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H.264 Video Watermarking: Applications, Principles,Deadlocks, and Future

Marc Chaumont

To cite this version:Marc Chaumont. H.264 Video Watermarking: Applications, Principles, Deadlocks, and Future. IPTA:Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications, Jul 2010, Paris, France. �lirmm-00577950�

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H.264 video watermarking - Marc Chaumont - IPTA’2010

H.264 video watermarking:applications, principles, deadlocks, and future

Marc Chaumont

July 17, 2010


Preamble

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264

3 WatermarkingDefinitionsVideo watermarkingSecurity of video watermarkingA practical example: the traitor tracing (active fingerprinting)

4 Conclusion & Perspectives


Preamble

PARIS

MONTPELLIER

Slides may be downloaded at http:/ /www.lirmm.fr/ ~chaumont/Publications.htmle‐mail : [email protected]


Preamble

Where video compression is hidden in every days life?

A word of video compression

Camera (Video surveillance, Smart Phone, ...),

Streaming (YouTube, Television, ...),

Storing (DVD, Blue-Ray, Hard-Disk, ...),

Editing (Cinema, advertisement, entertainment).

→ Lots of people use videos.


Preamble

There is a need for good compression algorithms

There is more and more video contents but:

network bandwitch is limited,

storing devices memories are limited.

Example:

SDTV (images 720x576, 25 fps, 90 min. of movie):

Rate without compression: 237 Mbits/s,

ADSL in France ≈ 30€/month for 20 Mbits/s.

Storing capacity without compression: 1,22 Tera-bits,

Storing capacity for a DVD: 4,7 GB.


Preamble

Standardization - codecs evolution

Figure: 25 years of video compression standards


Preamble

And where is the money?

People making money with video contents :

Producers,

Distributors (Hollywood...),

Cinema operators,

Technology providers (Internet providers, Reading and Record-ing devices constructors).

Those lobbys are dynamic in standardization committees and/or wa-termarking.


Preamble

A part of this money is used for protection

The problem for right owners is the pirates...

Scientists should find solutions in order to dissuade users from pi-rating


Preamble

Many solutions for security

Possible solutions:

cryptography→ flaws due to reverse engineering.securize all the channel from reader to displayerExample : Blue-Ray reader + HD TV + HDMI wire→ Blue-Ray DVDs have already been pirated.spy the network and collect pirate IPs→ it may dissuade casual user.propose cheap movies renting→ it may dissuade casual user....

watermarking→ ...


Preamble

What about watermarking?

Applications using watermarking:

Related to security Related to media enhancementcopyright identification broadcast monitoringtraitor tracing (active fingerprinting) device controlauthentication enrichment (functionalities and/or meta-datas)copy control with forward compatibility

improve compression performancesimprove error recovery & correction

In most of these applications, the watermarking should be robust.


H.264

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264




H.264

What is H.264/AVC?

H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10:

State-of-the-art video coding standard,

First version approved in 2003,

Normalized by ITU-T and ISO/IEC organizations,

Up to 50% in bit rate savings comparedto MPEG-2 and MPEG4 Part 2 simple profile.

“Draft ITU-T Recommendation and Final Draft International Standard of Joint Video Specification (ITU-T Rec.

H.264 ISO/IEC 14496-10 AVC),” Tech. Rep., Joint Video Team (JVT), Doc. JVT-G050, March 2003.

I. Richardson, “H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression: Video Coding for Next-Generation Multimedia”, 2003.


H.264

Visual example...

H.264 100Kbs MPEG2 100Kbs


H.264

General coding scheme

Integer

TransformationQuantization Entropy

coding

INTRA or INTER

prediction

Macroblock

16x16

+-

residue

motion data

control data

0010101001

bitstream


H.264

Intra prediction modes


H.264


Integer


coding

INTRA or INTER

prediction

Macroblock

16x16

+-

residue

motion data

control data

0010101001

bitstream


H.264

Inter prediction - Motion Estimation

Figure: Motion estimation in temporal direction.


H.264

Inter prediction - Motion Vectors

Figure: Motion vectors.


