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Habitable Zone Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: the spectraltype , the mass , the age, …. of the star the orbit of the planet the mass, the composition, the atmosphere , ……of the planet the parameters of other planets in this system (mass, orbit, …)

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Page 1: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Habitable Zone

Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: – the spectraltype , the mass , the age, …. of the star – the orbit of the planet – the mass, the composition, the atmosphere , ……of

the planet – the parameters of other planets in this system

(mass, orbit, …)

Page 2: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Huang (1959, 1960) führte den Begriff „habitable zone“ Dole (1964), Shklovski & Sagan (1966) sprachen von „ecosphere“ Region um einen Stern, wo sich auf einem Planeten Leben entwickeln kann.

Page 3: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 4: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sonnenentwicklung

Leuchtkraft der Sonne (Lo) nimmt zu: hatte zu Beginn 0.71 von Lo

wird ca. 3xLo haben am Ende der Hauptreihenphase ca. 300Lo in der Roten Riesen Phase und wächst auf 6000 Lo an in der AGB Phase

Page 5: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Änderung der Sonnenenergie -> Änderung der effektiven Temp.

Page 6: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Habitable Zone & Star Evolution

CHZ = continuously habitable zone = Bereich der über mehrere Jahrmilliarden in der HZ liegt (Sternentwicklung!)

Page 7: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

HZ im Sonnensystem (Kasting)

innere Grenze: 0.95 AU (Wasserdampf bildet sich in der Stratosphäre), bzw. 0.85 AU (Temperaturanstieg infolge eines runaway greenhouse-Effekts)

äußere Grenze bei 1.37 AU (Bildung von CO2-Wolken) CHZ zwischen 0.95 und 1.15 AU

Page 8: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

based on the definition given by Kasting et al. (1993).

Size of the habitable zone

Page 9: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Planet ist außerhalb der HZ Planet benötigt eine interne Wärmequelle um Eis od. Permafrost zu schmelzen

Planet ist näher beim Stern als HZ Wasser würde verdampfen

Page 10: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

WASSER – H20 Wasserstoff entstand im Gefolge des Urknalls. Unter Bedingungen, die an vielen Stellen von Galaxien herrschen (niedere Temperaturen, Existenz von interstellaren Staubteilchen - an deren Oberflächen H mit H reagiert) kam/kommt es zur Bildung von H2.

Sauerstoff wurde/wird bei ≥500 Mio. Grad im Inneren von Sternen erzeugt. Durch Konvektion wird ein Teil des O an Sternoberfläche transportiert und in weiterer Folge gelangt Materie auch in den interstellaren Raum (etwa bei Supernova-Explosionen). Aus ISM entstehen neue Sterne + Planeten + Monde +…

Page 11: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

WICHTIGE FRAGEN ZUM THEMA BEWOHNBARKEIT VON PLANETEN: WAS HAT UNSER PLANETENSYSTEM WAS ANDERE NICHT HABEN? WAS HAT UNSERE ERDE WAS ANDERE PLANETEN NICHT HABEN? GRUNDVORAUSSETZUNGEN FÜR UNSER LEBEN

Page 12: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

WAS HAT UNSER PLANETENSYSTEM?

RICHTIGE ZENTRALGESTIRN: • Unsere Sonne ist der optimale Stern für komplexes Leben • Ausreichend lange Lebenszeit des Sterns • Zeigt nicht zu viel Aktivität • Nicht zu hohe UV Strahlungsanteile STABILE UMLAUFBAHNEN DER PLANETEN: • Großplaneten dürfen kein orbitales Chaos verursachen

GASPLANETEN VON DER GRÖSSE JUPITERS: • Nicht zu weit entfernt, aber auch nicht zu nahe • Großplanet schützt vor Kometen und Asteroiden EIN MARSÄHNLICHER PLANET: • Ein kleiner Nachbar, als mögliche Quelle des Lebens. (Hat ein Marsmeteorit das Leben auf die Erde gebracht?)

Page 13: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

WAS HAT UNSERE ERDE WAS ANDERE PLANETEN NICHT HABEN?

