h. s. nance, bureau of economic geology, pbgsp annual meeting, 2/27-8/06, austin, tx
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G. e. o. l. o. g. y. a. n. d. R. e. s. e. r. v. o. i. r. D. e. v. e. l. o. p. m. e. n. t. i. n. T. h. e. D. e. l. a. w. a. r. e. M. o. u. n. t. a. i. n. G. r. o. u. p. D. e. l. a. w. a. r. e. B. a. s. i. n. H. S. N. a. n. c. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Geology and Reservoir Developmentin
The Delaware Mountain GroupDelaware Basin
H. S. Nance
Bureau of Economic GeologyJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at Austin
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Delaware Mountain GroupBasinal Sandstone Play
0 50 mi
0 80 km
Delaware Mountain GroupBasinal Sandstone Play
D1 Ford GeraldineD2 East FordD3 TwofredsD4 CapritoD5 War-WinkD6 Livingston RidgeD7 Livingston Ridge EastD8 Lost TankD9 Hat MesaD10 AvalonD11 Paduca
San SimonChannel
Southern Shelf
Northern Shelf
Ozona Arch
Modified after Dutton and others (2005)
D1D2
D3 D4
D5
D8D6
Selected Reservoirs D7
Delaware Basin
D9D10
Sheffield Channel
D11
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Paleogeographyand
Stratigraphy
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
GR CalGR Cal Den Den
N S
Pinery Ls Mbr
Hegler Ls Mbr
Manzanita Ls Mbr
Mz 5
Mz 4
Mz 3
Mz 2
Mz 1
6100
6500
Manzanita HFS
6500
6000
Lower Seven Rivers HFS (G17)
South Wells Ls Mbr?
Datum: B/Hegler
Reservoir Zones (from Hamilton,1996)
+Florida Expl.
No. 1 Reno Com.Enron
No. 1 Tomahawk 193
Limestone-dominated Siliciclastic-dominated
Modified after Tyrrell and others (2004)
?
?
North-South Cross SectionUpper Cherry Canyon Formation
Eddy Co., NM
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Delaware Mountain GroupDepositional Facies
andCyclicity
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
From G reen and others (1996)
Oriented
Glycolated
Theta (degrees)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Feldspar
Sand
Clay
Brushy Canyon Sediment MineralogyX - Ray Diffraction
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
302010
Core porosity (%)
k = 0.012 * 10^(0.148 x φ)
r = 0.82 n = 368
.01
.1
1
10
100
1000
0
Porosity vs PermeabilityRamsey SandstoneEast Ford Reservoir
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
2830
19
18
21
1617
29
20
2830
19
18
21
1617
29
20
EastFordunit
boundary
EastFordunit
boundary
Ramsey SandstoneBell Canyon Formation
East Ford ReservoirReeves Co.
0 0.5 mi
0.5 km0
20
Other well
CO2 injection well
Oil-producing well
Data Points
Ramsey 1 Ramsey 2
After Dutton and others (1999)
Channel
Lobe
Levee
Overbank splay
Depositional Environment
Thickness (ft)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Depositional Models
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Slope
Channel
Levee
Splay
Lobe
Shelf
Basin
From Dutton and others (2005)modified from Galloway and Hobday (1996)
Shelf
Basin
Lobe
Levee
Channel
Slope
Lowstand Depositional Facies TractDelaware Mountain Group
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Slumps
Eolian dune
Slope incision
Sediment by-pass
Wind
modified after Gardner (1992)
Eolian-Derived Turbidite ModelDelaware Mountain Group
Organic-rich siltstone
Ss
Airborne silt
“Reef”
Carbonate shoal
Carbonate debris flow
Hemipelagic fallout apron
Emergent reef margin
Topographic break
Backreef carbonates
Terrestrial siliciclastics
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Lam organic-rich siltstLamThin-bd, rippled, and horiz lam Ss, siltst
Massive SsCross-stratified Ss
Depositional Sequence ModelDelaware Mountain Group
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Siliciclastictransportvectors
Delaware Basinmargin
Modified from Payne (1976)
Sand Depositional FairwaysBell Canyon Formation
0 25 mi
0 40 km
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Reservoir Geometry
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
50 15
00
ft m
2750
2700
2750
2700
2750
DATUM
1000 ft 1330 ft 800 ft 800 ft
Castile
Lamar
TrapCS
Ramsey 2
SH1
Ramsey 1
FordCS
Olds
CS Condensed section
LeveeChannel Overbanksplay
Lobe Basinalsiltstone
TrapCS
FordCS
Northwest Southeast
Depth(ft)
Depth(ft)
Depth(ft)
Depth(ft)
Depth(ft)
2700
2750
2800
2700
2750
2800
2700
2800
2750
GRGRGRGRGR
QAc5418(b)cx
From Dutton and others (2003)QAc4745(c)cx
Strike Cross Section
East Ford UnitReeves Co.