H.264


Integer


coding

INTRA or INTER

prediction

Macroblock

16x16

+-

residue

motion data

control data

0010101001

bitstream


Watermarking

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264




Watermarking

Definitions

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264




Watermarking

Definitions

Recall: applications

Applications using watermarking:

Related to security Related to media enhancementcopyright identification broadcast monitoringtraitor tracing (active fingerprinting) device controlauthentication enrichment (functionalities and/or meta-datas)copy control with forward compatibility

improve compression performancesimrove error recovery & correction

In most of these applications, the watermarking should be robust.


Watermarking

Definitions

What is robust watermarking?

The robust watermarking is the art of modifying a media (image,sound, video, ...) such that:

it contains a message most of the time in relation with themedia,

degradation is most of the time imperceptible,

the hidden message is not lost when media degradation occurs(attacks).


Watermarking

Definitions

Robustness illustration

original watermarked

”Broken Arrows”, Teddy Furon and Patrick Bas, EURASIP Journal on Information Security, 2008.


Watermarking

Definitions

Robustness illustration(1): detection = Ok

watermarked additive noise



Watermarking

Definitions


watermarked blur



Watermarking

Definitions


watermarked luminosity upscaling



Watermarking

Definitions


watermarked luminosity downscaling



Watermarking

Definitions


watermarked sharp amplification



Watermarking

Definitions

Desynchronization attack detection = NOT Ok

watermarked rotated, cropped, and resized



Watermarking

Definitions

Few non-malicious attacks for a video

Non-malicious attacks:Photometric Noise addition, DA/AD conversion

Gamma correctionTranscoding and video format conversionIntra and inter-frames filteringChrominance resampling (4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0)

Spatial Desynchronization Changes display formats (4/3, 16/9, 2.11/1)Changes resolution (NTSC, PAL, SECAM)Positional jitterHand-held camera recording (curved-bilinear transform)

Temporal Desynchronization Changes of frame rateFrame dropping / insertionFrame decimation / duplication

Video editing Cut-and-splice and cut-insert-spliceFade-and-dissolve and wipe-and-matteGraphic overlay (subtitles, logo)

“Security issue and collusion attacks in video watermarking”, PhD Thesis, G. Doërr, Supervised by J.-L. Dugelay,

University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, France, june 2005.


Watermarking

Definitions

Robust watermarking families

The three major families (multi-bits):Not informed : Spread Spectrum (DM-SS),Informed : Quantized-based (QIM, SCS, P-QIM),Informed : Trellis-based (DPTC).


Watermarking

Definitions

Informed embedding scheme

Input message

Informedcoding

Watermark embedder

Watermark key Original cover Work

w

x

ym001110011001...

Informedembeddingc*

Watermarkedimage

Figure: Informed embedding.


Watermarking

Definitions

Informed extracting scheme

y

Noise

Watermarkdecoder

Watermark extractor

mnz

Watermark key

Output message

Watermarkedimage

Figure: Blind extraction.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264




Watermarking

Video watermarking

Major approaches

images

sequence

of images

Inside H.264 structure

Before quantization During Entropy coding

Luma modification:

[Golikeri et al., JEI’ヲヰヰΒ]

Motion vectors modification:

[Zhaﾐg et al., SCGIP’ヲヰヰヱ]

GOP structure modification:

[Linnartz and Talstra, ESRCS’ヱΓΓΒ]

…

[Mobasseri aﾐd Raikar, SPIE’ヲヰヰΑ][Zou aﾐd Blooﾏ, SPIE’ヲヰヰΓ]…

Before

compression

During encoding

process

[Shahid et al.,

EUSIPCO’ヲヰヰΓ][Noorkami and Mersereau,

TIFS’ヲヰヰΒ]…

In an already

H.264 encoded

bitstream

After quantization

[Hartung and Girod,

Signal Processing 1998]

[Gong and Lu, ISM'2008]

…

SS [Cox et al., TIP’ヱΓΓΑ]DPTC [Miller et al., TIP’ヲヰヰ4]P-QIM [Li aﾐd Cox, TIFS’ヲヰヰΑ]…

