By Nir Herr,

KKL Northern Region and Forest Department, Israel

Geology

Geomorphology Geophysics

Climate

Geobotany

Soil

Plant Physiology

Hydrology

Habitats of

Forest, maquis

and Natural vegetation

Forest ecology

Balkan

2002, י דנין"עפVegetation formation in Israel

What

determine the

vegetation?

Geological groups in Israel

Group Period

Era

כורכר

ים

המלח

סקיה

עבדת

הר הצופים

יהודה

ערד

רמון

כורנוב

ים סוף

הולוקן

פלייסטוקן

פליוקן

גן מיוקןאו

נ

אוליגוקן

אאוקן

ןו

ק

י

ו

זו

נ

ק

-קנומן

טורון

סנון

וןק

טירק

. קרט תחתון

יורא

טריאס

ןו

ק

י

ו

זו

ז

מ

וןק

ויוז

אלפ

Sneh et al., 2000

Limstone & Dol.

Chalk.

Rain Map

רמת דישון רמת עלמה

טרה רוסה טרה רוסה אדומה אדומה

רנדזינה אפורה קרטונית גירית

-חום גרומוסול שחרחר בזלתי

רוסהטרה לסירוגין עם

רנדזינה

-גרומוסול חום שחרחר בזלתי

גרומוסול חום נזאז

טרה רוסה

רוסהטרה אדומה-חומה

Limstone

Chalk

Basalt

Catena (soil Cain) along slope in Ramat Hanadiv

(1989, קפלן)

A =Upper soil

B =accomolation level

C =soil and rock interchange

Rock and soil in cross section in Upper galilee

Terra rossa

Pale rendzina

Gromosol

Soil samling with soil drill

צורות של הפדים המרכיבים העיקריים של

סטרוקטורת הקרקע אחד המאפיינים של

תיאור הקרקע

מנסרתי רגבי מזוות עמודי (פריזמטי)

רגבי מעוגל

טרה

רוסה בגליל

חומה ים

תיכונית בגלבוע

קרקע

בזלתית בגליל

חמרה בשרון

רנדזינה

חומה בשפלה

סירוזם

בעמק הירדן

אלוביאלית בית דגון

חומה

ערבתית גת. ק

רג בנגב לס בנגב

Soils in Israel , פ רביקוביץ"ע

האנציקלופדיה החקלאית

Soil Samplingבהר אחים

Terra Rossa

Brown Rendzina

Hamra

Desert Soils

K. Tivon - Alonei Abba

West East

Limestone

Timrat formation

Calk

Maresha formation

Calcareous plankton Benthonic fauna Zone of facies changes

Sea regression

Paleogeographic reconstruction during Eocene period, 40 million years ago

Compression and tension

in the crust of earth

Processes from rock origin

to recent time

Recent soil surface and subsurface. East-west cross section

Rock changes and its effects on the development of the vegetation In Alonim Shefar’am region

G. Hatzir

Alon Hagalil - Zarzir G. ella

Nazareth

Nir Herr

stratig eng

Geological formations in Avdat Group

Tiv’on Zarzir

Location map In Alonim Menashe syncline

Menashe

Alonim

Herbaceous vegatation

Quercus ithburensis (Tabor Oak) woodland

Quercus Calliprinos (Common Oak)

maquis

Oak Formations in Alonim-Menashe region

woodland

maquis

Alon Hagalil

Hasolelim

Nazareth

Alon Hagalil

Ramat Menashe

Horshan hills

Northern aspect

Southern aspect

Q. Ithaburensis in fall

Hamovil jnc. To Beit Netofa

Local geological map, Trees’ location and the roots bundle in the subsoil

Alon Hagalil

Quercus ithaburensis: a continuity of trees and root bundle zone

Glade on reddish-brown Terra Rossa above

limestone

Chalk Soil pockets

: מ בהדפסה"קנ בקירוב 1:5,500

Alon Hagalil

Grifat village

-Calk bedrock-

-Upper Nari- -Lower Nari-

Soil pocket

NH4+

N

NH2-

NO3-

P K

Lower friable Nari

Shallow soil

Soil pocket

Autumn

Winter

Exfoliation

Dust

Decomposed

leaves

Chalk bedrock

Ca Spring

summer

The Soil-rock system in Quercus ithaburensis habitat

and seasonal processes within it

Grifat village

-Calk bedrock-

-Upper Nari- -Lower Nari-

Soil pocket

Roots

כיס קרקע

Leaf tension 30-40 Bar at noon

0

50

100

150

200

250

300 Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan Dec

Lower friable Nari

Upper Nari hardpan

Chalk or marly chalk

Spring rain

Horizontal uptake at the end of the summer Vertical u

ptake at

th

e end

of th

e sum

me

r

קליטה סמויה

Early summer uptake

Water regime dynamics in Q. ithaburensis habitat. Changes in depth and time of uptake, percolation and evaporation

