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Hydropower Hydropower makes us Hydropower makes us wet!wet!

What’s Inside? – Introduction: General Facts & Figures

Reporters

• Diaz, Rudolf• Ecot, Josa Marie• Oliveros, Louelamie• Lagdamat, Raymund• Lamanilao, Juphil• Manon-og, Alona Amor• Sumampong Geraldine

The “HYDROPOWERS”

HYDROPOWEHYDROPOWERR

Greek

“HyDrO”

Water

HYDROPOWEHYDROPOWERRis power that is

derived from the force or energy of

moving water.

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Hydropower

How Hydropower Works

Attributes of Hydropower

Forms of Hydropower

Sizes of Hydro Plants

ENERGY FROM FALLING WATER

History of Hydropower

ContentsContents

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Hydropower

Major Components

Types of Hydro plant TURBINESTypes of Hydro plant TURBINES

Hydro Turbine Parameters

Cost

ENERGY FROM FALLING WATER

Types Of Hydropower PlantsTypes Of Hydropower Plants

ContentsContents

Hydroelectric Power Pant (Philippines)Hydroelectric Power Pant (Philippines)

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Hydropower History of HydropowerHistory of Hydropower Saqia - a wheel used by the Persians to raise water from a river to higher place. 250 BC, water power was used as a clock. 80 BC, the Antipater of Thessalonica wrote,

"Cease your work, ye maids who labour at the mill . . . for Ceres has commanded the water-nymphs to perform your task." The work of grinding grains such as corn was automated by water power.

762 AD, water mills became popular by the Saxons in England. A millwright traveled the countryside and fixed broken mills.

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Hydropower History of HydropowerHistory of Hydropower 1086 AD, the Domesday survey found

that there were more than 5000 mills. 1400 –1500, iron works exploited the

power of the water to cool the blast furnace. In Sheffield and Sussex, England iron works were employed next to the water.

1581, Peter Morise installed a water wheel under the old London Bridge. It worked on the ebb and flood tides, meaning it was reversible.

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Hydropower History of HydropowerHistory of Hydropower 1086 AD, the Domesday survey found

that there were more than 5000 mills. 1824, the Catrine cotton mill used a

water wheel and through gearing shafting and belting achieved 9000 rev/s.

1838, 28 Tide mills existed in England even though the era of steam engines was beckoning.

1882, the transmission of hydroelectric power was demonstrated at the Exposition in Munich with direct current of 2400 volts The first central hydroelectric station of a capacity of 250 lights was installed in Appleton, Wisconsin.

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Hydropower History of HydropowerHistory of Hydropower 1883, a hydro-electric plant was

developed at Portrush in Ireland. 1885, also in Ireland, a 65

horsepower turbine was opened for the Bessbrook and Newry railway.

1900, Oliver Evans developed a completely water powered mill that handled everything from unloading sacks of grain to packing flour in turbines.

2000, water power is becoming highly implemented and extremely utilized.

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Hydropower

…

…

…

Hydropower is the leading source of renewable energy.

Other sources account for less than 3% of renewable electricity production.

Provides more than 97% of all electricity generated by renewable sources.

A renewable ENERGY A renewable ENERGY sourcesource

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Hydropower

•The sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea, and will keep on doing so.

The water on the earth is continuously replenished by precipitation.

The fall and movement of water is part of a continuous natural cycle called the hydrologic cycle.

Whyis it

renewable?

Hydrologic Cycle

A renewable ENERGY A renewable ENERGY sourcesource

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Hydropower How Hydropower How Hydropower WorksWorksHydropower plants capture the energy of

falling water to generate electricity. A dam impounds water to form a reservoir and raises the water level to create head.Reservoir Power

Water from the reservoir flows due to gravity to drive the turbine.

Power generated is transmitted over power lines.

Turbine

Turbine is connected to a generator.

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Hydropower

Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2,NOx,

SOx, hydrocarbons, or particulates.Renewable resource with

high conversion efficiency to electricity

( 80+ %).Dispatchable with storage capability.