Temporal watermarking

[Haitsma aﾐd Kalker,ICIP’ヲヰヰヱ][Chen et al., IWDW'2009]

3D DFT

[Deguillaume et al., SPIE’ヱΓΓΓ]

On-off keying (Extended BA)

[Xie et al., MM&Sec2008]

…


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Chosen schemes

images

sequence

of images



Luma modification:






…


Before

compression

During encoding

process

[Shahid et al.,



In an already

H.264 encoded

bitstream

After quantization

[Hartung and Girod,



…




3D DFT




…


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Before quantization

IntegerTransformation

Quantization Entropy coding

INTRA or INTERprediction

Macroblock 16x16

+‐

residue

motion data

control data

0010101001bitstream

[Golikeri et al., Journal of Electronic Imaging 2007]

A. Golikeri, P. Nasiopoulos, and Z. Wang, “Robust Digital Video Watermarking Scheme for H.264 Advanced Video

Coding Standard,” Journal of Electronic Imaging 16(4), 2007.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Golikeri et al. scheme

Embed 1 bit in 1 macro-block,

Use of a perceptual mask,

Quantization-based watermarking (ST-SCS),

Step size ∆ and strength α parameters tune depending on the H.264 quantization.

Imperceptible√

Photometric robustness√

(should reduce payload)

Video bitrate weakly modified√

respect ’quiet well’ RD constraints

No Drift√

Real-time√

Not robust to desynchronisation or temporal attacks.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

After quantization




Macroblock 16x16

+‐

residue

motion data

control data

0010101001bitstream

[Shahid et al. EUSIPCO'2009]

Z. Shahid, P. Meuel, M. Chaumont and W. Puech, “Considering the Reconstruction Loop for Watermarking of

Intra and Inter Frames of H.264/AVC”, EUSIPCO’2009, The 17th European Signal Processing Conference, Glasgow,

Scotland, 24-28 August, 2009 (an extended version has been submitted to Journal of Electronic Imaging 2010).


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Shahid et al. scheme

Modify LSB (1, 2 or 1&2) of non-zero ACs quantized coefficientswhose magnitude are greater or equals to 2,

Inter and Intra,

RD optimization mode selection achieved on all prediction modes.

Imperceptible√

Photometric robustness NO


No Drift√

Real-time√

Not robust to desynchronisation or temporal attacks.Note: In [Noorkami and Mersereau, TIFS’2008], robust 0-bit watermarking, psychovisual masking, embedding in

ACs coefficients and detection without knowing exact location of watermarked coefficients.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

During entropy coding (codeword substitution)




Macroblock 16x16

+‐

residue

motion data

control data

0010101001bitstream

[Mobasseri and Raikar, SPIE'2007]

B.G. Mobasseri and Y.N. Raikar. “Authentication of H.264 Streams by Direct Watermarking of CAVLC Blocks”.

In Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, SPIE’2007.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Mobasseri and Raikar scheme

The algorithm creates ”exceptions” in H.264 code space (portionof CAVLC) that only the decoder understands while keeping thebitstream syntax compliant.

Imperceptible√

Photometric robustness NO


(file size unchanged)

No Drift√

Real-time√

Watermark can be removed but cannot be forged or replaced.Not robust to desynchronisation or temporal attacks.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Brief conclusion

Good news

There are good solutions robust to photometric attacks INSIDEH.264 (or a similar codec).

Bad news

Most of the solutions (all?) INSIDE H.264 (or a similar codec)are not robust (or not enough robust) to temporal and spatialdesynchronizations.


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Major approaches

images

sequence

of images



Luma modification:






…


Before

compression

During encoding

process

[Shahid et al.,



In an already

H.264 encoded

bitstream

After quantization

[Hartung and Girod,



…




3D DFT




…


Watermarking

Video watermarking

Brief conclusion

Good news

There are good solutions robust to photometric attacks INSIDEH.264 (or a similar codec).

Bad news

Most of the solutions (all?) INSIDE H.264 (or a similar codec)are not robust (or not enough robust) to temporal and spatialdesynchronizations.

→ What about security?


