM, KUD, MU, TU and VSKU libraries is very less compared to other
libraries. Asking about the provision for expenditure on information sources in electronic
form, it is disappointing to know that most of the libraries do not have separate budgetary
provision to acquire electronic information sources. The expenditure on electronic
133
Cfiapter-S •• Vniversiiy LiSraries o/Kfimatakfi :A (Profile
information sources to be made will be included within the total budget allocated to the
library. At the same GU library has spent about 45 lakh, KUD library has spent 5.45 lakh
and UoM library spent only 3 lakh. Since electronic information resources have become
integral and indispensable part of the library's collection, it is necessary for the university
libraries to make separate budgetary provision to acquire information resources in
electronic form.
5.11.2. Level of Sufficiency towards Allocation of Budget in Procuring Electronic
Information Resources
Budgeting is a serious issue where libraries are concerned. Most libraries operate
on tight budgets when they are expected to meet user needs. Libraries are forced into
making difficult decisions, because funding levels are not growing as fast as new pricing
mechanisms are escalating and libraries have to make changes to meet these increases. In
view of this, it is of interest to us to know the level of sufficiency regarding the allocation
of budget to procure electronic resources.
Table-5.48: Level of sufficiency of allocation of budget
Response Sufficient Partially sufficient Not sufficient Cannot say
KU ~
—
~
V
UoM V ~
—
BU V ~
~
KUD
—
V
GU
V ~
MU
V
DU
V
TU
V
KSWU ~
V ~
VSKU ~
~
V ~
Knowing after the expenditure made upon information sources in print and
electronic form, another related question was asked to know the level of sufficiency of
budget allocation. Table-5.48 clearly shows that the budget allocation at UoM, and BU
libraries was found to be sufTicient, GU and KSWU libraries were partially sufficient
whereas, the budget allocated for KUD, MU, DU, TU and VSKU libraries is not found
sufficient. KU library is unable to express the level of sufficiency on the budget
allocation to procure electronic resources in the library.
134
CHapter-S •• Vniversity LiSraries o/Xfimata^ :Ji (ProJUi
5.12. Opinion on electronic information resources and services
Libraries worldwide have witnessed a great metamorphosis in recent years both in
their collection development and in their service structure. Information Technology is
rapidly changing the whole world and library and information service profession is not an
exception. The LIS professionals need to adapt to the changing technologies, information
environment and customers expectations. They are not only responsible for providing
traditional information services but also to deliver online information services according
to the actual user needs.
5.12.1. Factors Influenced in the Collection of Electronic Information Resources and
Services
Users are increasingly demanding and depending on electronic resources as they
are easy to use and access which drives this demand. Librarians need to keep up with
their users' expectations to survive and service them. There are many factors which
influence the libraries to procure electronic resources such as impact of ICT, library
policies, user demands, funding opportunities etc. With this view, an attempt has made to
find out the factors that influence on the collection of electronic resources.
Table-5.49: Factors influenced in the collection of electronic information resources and services
Factors Allocation of funds from the FNFLIBNET Centre Developments in the field ICT Demand from the users University administration want it to be collected in the library To provide advanced services to users To attract the attention of the NAAC
5 3 3 1 ~
3 1
4 1 1 4 3
2 2
3 2 1 —
2
1 2
2 ~
2 2 1
~
1
1 1 ~
—
1
1 1
5-Strongly agree, 4-Agree, 3-Moderatley agree, 2-Disagree,\-Strongly disagree
Looking at the responses from the table-5.49, it is evident that in order to provide
advanced service to users is found to be the most influential factors for majority of
libraries followed by allocation funds from the INFLIBNET centre. Besides these, the
developments in the field of ICT, the demand from the users, willingness of university
135
Cfiapter- S •• TJniversity Libraries oflQimata^ :A <PrqfU£
authorities to have electronic resources, and also to attract the attention of NAAC are also
considerably influence the university libraries to develop collection of electronic
resources.
5.12.2 Barriers in the Collection of Electronic Information Resources and Services
Electronic information resources are found to be added value to library services
by presenting new modes of collecting, storing, retrieving and providing information.
They have also brought some problems which are related to acquisition of ICTs,
preservation issues, escalating prices, maintenance and security issues, training of users,
support from university authorities, and general lack of awareness and commitment
among library stakeholders etc. In view of this and with an intention to know the barriers
in the collection of electronic information sources and services in their libraries,
librarians were requested to state what they thought were the major barriers and the
response received from them has been presented in Table-5.50 below.