RICHTIGE ENTFERNUNG VON DER SONNE: • Erde ist weit genung von der Sonne entfernt, um umlaufsynchrone Planetenrotation zu verhindern (Merkur: gebundene Rotation) • Flüssiges Wasser an der Oberfläche • Geeignete Umweltbedingungen für komplexes Leben EIN GROSSER MOND: • In der richtigen Entfernung • Stabilisiert die Neigung der Erdachse

RICHTIGE NEIGUNG DER PLANETENACHSE: • Nicht zu starke jahreszeitliche Schwankungen

GIGANTISCHE EINSCHLÄGE AUS DEM ALL: Nicht zu viele Kein sehr großer Einschlag, der zur globalen Sterilisation in der Anfangszeit führt.

Page 14: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

RICHTIGE PLANETENMASSE: • Atmosphäre und Ozean werden gehalten • Genügend Eigenwärme damit Plattentektonik statt findet • Fester bzw. Geschmolzener Kern OZEANE: • nicht zu viele und nicht zu wenige PLATTENTEKTONIK: • Karbonat-Silikat-Zyklus als langfristiger Thermostat • Bildung von Landmassen • Aufbau eines Magnetfeldes RICHTIGE ATMOSPHÄRE: • Richtiger Gehalt an Kohlenstoff (genügend für die Organismen aber nicht zu viel, damit es nicht zum Treibhauseffekt a la Venus kommen kann) • für passende Temperatur, • chemische Zusammensetzung, • adäquater Luftdruck für Pflanzen und Lebewesen SAUERSTOFFANREICHERUNG IN ATMOSPHÄRE • Entwicklung der Photosynthese • Nicht zu viel und nicht zu wenig • Beginn zum richtigen Zeitpunkt

Page 15: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Habitable Zone

Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: – the spectraltype , the mass , the age, …. of the star – the orbit of the planet – the mass, the composition, the atmosphere , ……of

the planet – the parameters of other planets in this

system (mass, orbit, …)

Page 16: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Habitable Zone aus dynamischer Sicht

Langzeitstabilität der Planetenbahnen kleine Exzentrizitäten

60% haben e > 0.2 40% haben e > 0.3

Page 17: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Types of Habitable Zones:

(1)Hot-Jupiter type (2) Solar system type (3)+(4) giant planet type: habitable moon or trojan planet

Page 18: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Doppel- Stern – 1Gaspl.

1Stern – 1Gasplanet

1Stern – mehrere Gasplaneten

Extra-solare Planetensysteme:

ExoStab nicht anwendbar

Page 19: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

What‘s ExoStab? A www-tool that helps to verify the stability of a terrestrial planet in

Single Star and Single Planet Systems

www.univie.ac.at/adg/exostab/ E.Pilat-Lohinger, S. Eggl, Th. Winkler

Page 20: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

www.univie.ac.at/adg/exostab/

ExoStab appropriate for single-star single-planet system - Stability of an additional planet - Stability of the habitable zone (HZ) - Stability of an additional planet with repect to the HZ

Page 21: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Stability of an additional planet known parameters of system:

mass of star [M_sun]: 0.51

mass of giant planet [M_jup]: 0.271

semi-major axis of giant planet [AU]: 4.5

eccentricity of giant planet: 0.15

+/- error of eccentricity: 0.1

newly discovered planet:

Probable range of semi-major axis for the new planet:

semi-major axis of planet [AU]: 2.3

+/- error of semi-major axis: 0.5

Page 23: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

System Data Exocatalogue Data

mass of star: 0.5 [M_sun]

mass of giant planet: 0.0003 [M_sun]

semi-major axis of giant planet: 4.5 [AU] 1

eccentricity of giant planet: 0.15

+ error of ecc of giant planet: 0.25

- error of ecc of giant planet: 0.05

inner border of add. Planet: 1.8 [AU] 0.4 outer border of add. Planet: 2.8 [AU] 0.62 mass ratio: 0.0005 0.0005 additional information:

Page 24: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

The EXOCATALOGUE: http://www.univie.ac.at/adg/ 552 Stabilitymaps --- mass-ratios 0.0001 – 0.05 Details:

Sándor, Zs., Süli, A., Érdi, B., Pilat-Lohinger, E. and Dvorak, R.: "A Stability Catalogue of the Habitable zones in Extrasolar Planetary Systems", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS), 2006

Page 25: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

How to use the catalogue

HD114729: m_p=0.82 [Mjup] (0.93 [Msun]) a_p= 2.08 AU e_p=0.31

mr=0.001 HZ: 0.7 – 1.3 AU

Page 26: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

µ = 0.005

HD10697: m_p= 6.12 [Mjup] (1.15 Msun) a_p = 2.13 AU e_p = 0.11

HZ: 0.85 – 1.65 AU

Page 27: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Target star catalogue for Darwin (L. Kaltenegger )