Representative Well Log
Laminated siltstoneSandstoneOrganic-richsiltstone
Ramsey 2
SH1
Ramsey 1
250 100Interval transit time
40
East Ford Unit No. 24
0Gamma ray
Oldssandstone
Fordsiltstone
Ramseysandstone
Lamarlimestone
2800
2750
2700
2650
Trapsiltstone
API μS/ft
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Key
Net SandPorosity >15%
Livingston Ridge and Lost TankDelaware Pools
0
0
c.i. = 10 ft
Lost Tankfield
LivingstonRidgefield
> 30-ft sand with> 15% porosity
< 10-ft sand with> 15% porosity
Well productivefrom LivingstonRidge or Lost Tankmain pay
Dry hole or wellproductive fromother zones
N
1 mi
2 km
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Modified after Hamilton and Hunt (1996)
War-Wink (Cherry Canyon) FieldsUniversity Lands Area
Fields
1. Blk 18 area2. Central War-Wink area3. Blk 21 area4. E. Quito5. Caprito6. Rhoda Walker7. Pitzer8. E. Pitzer
0 1 2 3 mi
0 4 km
Winkler Co.Ward Co.
1
23
4 5
6
78
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Hamilton & Hunt (1996)study area
Modified after Hamilton and Hunt (1996)
War-Wink (Cherry Canyon) FieldsUniversity Lands Area
Fields
1. Blk 18 area2. Central War-Wink area3. Blk 21 area4. E. Quito5. Caprito6. Rhoda Walker7. Pitzer8. E. Pitzer
0 1 2 3 mi
0 4 km
Winkler Co.Ward Co.
1
23
4 5
6
78
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0 1 mi
1 km
< -4300 ft
=/> -4300 ft
Elevation of Top of 7100-ft Sand
>30
20-30
Thickness of 7100-ft Sand
Thickness (ft)
Wells
injection well
oil well
oil well (sand production)
gas well
oil and gas well
Explanation
Structure and Isopach Map7100-Ft Sand (Bush Zone, Lo. Cherry Can.)
War-Wink Field
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Diagenesis
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Injection
QAc9008(b)x
100
10
1000
1990 1995 2000 2005
Purchased CO2
WaterRecycled CO2
1000
100
10,000
Year
Production
1000
100
10,000
100,000
Water:oil ratio
OilGas:oil ratio
10
1
100
1000
From Dutton and others (2003)
Enhanced Oil RecoveryEast Ford Unit
Reeves Co.
Vertical Permeability ProfilesFord Geraldine Unit
QAb9385c
2470
2480
2490
2500
2510
0 100
FGU-241Permeability
(md)Depth(ft)
2510
2520
2530
2540
2550
2560
0 100 200
FGU-193
Depth(ft)
Permeability(md)
0 1002560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
FGU-134
Depth(ft)
Permeability(md)
2620
2630
2640
2650
2660
2670
0 100
SH1
FGU-70
Depth(ft)
Permeability(md) Depth
(ft)0
2650
2660
2670
SH1
2680
2690
100
FGU-17Permeability
(md)
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0 1 mi
1 km0
Modified after Dutton and others (1999)
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
> 30
Calcite cement
Contour interval 5 percent
Percentage ofRamsey intervalcemented by calcite
Explanation
Calcite Cement in Ramsey SandstoneFord Geraldine Field
Delaware Basin
Contour interval 5 percent
Percentage ofRamsey intervalcemented by calcite
Cored well
Explanation
Field outline
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0 1 mi
1 km0
Modified after Dutton and others (1999)
0 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
> 30
Calcite cement
Contour interval 5 percent
Percentage ofRamsey intervalcemented by calcite
Explanation
Calcite Cement in Ramsey SandstoneFord Geraldine Field
Delaware Basin
Contour interval 5 percent
Percentage ofRamsey intervalcemented by calcite
Cored well
Explanation
Field outline
Ramsey channel facies outline
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Brushy Canyon Clay (< 4μ) MineralogyX - Ray Diffraction
F rom Green and others (1 9 9 6 )
Quartz
Oriented
Glycolated
Theta (degrees)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Structural and Topographic EffectsOn
Reservoir Development
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
FaultOil field
Elevation (ft) onBell Canyon Fm
Modified from Payne (1976)
Paduca
TriesteDouble X
0
0
20 mi
30 km
Structure on Bell Canyon FormationDelaware Basin
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
? ?
