habitat interspersion – leopold’s law of interspersion
TRANSCRIPT
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habitat interspersion –
Leopold’s Law of Interspersion
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Human Land Use Practices
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History of Landscape Ecology• “European School”
– roots back to those of ecology
– typing, classifying, naming
– landscape architecture, planning, designing
• “American School”– young = early 1980’s
– focus on natural systems
– theory & models, some field experiments
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What is Landscape Ecology?
• Meta-analysis of papers in Landscape Ecology (Wiens 1992) – 1st 5 yrs of journal– Most studies are large scale
(landscapes are big)– Most studies are descriptive or
conceptual– Experiments difficult to conduct,
thus modeling– Emphasis on vegetation pattern /
land use pattern– Humans = impt. part of systems
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What is Landscape Ecology?
• Hobbs (1997) – 2nd 5 years of Landscape Ecology– Less descriptive
studies– More “methods” and
modeling studies, no expts.
– More quantitative / statistical analysis (spatial stats)
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Emergence of Landscape Ecology
Equilibrium View
Structure
Function
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?
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Emergence of Landscape Ecology
Dynamic View
Structure
Function
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Ecological Scaling: Scale & Pattern
• Acts in the “ecological theatre (Hutchinson 1965) played out across various scales of space & time
• To understand these dramas, one must select appropriate scale
Tem
pora
l Sca
le
Spatial ScaleFine
Sho
rt
Coarse
Lon
g
Recruitment
Treefalls
Windthrow
Secondary Succession
Species Migrations
SpeciationExtinction
Fire
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Ecological Scaling: Scale & PatternA
mer
ican
Red
star
t
Least Flycatcher
Am
eric
an R
edst
art
Least Flycatcher
Local Scale(4 ha plots)
Regional Scale(thousands of ha)
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Ecological Scaling: Definitions• Ecological scale & cartographic scale are exactly opposite
– Ecological scale =
– Cartographic scale =
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Ecological Scaling: Components of Scale
• Grain = finest component of environment that can be differentiated up close
• Extent = range at which a relevant object can be distinguished from a fixed vantage point
Fine CoarseScale
ExtentGrain
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Ecological Scaling: Components of Scale• )
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Identifying the “Right” Scale(s)
• No clear algorithm for defining
• Autocorrelation & Independence • Life history correlates
• Dependent on objectives and organisms
• Multiscale analysis!
• e.g., Australian leadbeater’s possum
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Multiscale Analysis
• Species-specific perception of landscape features : scale-dependent
– e.g., mesopredators in Indiana
• Modeling species distributions in fragmented landscapes
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Spatial and TemporalEcology of Raccoons
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Gehring and Swihart. 2003. Biological Conservation109:283-295
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Brown and Litvaitis. 1995. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:1005-1011
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Hierarchy Theory
• Lower levels provide mechanistic explanations
• Higher levels provide constraints
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Scale & Hierarchy Theory
• Hierarchical structure of systems = helps us explain phenomena
–Why? : next lower level
–So What? : next higher level
• minimum 3 hierarchical levels needed
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Constraints (significance)
Level of Focus (level of interest)
Components (explanation)
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Landscape PatternI. Landscape Components
(attributes of features or spatial elements)
landscape are comprised of:
- corridors
- patches
- matrix
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Landscape PatternI. Landscape Components
(attributes of features or spatial elements)landscape are comprised of:
- corridors- patches- matrix
A. CompositionB. ConfigurationC. Connectivity
Relative to landscape spatial elements….
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How much of the area is comprised of each type of spatial element?How are spatial elements arranged in space?
How do these attributes change through time?
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How does one quantify landscape pattern?How do biotic communities interact with pattern?
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• Patch –
• Corridor
• Matrix –
Landscape Pattern Patch-Corridor-Matrix Model
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Landscape PatternPatches
Defining patches using vector data• Digitizing = delineating polygon patches using remotely-
sensed data (e.g., DOQ) based on visual interpretation of patch boundaries; subjective, but ground truthing needed
DOQ Vector Coverage
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Landscape PatternPatches
Defining patches using raster data• Satellite sensor = delineating pixel-shaped patches based on
spectral signatures; aggregating cells based on shared attributes
DOQ Raster Coverage
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• Patch boundaries meaningful only when referenced to particular scale & phenomenon; resolution impt., gradients or discrete boundaries?
Landscape Pattern Patches
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• Definition based on function…..
• Habitat – increase connectivity by providing breeding habitat…facilitate gene flow
• Facilitated Movement – increase connectivity by facilitating dispersal, migration, and/or range shifts
• Barrier or Filter – prohibit (barrier) or impede differentially (filter) movements
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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Facilitated Movement Corridors
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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Facilitated Movement Corridors
• Selectivity (s): degree of discrimination of possible pathways
• Resistance (k): survival cost per unit time spent in corridor
• Velocity (v): avg rate of movement through
• Final evaluation = immigration rate
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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Barriers & Filters
Landscape Pattern Corridors
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• Most abundant• Highest connectivity
Landscape Pattern Matrix
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