Watermarking

Security of video watermarking

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264




Watermarking


Definition

The classical framework of security:

Kerckhoffs’s framework

The embedding and extracting algorithms are known by the attackerand the attacker owns observations. The only secret parameter isthe key.

Security attack

A security attack is an attack for which secrets parameters or secretinformations are obtained.

Security subject addresses those technical points:

Analysis and creation of secure algorithm,

Analysis and creation of security attack.

F. Cayre, C. Fontaine, T. Furon, “Watermarking Security: Theory and Practice”, IEEE Transactions on Signal

Processing, vol. 53, no. 10, pp. 3976-3987, 2005.


Watermarking


Security of few images schemes

Security addresses the problem of recovering secret parameters.Images Proposed attacks

Spread Spectrum “Comparison of secure spread-spectrum modulations applied to still imagewatermarking” B. Mathon, P. Bas P, F. Cayre F, and B. Macq.

Annals of Telecommunication, 2009.

Broken Arrows “Two Key Estimation Techniques for the Broken-Arrows Watermarking Scheme”,P. Bas and A. Westfeld, MM&Sec’2009.

Counter Attack : “Better security levels for ‘Broken Arrows’ ”,

F. Xie, T. Furon, and C. Fontaine, SPIE’2010.

DPTC “Evaluation of an Optimal Watermark Tampering Attack Against Dirty Paper TrellisSchemes”.P Bas and G. Doërr, MM&Sec’2008.

Quantized based “Exploiting security holes in lattice data hiding”,L. Perez-Freire and F. Perez-Gonzalez. IH’07.


Watermarking


Collusion attack

Collusion type I occurs when:

The same watermark is embedded into different copies of differ-ent data.

Collusion = estimate watermark from each watermarked data(e.g. average individual estimations)

Hypothesis: The watermark is often considered as noise addition. A simple estimation consequently consists in

computing the difference between the watermarked data and a low-pass filtered version of it.

G. Doërr, J.-L. Dugelay, “A guide tour of video watermarking”, Signal Processing: Image Communication 18

(2003) 263-282.


Watermarking


Collusion attack

Collusion type II occurs when:

Different watermarks are embedded into different copies of thesame data.

Collusion = suppress watermarks thanks to a linear combination ofthe different watermarked data(e.g. average in order to produce unwatermarked data).

Hypothesis: Generally, averaging different watermarks converges toward zero.

G. Doërr, J.-L. Dugelay, “A guide tour of video watermarking”, Signal Processing: Image Communication 18

(2003) 263-282.


Watermarking


Collusion attack

Inter video collusion (not specific to video):Collusion with several videos

Collusion type I Collusion type II

Copyright application√

(same watermark in 6= videos)

Traitor tracing application√

( 6= watermarks in the same videos)

Intra video collusion (specific to video):collusion with just 1 video

Collusion type I Collusion type II

Same watermark in 6= frames of the video

√

6= watermarks in each frame of the video

√

(and thus in static scenes)

→ main security “danger” is Intra video collusion.


Watermarking


Rules fighting against video intra collusion

if two frames are quite the same,then the embedded watermarks should be highly correlated.

if two frames are different,the watermarks should be uncorrelated.

→ it is a form of informed watermarking.


Watermarking

A practical example: the traitor tracing (active fingerprinting)

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264




Watermarking


Traitor tracing concept

VIDEOSELLER

David John

Stephen Jennifer

110101

010101 010111

011111


Watermarking


Example of watermarking for security:traitor tracing application

An investigation experiment:Z. Shahid, M. Chaumont and W. Puech, “Spread Spectrum-Based Watermarking for Tardos Code-Based Finger-

printing of H.264/AVC Video”, ICIP’2010, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Hong-Kong, China,

26-29 September, 2010, 4 pages.

The best probabilistic code (coming from cryptography com-munity): The Tardos code.

A video watermarking technique inside H.264, before quanti-zation, taking into account RD optimization, robust to photo-metric attacks, and real time.