Usable for base load, peaking, and pumped

storage applications

Advantages :

AttributesAttributes

Scalable from 10 kWe to 10,000 MWe Low operating and maintenance costsLong lifetime – 50+ years typicalLeft as blank…

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Hydropower

Frequently involves impoundment of large

amounts of water with loss of habitat

due to land inundationVariable output – dependent on rainfall

and snowfallImpacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen

depletionSocial impacts of displacing indigenous people

Disadvantages :

AttributesAttributes

High initial capital costs

Long lead time in construction of mega-sized projectsLeft as blank…

Health impacts in developing countries

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Hydropower

used for hundreds of years to power mills and machinery

Water wheels

Hydroelectricity

Damless hydro

Vortex power

impacts which creates vortices which can then be tapped for energy

usually referring to hydroelectric dams, or run-of-the-river setups.

which captures the kinetic energy in rivers, streams and oceans

Forms Of HydropowerForms Of Hydropower

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Hydropower

which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction

Tidal power

Wave power Osmotic

power

Marine current power

which captures the kinetic energy from marine currents.

which uses the energy in waves

which channels river water into a container separated from sea water by a semipermeable membrane.

Forms Of HydropowerForms Of Hydropower

Ocean thermal energy conversion - which exploits the temperature difference between deep and shallow waters.

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Hydropower

More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid

15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid

Capacity above 1MW

Small HP

Micro HP

Large

Medium HP

Mini HP

Capacity 300kW to

1MWCapacity 0kW to 300kW

Sizes of Hydropower Sizes of Hydropower PlantsPlants

Pico HP - Up to 10kW, remote areas away from the grid

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Hydropower Types Of Hydropower Types Of Hydropower PlantsPlants

Hydro plants can be classified according to water flow/storage characteristics

Impoundmen

t

Diversion

Pump stora

ge

Types

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Hydropower Major Components…Major Components…Water in the reservoir is located

at the height above the rest of the dam structure.

Reservoir

…built at location where the height of the river is sufficiently high so

as to get maximum possible potential energy from water.

Damn

Passages through which is conveyed from dam to power

house.

Inlet water ways

A building that houses turbines, generators and other auxiliaries .

Power-house

Trail race

A passage for discharging water leaving the turbine

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Hydropower Major Components…Major Components…

Penstock - closed pressure

pipes

Tunnel – made by cutting

mountains

Spillways - provide

discharge of surplus water

Inlet water ways include …

Tunnel

Spillways

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Hydropower Types of Hydro plant Types of Hydro plant TURBINESTURBINES

Impulse

Reaction Reaction

Pelton turbines are

suited to high head, low flow

applications.

…contains a runner that has water passages through it formed by curved vanes or blades having an output of 750 MW.

Kaplan turbines are well suited to situations in which there is a low head and a large amount of discharge.

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Hydropower

POWERPOWER

Specific Specific SpeedSpeed

HeadHead

DischargeDischarge EfficiencyEfficiencyAdd Your Text

Hydro Turbine Hydro Turbine ParametersParameters

4/5HPNN s

N = Turbine speed

P = Power Q = Rate of water flow

H = head = efficiency

P = n x g x Q x H

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Hydropower

Hydropower is an efficient way to generate electricity. Modern hydro turbines can convert as much as 90% of the available energy into electricity. The best fossil fuel plants are only about 50% efficient.

Naturalgas

Fossilfuel

Nuclear

25%

the cost natural gas

40% the cost of fossil fuel

50%

the cost of nuclear

CostCost

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Hydropower Hydroelectric Power Pant Hydroelectric Power Pant (Philippines)(Philippines)

Escudero Hydroelectric Power Escudero Hydroelectric Power PlantPlant

1. The First and Oldest It was built in 1937. located at Villa Escudero Tiaong, Quezon, Philippines.2. Purpose it generated power for the Escudero coconut plantation.

3. What else? composed of 2 hydro units; a 75 kW (located below the 1937 unit) and a 37.5 kW plant (located 700meters down river).

