h. s. sen quality improvement in jute and kenaf fibre former director central research institute for...
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H. S. SenH. S. SenH. S. SenH. S. Sen
Quality Improvement in Quality Improvement in Jute and Kenaf FibreJute and Kenaf Fibre
Quality Improvement in Quality Improvement in Jute and Kenaf FibreJute and Kenaf Fibre
Former Director Central Research Institute for Jute & Allied Fibres
(ICAR/DARE, Government of India), Barrackpore, North 24 Parganas West Bengal, India, Pin: 700 120
(Email: [email protected], [email protected])
It is prudent that for jute industry to survive and possibly flourish with a much brighter future it should take recourse to this non-traditional group of products which will require generally the improved quality fibres.
Commensurate with the expected rise in production of jute and kenaf by 3-4 times in 2050 of the present value there is a clear need for proportionately higher attention to non-traditional diversified products.
The manufacture of diversified jute products requires the use of best grades of raw jute in most cases, more capital investment, higher textile levels of design and market skill, more capable and focused mill management, a degree of entrepreneurship above and beyond that usually found in the traditional industry, and on the top of that, considerable R&D expenditure.
The real future, however, lies in the area of technical textiles.
Mass potential
Finest yarn, fashion products
Fine yarn, home textile clothing
Coarse yarn, carpet ropes
Filters, high-tech composites
Plant pot Geo-textile, pulp and paper
Ad
ded
val
ue
Textile products
Added value versus mass potential of bast fibre products
Textile products usually show higher mass potential and higher added value in comparison to technical applications
Packaging mat. Car interiors Composites
The real apprehension in India, Bangladesh and elsewhere is that instead of meeting the need for improved quality fibres needed for diversified applications there is possibly a decline in the trend reported.
If true, the nature and reasons behind it
We need to examine this very critically for the very survival of commodity and its stakeholders:
Measures to alleviate the constraints and future suggestions for improvement
Strength and weakness for development of improved quality fibres
Grade Grade-wise break up percentage of jute fibre
80-85 85 -90 92-97 2005
1 & 2 1.27 1.32 1.86 2.00
3 7.79 8.30 9.86 9.00
4 24.29 25.73 28.20 25.00
5 32.92 41.53 40.20 33.00
6 23.69 17.35 14.82 16.00
7 & 8 8.04 5.77 5.06 15.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Grade-wise break up percentage of jute fibre in India
Grade-wise break-up percentage of fibre in India
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1980-85 1985 -90 1992-97 2005
Plan periods
Gra
de p
erce
ntag
e1 & 2 3 4 5 6 7 & 8
No clear cut trend in the change in quality throughout last 25 years was observed. However, that there was no consistent improvement in percent quality fibre production is as such highly discouraging in view of growing demand for quality fibre production. Such quantitative observations from Bangladesh and other countries are also warranted
Technological upgradations are required for meeting the prescribed limits with consistency in quality also.
Technical processing Genetic manipulation
Cultural along with retting practices
Th
rou
gh
ThroughThrough
Areas identified in the field of improved quality raw fibre production
Development of genetic stock
Cultivated
Wild species
Direct exploration of germplasms from centres of origin
Principal approaches for
crop improvement
Somatic hybridization including protoplast manipulation
Biotechnological approaches
Tissue culture
Inter-specific hybridization
Genetic transformation
DNA fingerprinting
Need to develop
International collaboration
Adequate fundingjute genome
Development of improved crop varieties
Blending of cutting-edge technologies
Traditional approach for crop improvement programme. +
Development of transgenics&
Timely Timely availability availability
of good of good quality seeds quality seeds at affordable at affordable
priceprice
Timely Timely availability availability
of good of good quality seeds quality seeds at affordable at affordable
priceprice
Diplomatic and administrative protocol among the countries for timely distribution
Certification protocol of kenaf seedsCertification protocol of kenaf seedsCertification protocol of kenaf seedsCertification protocol of kenaf seeds
Identification of good quality seed producing areas
&
Improved retting practice - BreakthroughImproved retting practice - Breakthrough
CRIJAF has developed a new machine ‘bast fibre extractor’ run either by 1 H.P. electric motor or 1.5 H.P. Kerosene engine, portable and may easily be taken to the field for operation
Particulars Conventional method
kg/man-hour
Improved method *kg/machine-hour
Jute 5 25
Mesta 1.5 15
The retting process Whole plant Vs. machine retted fibre
Conventional vis-a-vis improved method of jute fibre extraction Particulars Conventional retting Improved retting
Source of power Manual Partly mechanical
Process involved after harvest
Canes- Defoliation, bundling,
Transport Steeping - in water,
Stripping - fibre
Machine extraction, steeping of ribbons in water
Retting duration 2 to 3 weeks 5 to 7 days
Water requirement Large volume 20 % of conventional
Drudgery Drudgery in steeping and stripping No Drudgery
Thin plants Lost during processing Salvages fibre (15 %. More)
Extraction capacity 4 to 5 kg dry fibre / man-hour 25 kg dry fibre / machine-hour
Crop harvest Availability of water regulated the time
After 100 days.any time
Time requirement 4 weeks 1 week
Quality Roots, knots and specks are present Strong,free from defects
Grade More variation Less variation
Wood stick Entire Small pieces
Extraction Uncontrolled condition Controlled condition
Need to combat weather uncertainties
Irregularity in rains
Global warming
Need for water storage
Removal of drainage congestion at critical period
Weather forecasting models
Contingency plan
Identification of appropriate variety resistant to water stress
Need to stress on good quality
fibre production in
Raw fibre production module with stress on adverse soil moisture conditions
Diversified product identification and protocol for manufacture
Quality seed production and availability
KenafKenafKenafKenaf
The improved yarns are needed to meet product
specific quality norms for the manufacture of
High quality blended apparel grade textiles, Technical, industrial and home textiles including non-woven, Automotives, Soil savers, Bio-composites, Pulp and paper, Fine chemicals, cosmetics and healthcare products, and Bio-fuels.