Watermarking


Example of watermarking for security:Shahid, Chaumont and Puech, ICIP’2010

IntraCIF 352x288 25 fps92 104 bits

6 minutes

100 users maximum20 colluders maximumProbabilty accusing an innocent 10‐3

User ID (codeword) on 92 104 bits

10 bits / frame

Frame

Macroblocs hiding the same bit

Spread Spectrum embedding(DCs coefficients modification)


Watermarking


Collusion attacks

fk : a video frame from a colluder k.C: the set of colluders.K : the number of colluders.

fmin = min{fk}k∈C fmax = max{fk}k∈C

favg =∑

k∈CfkK

fmedian = median{fk}k∈C

fminmax =fmin+fmax

2 fmodNeg = fmin + fmax − fmedian

’bus’, ’city’, ’foreman’, ’football’, ’soccer’, ’harbour’, ’ice’ and ’mobile’, have been con-

catenated and repeated 4 times.


Watermarking


Detection of the colluders

No. of colluders detected for attacksK avg min max median minmax modNeg

2 2 2 2 2 2 25 5 5 5 5 5 58 8 8 8 8 8 611 11 10 10 10 10 714 14 13 13 13 13 917 16 15 16 16 16 1020 18 18 18 19 18 11


Watermarking


Visual evaluation

DEMOOriginal videoWatermarked VideoColluded video with 17 colluders (avg attack)Colluded video with 8 colluders (modNeg attack)


Watermarking


Shahid, Chaumont and Puech, ICIP’2010; remarks

An interesting practical scheme,

but the watermarking scheme is not enough secure,

and the algorithm is not robust to spatial and temporal desyn-chronizations.

Another interesting approach (outside H.264):F. Xie, T. Furon, C. Fontaine, “On-Off Keying Modulation and Tardos Fingerprinting”, MM & Sec’08, September

22-23, 2008, Oxford, United Kingdom.

There is still lots of work...


Conclusion & Perspectives

Outline

1 Preamble

2 H.264





Conclusion and perspectives

lots of possible ways to do watermarking inside H.264 (dependson application)

If desynchronization (spatial & temporal) robustness is arequirement⇒ Very few algorithms; still an open problem.If security is a requirement (but not desynchronization (spatial& temporal) robustness)⇒ Very few algorithms; still an open problemIf desynchronization (spatial & temporal) robustness &security are requirements⇒ The Graal quest !



End

Slides may be downloaded at: http://www.lirmm.fr/∼chaumont/Publications.html

e-mail : [email protected]



References:

Spread Spectrum:

[Cox et al., TIP’1997]

I. Cox, J. Kilian, F. Leighton, and T. Shamoon, “Secure Spread Spectrum Watermarking for Multimedia,” IEEE

Transactions on Image Processing 6, 1673-1687 (1997).

DPTC:

[Miller et al., TIP’2004]

M.L. Miller, G. J. Doërr and J. Cox, “Applying Informed Coding and Embedding to Design a Robust, High capacity

Watermark”, IEEE Trans. On Image Processing, 13, 6, 792-807, June 2004.

Percetpual-QIM:

[Li and Cox, TIFS’2007]

Q. Li and I.J. Cox, “Using Perceptual Models to Improve Fidelity and Provide Resistance to Valumetric Scaling

for Quantization Index Modulation Watermarking”, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 2, 2,

2007, p. 127-139.

—



References:

Temporal watermarking:

[Haitsma and Kalker, ICIP’2001]

Haitsma L., Kalker T., “A Watermarking Scheme for Digital Cinema”, Proceedings of ICIP, vol. 1, Thessaloniki,

Greece, p. 587-489, octobre 2001.

[Chen et al., IWDW’2009]

C. Chen, J. Ni, and J. Huang, “Temporal Statistic Based Video Watermarking Scheme Robust against Geometric

Attacks and Frame Dropping”, IWDW’2009, Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Digital Watermarking,

Guildford, UK, p. 81-95, 2009.

3D DFT:

[Deguillaume et al., SPIE’1999]

F. Deguillaume, G. Csurka, J. O’Ruanaidh, and T. Pun, “Robust 3D DFT Video Watermarking,” Security and

Watermarking of Multimedia Contents 3657, 113-124, SPIE’1999.

On-off keying:


F. Xie, T. Furon, C. Fontaine, “On-Off Keying Modulation and Tardos Fingerprinting”, MM&Sec’08, September

22-23, 2008, Oxford, United Kingdom.