Page 28: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

ExoStab applied to Darwin target stars:

70Vir, HD285968, GJ674, -- Gl86,HD242, HD10647 -- HD17051, HD27442, HD33564

Page 29: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

HD52265, HD70642, HD93083 -- HD101930, HD111232, HD114386 HD114783,HD134987, HD150706 -- HD154345, HD164922,HD216437

Page 30: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Multi-planetary systems:

Page 31: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Classification of the known multi-planet systems

(S.Ferraz-Mello, 2005)

Class Ia –> Planets in mean motion resonance

Class Ib Low-eccentricity near-resonant planet pairs

Class II Non-resonant planets with significant secular dynamics

Class III Hierarchical planet pairs

Page 32: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Giant planets near the 5:2 resonance and their influence

on terrestrial planets in the habitable zone

E. Pilat-Lohinger (Univ.Vienna) Aron Süli (Univ.Budapest)

Philippe Robutel (IMCCE) Florian Freistetter (Univ. Jena)

Page 33: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Motivation

A study of Extra-solar planetary systems similar to our solar system

Page 34: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Initial Conditions and Computations

Saturn: a_sat = 8 ..... 11 AU m_sat = 1 .... 30xm_Sat

Testplanets in the HZ: a_tp = 0.6 ..... 1.6 AU circular motion

Mercury 6 (J. Chambers) Integration time: 20 mio years HZ: maximum ecc.

Page 35: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 36: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

HZ im Sonnensystem:

Kasting: 0.93 – 1.3 AU Mischna: 0.93 – 1.7 AU Forget: 0.93 – 2 AU a< 0.93 AU H2O becomes a major atmospheric compound and is rapidly lost

to space after UV photolysis a>1.3 AU CO2 condensates in the atmosphere producing CO2-clouds, that

can affect significantly the T-CO2 coupling

Page 37: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sun – Jupiter – Saturn

Page 38: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 39: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 40: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

(See e.g. Murray & Dermott, Solar System Dynamics)

Page 41: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sun – Jupiter – Saturn

Page 42: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Influence of a third giant planet

Jupiter -- Saturn

Jupiter – Saturn -Uranus

Page 43: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 44: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 45: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Influence of a third giant planet

Jupiter -- Saturn

Jupiter – Saturn -Uranus

Page 46: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 47: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 48: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 49: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 50: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sun-Jupiter-Saturn-Uranus

Influence on an Earth-like planet at 1 AU

Page 51: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Initial Conditions and Computations

Jupiter: on its orbit

Saturn: a_sat = 8 ..... 11 AU i_sat = 10 .... 60 deg

Testplanets in the HZ: a_tp = 0.6 ..... 1.6 AU

Mercury 6 (J. Chambers) Integration time: 20 mio years HZ: maximum ecc.

Page 52: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sun – Jupiter – Saturn

Page 53: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Increase of iSaturn = 10 deg

Page 54: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 55: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Orbits of Venus, Earth and Mars

Page 56: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

iSaturn = 20deg

Escape of Saturn for a_Sat = 8.2 AU

Page 57: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 58: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 59: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

iSaturn = 30deg

Page 60: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 61: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 62: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

iSaturn = 40 deg

Page 63: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 64: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 65: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

iSaturn = 50 deg

Page 66: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –
Page 67: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

iSaturn = 60 deg

Saturn will escape except for aSaturn = 9.6 AU

Page 68: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Summary

The inclination of Saturn influences the inner Solar system

For small i -- the two planets in MMR High i -- may lead to escapes of Saturn For i > 60 all systems are unstable

Page 69: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sun – Jupiter – Saturn

Page 70: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Increase of eEarth , if Saturn is at 8.7 AU

Page 71: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Changes due to Uranus ....

Page 72: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

and Neptune ...

Page 73: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Sun – Jupiter – Saturn

Page 74: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Earth orbit changes from nearly circular

to highly eccentric

Page 75: Habitable Zone - Universität Wien · PDF fileHabitable Zone . Zone around a star where liquid water can exist on the surface of a terrestial-like planet This zone depends on: –

Secular Periode: ~ 21 mio yrs

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Decrease in eccentricity due to Venus !