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Hydropower What’s inside?…What’s inside?…(a closer (a closer

look)look)

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Hydropower ReferencesReferences

01

02•http://new.wvic.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=703•http://www.hydropower.org/publications/leaflets_and_factsheets.html

04•http://library.thinkquest.org/17658/hydro/hydhistoryht.html

05•http://science.howstuffworks.com/hydropower-plant1.htm06•http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=hydropower_home-basics

07•http://www.youtube.com

08•http://www.eas.asu.edu/~holbert/eee463/hydroelectric.html

09•http://www.ucopenaccess.org/courses/APEnvSci/course%20files/multimedia/lesson68/animations/4e_hydroelectric_power.html10•http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/demo/HydroelectricDam.html11•http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html

12•http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/index.html

13•http://www.pei.net.ph/escudero.html

14 •http://www.jcmiras.net/surge/p77.htm

15•http://www.power-technology.com/projects/sanlorenzo/16•http://www.napocor.gov.ph

17 •http://www.industcards.com/hydro-philippines.htm

18•http://www.metts.com.au/bataan-nuclear-ps.html

General Facts Video/animation OTHERS: Philippine HP

•http://www.wikipedia.org

HYDROPOWEHYDROPOWERR

Greek

“HyDrO”

Water

““Hydropower makes Hydropower makes me WET!”me WET!”

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Hydropower Impoundment Impoundment (storage/reservoir plant)(storage/reservoir plant)

Impoundment HP Plant, Ashland, NH

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Hydropower DiversionDiversion(Run-of-river plant)(Run-of-river plant)

Diversion HP plant, Campton, NH

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Hydropower Pump Storage PlantPump Storage Plant

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HydropowerHydro Plant: reservoir

BersiaKenyir

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HydropowerHydro plant:

DamsKenyir

Bersia

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Hydropower Hydro plant: Tunnel

Pergau

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Hydropower Hydro plant: Spillways

Pergau

Kenyir

Temengor

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HydropowerHydro plant: Turbine-

generator

Pergau : turbine pit

Woh :Generator

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HydropowerHydro plant: Pelton

turbine

Sg. Piah

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HydropowerHydro plant: Francis

turbine

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HydropowerHydro plant: Kaplan

turbine

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HydropowerAn overshot water wheel standing 42 feet high powers the Old Mill at Berry College in Rome, Georgia, USA. (waterwheel)

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HydropowerThe “Three Gorges Dam”, the largest hydro-electric power station in the world. (hydroelectricity)

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HydropowerThe nation’s first commercial hydrokinetic turbine has splashed into the waters of the Mississippi River near Hastings, Minnesota. (damless hydro)

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HydropowerAn array of VIVACE converters on the ocean floor, pioneered by a team at the University of Michigan which stands for Vortex Induced Vibrations Aquatic Clean Energy. (vortex power)

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HydropowerThe world's first commercial axial turbine tidal stream generator — SeaGen — in Strangford Lough. The strong wake shows the power in the tidal current. (tidal power)

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Hydropower

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Hydropower

Norwegian energy utility Statkraft build the world's first osmotic power plant, using the natural process of osmosis to produce clean energy. The plant works by separating sea water and fresh water using a membrane which draws fresh sea water through it, increasing pressure on one side to produce power.

(osmotic power)

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HydropowerThe HydroWing is a marine current turbine power system which operates anchored, submerged at a variable depth, and is capable of operating in depths of up to 150 meters.

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Hydropower View of a land based OTEC facility at Keahole Point on the Kona coast of Hawaii

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Hydropower

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Hydropower Other Existing HP plantOther Existing HP plant (Philippines)(Philippines)

Agus II Maria Cristina

HP Phils.

Agus V

Agus VII

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Hydropower

HP HP Phils.Phils.

Bacun ACILocus Norte

Casecnan RiverNueva Viscaya

MahagnaoBurauen, Leyte

Pulangui IVBukidnon

Other Existing HP plantOther Existing HP plant (Philippines)(Philippines)