Explanation
Gas well
Dry hole
Oil well
Elevation (ft) on top of Ramsey Ss
Oil
Oil and water
0
0
1 mi
1 km
modified after Berg (1975)
Paduca (Ramsey) FieldLea Co. NM
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Dominant Lithology
Elevation on topof D-zone(ft above msl) 0 0.5 km
0 0.5 miElevation on topof D-zone(ft above msl)
Datum
D
F
ABC
A A’
BC Marker
Sandstone Siltstone
A
A’
-3600
-3500
-3500
Modified from Thomerson and Catalano (1996)
0.25 mi
0 0.25 km
0
500 ft
Upper Brushy Canyon Fm.East Livingston Field
Lea County, NM
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Production
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Average-Production DeclineLivingston Ridge Main Pay
LivingstonRidge-Lost Tank Reservoirs
modified from Dutton and others (2005)after Broadhead and others (1998)
Months
0 12 24 36 48 60 72
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Initiatepressure
maintenance
Year
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
InitiatePressure
Maintenance
1987 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 19941988
modified from Dutton and others (2005)after Broadhead and others (1998)
0
Pressure Maintenance ResponsePhillips No. 2 James A Well
Cabin Lake Reservoir
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Injection
QAc9008(b)x
100
10
1000
1990 1995 2000 2005
Purchased CO2
WaterRecycled CO2
1000
100
10,000
Year
Production
1000
100
10,000
100,000
Water:oil ratio
OilGas:oil ratio
10
1
100
1000
From Dutton and others (2003)
Enhanced Oil RecoveryEast Ford Unit
Reeves Co.
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Recent Imageryand
Limitations of Well Log Data
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0 1 km
Submarine Channel Complex, Angola, West Africa
Channelaccretionaryfacies
Horizon Slice Interpretation
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
0 1 km
Well spotson 40-acre spacing
ScrollaccretionarySs facies
Resolution Dependence on Sample Spacing
Seismic Interpretation Well Log Interpretation
Modified from Abreu and others (2003)
Scrollfaciesintercept
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PGGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
Fine-grainedChannel-fillfacies
ConclusionsDelaware Mountain Group
1. Facies: cyclic, deep-water siliciclastics and carbonates
2. Lowstand wedge comprising cycles of leveed submarine channel/overbank splay/lobecomplexes, siltstone sheets, and coalesceddetrital limestone lenses
3. Three formations:Brushy Canyon - lower and upper San Andres lowstands,
coarsest-grained siliciclastics, carbonate-poor
Cherry Canyon - upper San Andres, Grayburg, and Queen lowstands,intercalated limestones thicken updip
Bell Canyon - Seven Rivers, Yates, and Tansill lowstands, intercalatedlimestones thicken updip
4. Structural/stratigraphic traps:Structural - Laramide-produced regional east-dip, local compactional
highs over buried sandbodies
Stratigraphic - sandstone (reservoir) facies pinchouts, siltstonetop-seals
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX
ConclusionsDelaware Mountain Group
5. Hydrocarbon sources are organic-rich siltstones
6. Stratigraphically sequential reservoir-sandbodies are laterally offset
7. DiagenesisCalcite cement is most prevalent in overbank areas and vertically
comparmentalizes sandstones
Clay-mineral authigenesis (illite, chlorite) diminishes permeability,complicates water-saturation calculations, and provides potential
for formation damage during acid treatments
8. Water- and hydrocarbon-saturated intervals alternate stratigraphically,complicate fracture completions
9. Reservoir geometries may be inadequately mapped from typical well-logdata sets
H. S. Nance, Bureau of Economic Geology, PBGSP Annual Meeting, 2/27-8/06, Austin, TX