TabIe-5.50: Barriers in the collection of electronic information resources and services
Barriers Lack of funds Lack of knowledge to use e-resources among library users Lack of support from the University Administration Lack of electronic infrastructure facilities Frequent power cut Lack of trained staff Library staff's resistance to adopt change Cost of Electronic Information Sources is high, and users make less use of them
5 1 ~ —
2 2 2 1 3
4 7 1 3 3 1 2
2
3 ~
2 4 2 1 2 3 4
2 2 7 ~
1 4 3 4 1
1 — ~
3 2 2 1 2 —
5-Strongly agree, A-Agret, 3-Moderatley agree, 2-Disagree, l-Strongly disagree
It is very much clear that lack of fund is found to be the major barrier since seven
out of ten libraries under survey are agreed with this problem, followed by lack of
infrastructure facilities and lack of support from the university administration. High cost
of electronic resources is also considered as an important problem for most of the
libraries. Lack of trained library staff is also found to be another hindrance for some of
the libraries followed by frequent power cut. Rest of the problems such as lack of
knowledge among library users and lack of staffs' resistance to adopt change are not
seems to be serious barriers for majority of libraries.
136
Cdaper-S- Vniversity LiSraries ofT(flmata^: A 'Profile
5.12.3. Level of Acceptance of Electronic Media in Comparison to Print Media
The increasing importance and availability of electronic information resources
and the widespread use of ICT has required libraries to make difficult decisions regarding
the collection development. It is suggested that the choice of resources either in print or
electronic form should be based of understanding the user needs and how users utilize
information i.e. priority should be given to resources that will benefit the large number of
users. Therefore the views of users in terms of their use of resources, perceptions and
preferences need to be taken into account when making these decisions (King, 2004). In
view of this, a question was asked to the librarians with the intension to know the level of
acceptance of electronic media over print media by the users in their libraries.
Table-5.51: Acceptance of electronic media in comparison to print media
1 Response Electronic medium is preferred to print Print medium is preferred to electronic Both media are acceptable
KU
V
UOM
V
BU
V
KUE
V
GU
V
MU
V
DU
V
TU
V
KSWU
V
VSKU
~
~
V
Looking at the responses of the librarians in the above table, as a matter of fact
that all the libraries have indicated that the users in their libraries has accepted both
media to meet their informational requirements. Though, the belief of many people that
electronic formats are superior to other, it is remembered that no one form is better than
the other. Library resources need to be evaluated and accepted based not on format but,
instead, on content and patron and disciplinary needs.
5.13. Conclusion
The library environment has currently undergone drastic change in terms of
collections and services. The proliferation of electronic resources has had a significant
impact on the way the academic community uses, stores, and preserves information. The
advantages of electronic resources have drawn attention of the library users to a great
137
CHapter- S Vniversity Libraries of'Kflmataksi :A 'Profile
extent. Accordingly, these resources have occupied a significant place in the collection
and budget of almost all libraries. The present study is an attempt to survey the
availability and use of electronic information resources in the university libraries of
Kamataka State. The data reveal that the majority of libraries are having good number of
collection in print form where books, back volumes of periodical, these and dissertations
are found to be major part of the library collection. The information sources in electronic
form consisting of electronic journals, online and CD ROM databases are also found to
be part of library collection in some of the libraries. Wherein, electronic resources are
found to be inadequate since 5 out of 10 libraries opined that the existing collection of
electronic resources are inadequate to meet the needs of its users. Similarly all these
libraries are offering most of the conventional services to its readers whereas electronic
information services offered are not found to be sufficient. The findings of the study also
reveal that majority of libraries are having representative collection of the ICT
infrastructure including Internet facility is found to be somewhat satisfactory and at the
same time efforts should be made to develop further by extending network facility,
improving access speed (bandwidth), developing library portal etc, for the efficient
access and utilization of electronic resources. The results of the survey also reveal the
problems such as lack of Internet connectivity, lack of computer systems, lack of self
help guides, lack of time, inadequate resources which are seldom experienced by the
users. As a result of this, the frequency of use of various electronic resources is not found
to be satisfactory in majority of libraries. The study observed the majority of libraries did
not undertaken digitisation activity in their libraries. The reason for this is due to lack of
funds and also lack of trained manpower. The study further observed that almost all the
libraries surveyed are running with inadequate staff members both at professional, semi-
professional and supporting levels. The expenditure made upon print resources is found
to be satisfactory but at the same time majority of libraries have not made separate
budgetary provision for procurement of electronic resources. All these observation
mainly suggest that the university administrators must take necessary actions to procure
adequate electronic resources, develop necessary technological infrastructure and also
make appointment of skilled professionals at different levels to assist the users for
efficient access and utilization of electronic resources.