The manufacture of diversified jute products requires the use of best grades of raw jute in most cases.
Future technological development
Fine jute yarns with average number of fibres per cross section in the range of 50-100 and fineness 6 lb/ spy and below with tolerable loss of strength and abrasion resistance along with improvement of the physico-chemical properties, such as whiteness, light fastness, flexural rigidity, water retention value, moisture regain, extensibility and proportionate increase in alpha-cellulose content along with proportionate decrease in hemi-cellulose and lignin contents in jute and kenaf preferably using recommended chemical processes
Convertible to light, dense and strong new generation hessian fabrics for market acceptability
Quality yarns which should be cost- and quality-competitive
Proposedgrades
Existing grades
End products (tentative suggestions)
TD1/W1 1+2 Fine yarn, specialties, carpet backing cloth, items where fibre quality is important.
TD2/W2 3 Fine yarn, carpet backing cloth, fine Hessian, blended products, items where fibre quality is important.
TD3/W3 4 Hessian warp, fine Hessian, blended products, items where fibre quality is important.
TD4/W4 5 Hessian weft, sacking warp, light sacking wept, blended products.
TD5/W5 6 Ordinary sacking wept, cotton sacking, items where fineness has no impact.
TD6/W6 7+8 Poor sacking, non-woven, paper and pulp, Geo-textiles, composites, etc.
A tentative list of end products grade-wise (in India)
Need for internationalizing grading criteria
Technical yarns Mechanicalbondednon-wovens
Various fields ofapplication asreinforcing fibre
Friction linings Paper production
Fibre lengthmean fibre
length50-100 mmCV H< 70%
Finenessmean fineness5-20 dtex or20-86 μm
Fibre lengthmean fibre length20-70 mmCV H50 %
Finenessmean fineness5 dtex or20 μmFibre-Fibre- adhesionhigh
Fibre tenacitytensile strength700 -1100 N/mm²or 47-73 cN/texelongation2 %E-modulus40-70 kN/mm²Fibre lengthmean fibre length3-25 mm/ 25 mmshort fibre length10 %Finenessmean fineness3-17 dtex or 10-74μmFibre-Fibre-adhesionzeroTrashalmost free of dustand wood
Fibre lengthmean fibre length0,1-10 mmCV H50%Finenessmean fineness10-20 μmDensity1,4-1,5 g/cm³Surface area1500-10000 cm²/gMoisture8-10%Flash point300-600° C
Fibre lengthmean fibre length4 mmLong fibre length8 mmshort fibre length1 mmImpuritiestrash contents10%fibre fragments10%
Each country has now its’ own grading criteria, so there is a need to internationalize them for transparency and promotion. Suggested fibre properties for technical applications taking cue from cotton and wool, as below
“Better price for better grades” is the key for price protection to the farmers.
Government should devise policies and norms
Government should ensure collection mechanism through a transparent arrangement with the farmers and other stakeholders
Role of agro-retail majors are also very important in this respect
Adequate arrangement for storage and distribution
Government should ensure warehouses for appropriate storage for reasonable time and support mechanisms for distribution
Training of farmers and other stakeholders for fibre grading mechanism and ensure appropriate pricing
Government and the agro-retail majors have major roles in this respect
In the raw jute fibre trade, agro-retail majors can be a powerful adjunct to the activities of the government procurement agencies and as well be a strong link between raw jute farmers and jute industry, and finally between farmers and R & D organizations
Countries other than India, Bangladesh and China
adequate campaign in the society on the ecological benefit of the use of jute and kenaf
arrangements for training and incentives for production of value-added goods
Do not appear to have adequate and well planned diversification programme
They should put thrust on diversification apart from the production programme of raw fibre itself
Role of unorganized sector in large number for diversified product development
Their role, strength and weakness should be documented
To be given support to increase their capability through funding, training and infrastructural development
They are in very large in number in each country catering to the demand of diversified goods very significantly without any record or documentation
The focus is to concentrate increasingly more in a phased manner for production of the value-added diversified products
for inroads into the market.
Defining ‘benchmarks’
for each component of
the quality profile
Goals for the Industry
Meeting consumer
s’ perceptio
n and value
Manufacturing jute
products to substitute existing
fibre products
Defining objectively the ‘quality profile’ as product
specificities
Need for modernizati
on with strict
quality control
Lack of coordination between raw fibre production and technology development R&D agencies.
As a result, raw fibre agency remains unaware of technological needs of the industry and vice versa, and thus the
specific targets of one another.
Need for a Road Map for the future
Each country should have a clear road map for diversified goods production phase wise for the next 20-25 years
Grade wise fibre production schedules should be accordingly worked out
backwards and the same implemented to meet the goals through appropriate synergy between government (policy makers), industry, R&D units, and the
farmers
In the interest of these countries, the commodity and its stakeholders an understanding at the international level among these countries should arrived at to apportion the product target areas, as per their capabilities and interest, strength and weakness, and allow free exchange of germplasm along with arrangements for frequent interaction to share the views on technological upgradations.
A “Jute Cartel” be formed for mutual benefit to each –
legal, political and administrative implications of
which may be discussed in details
Countries growing jute and kenaf are limited in number although farmers and related stakeholders are disproportionately large in number with restricted size and holding and thus the capacity of each unit. At the same time the industry is confronted with steep challenge increasingly more with time from synthetics.
Need for a “JUTE CARTEL”
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