Hydrogen Economy

By:

Siddharth Modi

Matr. No. 851067

International Management

Contents

• Hydrogen Properties

• Hydrogen Fuel

• Hydrogen Storage

• Initiatives/ Current work

• Global Investments

• Comparison FCV vs ICE

• Conclusion

Hydrogen Properties

• Most abundant element in the Universe, makes up of 75% of all visible matter.

• Boiling point of 20K (-253℃) and melting point of 14K (-259℃) at atmospheric pressure.

• Density: 0.0899 kg/m³ (air=1.293 kg/m³)

• Critical point is about 13bar, at 33K (-240℃)

• Calorific value 142MJ/kg at STP (Gasoline is approximately 42MJ/kg at STP)

Chemical Reaction

Energy Storage

2H₂O 2H₂ + O₂ Endothermic Reaction(ΔH>0)

The reaction needs energy.

This Hydrogen can be stored or transported

Energy Release

2H₂ + O₂ 2H₂O Exothermic Reaction(ΔH<0)

The reaction releases energy.

Hydrogen Production, Storage and Transmission

(figure by Karl Harrison, University of Oxford)

Hydrogen as Fuel

In the future, hydrogen may be used in one of three ways to power vehicles:

• To produce electricity in a fuel cell,

• As a replacement for gasoline or diesel fuel in an internal combustion engine, or

• As a supplement to gasoline or diesel fuel used in an internal combustion engine.

Hydrogen internal combustion engine cars are different from hydrogen fuel cell cars. The hydrogen internal combustion car is a slightly modified version of the traditional gasoline internal combustion engine car. These hydrogen engines burn fuel in the same manner that gasoline engines do.

Francois Isaac de Rivaz designed in 1807 the first hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engine. Paul Dieges patented in 1970 a modification to internal combustion engines which allowed a gasoline-powered engine to run on hydrogen.

Existing-technology ICE can still be applied for solving those problems where fuel cells are not a viable solution so far, for example in cold-weather applications.

ICE(Hydrogen as Fuel)

Hydrogen Fuel

To perform reliably and travel for longer distances before refuelling, it should be able to travel atleast 500 km.

Assuming 10km/L efficiency for gasoline, we would need about 50L gasoline with about 1500MJ energy. In comparison if we assume the efficiency of a FCV to be double we would need about 750MJ of energy, which is approximately 6kg of Hydrogen (assuming Lower Heating Value). This is the amount of Hydrogen we should be able to store on board a vehicle.

Hydrogen Storage Methods

• Compressed Hydrogen Gas storage

• Liquid Hydrogen Storage

• Solid State H₂ Storage

Compressed Hydrogen Gas storage • Due to low density, hydrogen has to be compre-

ssed at very high pressures. Typically, it is stored at about 250bars-300bars. Up to 700 bars is possible.

• Gravimetric and Volumetric energy storage density are around 3-5 wt. % and 2-4 MJ/litre (350 bars – 700 bars.)

• Due to the low wt. % of H2, the mass and the cost of the vessels becomes too high.

• To store 6kg of Hydrogen, the vessel would weigh around 120kg-200kg, which is extra weight and cost.

Compressed Hydrogen Gas storage

http://research.uow.edu.au/energyfutures/researchtopics/UOW049258

Liquid Hydrogen Storage • Liquid Hydrogen storage at 20K and 1 bar, or

about 33K and 13 bars.

• Gravimetric and Volumetric energy storage density are around 5-12 wt. % and 3.8-5.6MJ/litre respectively.

• Drawbacks: High specific wt. cost of the vessel, liquefaction cost, boil-off and leakage make it a very expensive and complex technology.

• To store 6kg of Hydrogen, the vessel would weigh around 50kg-120kg, which is extra weight and cost.

Liquid Hydrogen Storage

http://autogreenmag.com/2009/05/16/first-czech-hydrogen-station-to-open-in-the-fall/

Solid State H₂ Storage It is the storage of Hydrogen atoms or molecules in materials, at near atmospheric pressure.

• Physisorption: Due to weak Van der Waals Forces, there is no bond formation. The Hydrogen molecules sit in voids or pores.

• Chemisorption: They are due to covalent bond formations, they are on the exposed surface of the material. Requires relatively high energy to release Hydrogen.

• The wt. % can range between 1.5% - 7%, some have claims to be higher than 10-11%. Volumetric storage density around 10-15MJ/kg.

• To store 6kg of Hydrogen, the vessel would weigh around 100kg-400kg, which is extra weight and cost.