138
References
Cfiapter- 5 ^ = ^ = = = 'University LiBraries qfJQimata^ :Ji (Profile
1. Chowdhury, G. G., & Chowdhury, S. (2004). Introduction to digital libraries.
London: Facet Publishing, 2004.
2. Dollar, Daniel M., Gallagher, John., Glover, Janis., Marone, Regina Kenny., &
Crooker, Cynthia. (2007). Realizing what's essential: a case study on integrating
electronic journal management into a print-centric technical services department.
Journal of the Medical Library Association^ 95(2), 147-155.
3. Duncan, C. (2003). Digital Repositories: e-leamingfor everyone. Paper presented
at eLeam International, Edinburg, Retrieved from http ://eleamintemational
edin feb2003.doc.
4. Fabunmi, Beatrice Ayodeji., Paris, Matthew., & Fabunmi, Martins (2006).
Digitization of Library Resources: Challenges and Implications For Policy and
Planning. InternationalJournal of African & African American Studies, 5(2).
5. Fecko, Mary Beth. (1997). Electronic resources: Access and Issues. Topics in
library and information studies. London: Bowker-Sour, 1-14.
6. Helen Hayes, (2005). Digital repositories, Helping universities and colleges, JISC
Briefing paper, Higher education Sector, Retrieved from
http://www.iisc.ac.uk/index.cfm7name-pub repositories.
7. King, Donald. (2004). Some thoughts on academic library collections. The
Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30(4), 261-264.
8. Lee, Stuart. (2002). Electronic collection development: a practical guide. New
York: Neal Schuman.
9. Manda, P.A (2005). Electronic resource usage in academic and research
institutions in Tanzania. Information Development, 21, 269.
10. National Universities Commission (1996). Draft manual on university
management: A publication of National Universities Commission. Abuja-Nigeria.
51-52.
139
CRapter- J = = i ^ = ^ = ^ = Vniversity LiSraries ofXsimatakfi :A 'ProfUe
11. Patil, S. K., Wadekar, Priyanka., Chikate, R. V., & Joshi, Subhada. (2006,
February). Implementation of RFID technology in Jayakar library, University of
Pune; problems and perspectives. Paper presented at 4th International
Convention CALIBER-2006, Gulbarga. Retrieved from
http.//www.ir.inflibnet.ac.in/dxml/ bitstream/handle/1944/1120/69.pdf.
12. Prakash, Chand., & Nishy, P. (2008). Strengthening R & D information system
through library consortium: a case of CSIR laboratories. Annals of library and
information studies, 55, 45-51.
13. PuUinger, David. (1999). Academics and the new information environment: the
impact of local factors on use of electronic journals. Journal of Information
Science. 25(2), 164-172.
14. Satpathy, Kishor Chandra., Sarma, Rahul., & Sarma, Roon Devi. (2012). E-
Resource Management in Technical Institute Library: A Case Study on NIT
Silchar. Paper presented at 8th Convention PLANNER-20\2, Sikkim University,
Gangtok. Retrieved from http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/dxml/bitstream/handle/
1944/1691/28.pdf?sequence=l.
15. Telia, A., & Popoola, S. (2007). Work motivation, job satisfaction and
organisational commitment of library personnel in academic and research libraries
in Oyo State. Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved from
http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/tella2.htm.
16. Venkata Ramana, P (2006). The changing role of librarian in a challenging
dynamic Web environment. 4th International Convention CALIBER-2006,
Gulbarga, 2-4 February, 2006. Retrieved from http://www.ir.inflibnet.ac.in/dxml/
bitstream/handle/1944/.../l 8(cal%2006). pdf
17. Yusoff, H. M. (2006). The use of electronic information resources among the
users of Penang Public Library Corporation. In C. Khoo, D. Singh & A.S.
Chaudhry (Eds.), Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Conference on Library &
Information Education & Practice 2006 (A-LIEP 2006) (pp. 486-495), Singapore:
School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological University.
140