References:

Luma modification:

[Golikeri et al., JEI’2008]

A. Golikeri, P. Nasiopoulos, and Z. Wang, “Robust Digital Video Watermarking Scheme for H.264 Advanced Video

Coding Standard,” Journal of Electronic Imaging 16(4), 2007.

Motion vector modification:

[Zhang et al., SCGIP’2001]

J. Zhang, J. Li, L. Zhang, ”Video Watermark Technique in Motion Vector”, Proc. of XIV Symposium on Computer

Graphics and Image Processing, pp.179-182, Oct.2001.


[Linnartz and Talstra, ESRCS’1998]

Linnartz J.-P. M. G., Talstra J., “MPEG PTY-Marks : Cheap Detection of Embedded Copyright Data in DVD-

Video”, Proceedings of ESORICS, p. 221-240, 1998.

—



References:

[Shahid et al. EUSIPCO’2009]

Z. Shahid, P. Meuel, M. Chaumont and W. Puech, “Considering the Reconstruction Loop for Watermarking of

Intra and Inter Frames of H.264/AVC”, EUSIPCO’2009, The 17th European Signal Processing Conference, Glasgow,

Scotland, 24-28 August, 2009 (an extended version has been submitted to Journal of Electronic Imaging 2010).

[Noorkami and Mersereau, TIFS’2008]

M. Noorkami and R. Mersereau, “Digital Video Watermarking in P-Frames With Controlled Video Bit-Rate Increase,”

IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 3, 441-455 (2008).

—

[Hartung and Girod, Signal Processing 1998]

F. Hartung and B. Girod, “Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video,” Signal Process., vol. 66, no. 3,

pp. 283-301, May 1998.

[Gong and Lu, ISM’2008]

X. Gong and H. Lu., “Towards Fast and Robust Watermarking Scheme for H.264 Video”. In Proc. IEEE International

Symposium on Multimedia, pages 649-653, 2008.

—



References:

[Mobasseri and Raikar, SPIE’2007]

B.G. Mobasseri and Y.N. Raikar. “Authentication of H.264 Streams by Direct Watermarking of CAVLC Blocks”. In

Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents IX, SPIE’2007.

[Zou and Bloom, SPIE’2009]

D. Zou and J.A. Bloom, “H.264/AVC Substitution Watermarking: A CAVLC Example”, Media Forensics and Security,

Proc. of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, SPIE Vol. 7254, 2009.

—



References:

[Bas and Westfeld, MM&Sec’2009]

“Two Key Estimation Techniques for the Broken-Arrows Watermarking Scheme”, P. Bas and A. Westfeld, 11th

ACM workshop on Multimedia and Security, MM&Sec’2009, September 07-08, 2009, Princeton, USA.

[Xie et al., SPIE’2010]

F. Xie, T. Furon, and C. Fontaine, “Better security levels for ‘Broken Arrows’ ”, , in Proc. IS&T/SPIE Electronic

Imaging, Media Forensics and Security XII, vol. 7541, San Jose, CA, Jan. 2010.

[Bas et Doërr, MM&Sec’2008]

P. Bas and G. Doërr, “Evaluation of an Optimal Watermark Tampering Attack Against Dirty Paper Trellis Schemes”.

In: 10th ACM workshop on Multimedia and Security, MM&Sec’2008, Oxford, United Kingdom (September 2008)

227-232.

[Mathon et al., AT’2009]

“Comparison of secure spread-spectrum modulations applied to still image watermarking” B. Mathon, P. Bas P, F.

Cayre F, and B. Macq. Annals of Telecommunication, 2009.

[Pérez-Freire et Pérez-González, IH’ 2007]

“Exploiting security holes in lattice data hiding”, L. Perez-Freire, and F. Perez-Gonzalez. In Information Hiding,

IH’07, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Saint-Malo, France, 11-13 June 2007. Springer-Verlag.

PreambleH.264WatermarkingDefinitionsVideo watermarkingSecurity of video watermarkingA practical example: the traitor tracing (active fingerprinting)


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