Solid State H₂ Storage

http://www.fuelcell.sg/hydrogen.php

International Centre for Hydrogen Energy Technologies

ICHET is a project of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) founded in Istanbul in 2004 and supported by the Turkish Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (MENR). Its role is to support, demonstrate and promote viable Hydrogen energy technologies with the aims of enhancing future economic development, particularly in emerging countries and to prevent the widening of the energy and technology gap while helping to skip over the fossil fuel phase. Through ICHET, UNIDO has formed a partnership with the EU Commission Joint Research Institute for Energy and furthermore, has become a member of the IEA. On the Bozcaada island (Turkey), ICHET is currently implementing a Hydrogen energy facility utilizing renewable energies. It is involved in a similar project on the Cook Islands, for which it garnered support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF.)

EU Commission: EU research and innovation policy

The Joint Technology Initiative has been set up for Fuel Cells and Hydrogen.

(JTI): They comprise long-term Public-Private Partnerships which support large-scale, multinational research activities in areas of major importance for European society and industry.

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen joint undertaking

It is a unique public-private partnership supporting research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) activities in fuel cell and Hydrogen energy technologies in Europe. Its aim is to accelerate the market introduction of these technologies realising their potential as an instrument in achieving a carbon-lean energy system

Members:

The EU Commission, NEW-IG and NENERGY.

Fuel Cells and Hydrogen joint undertaking

It was formed in 2008 by the European research community to effectively represent its interests within the JTI. N.ERGHY as a Belgian non- profit association and is completely financed by its members. Their objective is to promote, support and accelerate the research and deployment process of fuel cell and Hydrogen technology in Europe from the point of view of the research community.

The New Energy World Industry Grouping (NEW-IG) works to accelerate the market deployment of Fuel Cells and Hydrogen (FCH) technologies. Our mission is to create a more sustainable economy while positioning Europe at the forefront of global technological developments.

• The formation of IPHE was facilitated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Transportation in 2003 to foster international cooperation on Hydrogen and fuel cell R&D. Today, IPHE’s 18 partners organize, evaluate, and coordinate multinational research, development and deployment programs which advance the introduction of Hydrogen and fuel cell technologies on a global scale.

International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in the

Economy

International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells in

Economy

Members

Existing Infrastructure

• Hydrogen Fuel Stations (USA having about 60)

• Hydrogen Production plant from RE

• Hydrogen Cars and Buses

• Stationary Fuel Cell

• Demonstration and Commercial Projects

Eg. HYDROSOL I costing about 2.6million Euro & HYDROSOL II costing 4.2 million Euro which is funded by EU Commission. (Hydrogen splitting from water with CSP)

Global Investments In Plant and Equipment

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

2006 2007 2012

Hydrogen Production

Storage and distribution

Energy conversion

Other

Figures in Millions US$

Global Investments In Plant and Equipment

1.353,90 1.670,60

5.510,40

0,00

1.000,00

2.000,00

3.000,00

4.000,00

5.000,00

6.000,00

2006 2007 2012

Total*

Total*

Figures in Millions US$

These figures represent a CAGR of 27.0% over the next 5 years.

Advantages • Environmental Friendly.

• Good source of Energy Storage, especially with the increase of Renewable Energy sources in the network.

• Abundant

Disadvantages • Low boiling point and density

• Complex and currently expensive technology

Qualitative comparison Fuel Cell Vehicle/Hydrogen and Internal Combustion Engine

Fuel Cell Vehicle/Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine

Higher Efficiency Lower Efficiency

No GHG(Water as exhaust) GHG Emission

Abundant fuel Source Limited Fuel Source

R&D and Infrastructure req. Infrastructure already present.

Higher Calorific Value Lower Calorific Value

Lower Volumetric Energy density Higher Volumetric Energy density

Conclusion

• Bring Hydrogen fuel cost to compete fossil fuel

Current cost (1-20$/kg) to be (5-6)$/kg.

• High Wt. % hydrogen content and needs light materials.

• Distribution and Infrastructure needs to be changed to cope with Hydrogen technology.

• High Volumetric Storage Density (by better Solid storage methods of Hydrogen)

• Reliable

Reference • http://www.unido-ichet.org/ • http://www.iphe.net/index.html • http://www.fch-ju.eu/ • http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/policy/r

esearch-policy/index_en.htm • http://www.altprofits.com/ref/ct/ctv/eg/hydroge

n_energy.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_vehicle#I

nternal_combustion_vehicle Materials: • Hydrogen Energy Fundamentals (Notes)

Thank You!!!

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