5 mm deeper

percolation Time axis. Yearly month

Dep

th (cm

)

Evapotranspiration of understory

Runnoff 28%

Winter rain

At spring the uptake is from the soil pocket

Root tension 20 Bar

Tension 0.75 Bar

Yearly uptake 230 mm

225 mm

Multi-year average 570 mm

Chalky limestone

Bata or herbaceous

Q. Calliprinos maquis

Q. Calliprinos

maquis

Q. Ithaburensis woodland

0

-1.0-

- 2.0 -

- 3.0 -

- 4.0 -

- 5.0 -

Depth (m)

Soft chalk Med. chalk Hard chalk limestone

Limestone and dolomite

in Judea gr. Timrat formation, limestone facies

Timrat formation chalk facies Maresha formation

On a limestone transition to soft chalk of the Avdat Group (Eocene era) in Alonim-Menashe region

Oak and herbaceous habitats

Water reservoir in the porosity

chalk

Other habitat : On limestone and dolomite of the Judea

Group

Soil-vetetation cros section along the eastern upper galilee (1986)וין -פ רבינוביץ"ע

In the Lower Galilee Aloni & Orshan (1972)פ "ע. פ הערכה"בסוגריים רשומות חברות הקלימקס ע

In the Shfela and Judea mountain (1978)' פ ויזל וחוב"ע

Species on the soil-rock system in Judea mountain Litav (1967)פ "ע

Dolomite

Limestone

Limestone &Dolomite

Basalt

Nari on chalk

Gromosol

Examples of rock-soil vegetation in the Galilee and Judea

Limestone (Timrat formation)

Ramnus & Calicotom

Majorana & Teucrium

Ramnus

Quercus ithaburensis Nari, rendzina

And shrubs Nari and brown

rendzina

Brown rendzina

Nari surfaces

Terra rossa

Limestone and terra

rossa

Nari on marly chalk

Marly chalk and pale rendzina shrubs

י"אשחר א קידה שעירה

Dwarf shrub כתלה חריפה אזוב מצוי

Perennial herbaceous

זקנן קיפודן עירית גדולה

שעיר כלנית מצויה

leggend

Netofa-Bir el maksor-over the slope of Alon HagalilHabitats from trees toward herbceous

Water m

ovin

g fro

m ro

ck to so

il

The rock order according to a schematic stratigraphy.

Nari above chalk and marly chalk. Soils according to rock and nari environments

And vegetation communities

Ramnus אשחר Majorana אזוב Teucrium געדה

Anemoneכלנית Chiliadenusכתלה

Majorana & Chiliadenus Chiliadenus

&Hyparrhenia

Ononis & Echinops

Echinops & Asphodelus

Hyparrhenia זקנן

Echinops קפודן

Asphodelus עירית

Calicotomeקידה

Ononisשברק

Majorana & Anemone

Ahihood forest

שיך דנון

יער אחיהוד

הר אחים

קנה' ח

יודפת

לימונים' נ

הר תרען מסד

בית השיטה

יבנאל

חנתון

Soil-Vegetation-Habitats surveys in the Galilee The ecological system understanding by survey and research as a base of planting programing

Yehiam- Sheich Danun

Ceratonia open forest

on limestone

Shrubs on chalk and Nari

Shrubs on rocky limestone

Nahal Limonim

Pistacia atlantica

open forest

Shrubs

Styrax on rock.

Ziziphus on deep soil

Har Ahim

Yodfat

Bir el maqsur and Har Ahim

Continues of the survey along the holes digging, and trantsplant of edult trees

Quercus calliprinos and its root penetrating ander the shrubs

Sarcopoterium spinosum habitats

Galilee Physical map with rain lines and mapping places

Balkan

Summary

The rock, soil, climate and

microclimate determine the habitat propertios

The rock-soil structure and

properties enable existing

and growung of each plant

according to the geographic aspect and ecologic aspect

Each habitat has its own

hydraulic dynamics that

enable its vegetation to get

and use its water along the dry season

Each change in the

rock porosity and the

rock-soil composition

can make another

habitat with other natural vegetation.

We know also the

shrubs habitats as a

continues of the tree habitats.

This information allow

us to do composite

soil-roch-vegetation-

habitat surveys, and

use the natural

vegetation as an

indicator to the habitat properties.

Q. ithaburensis down of the slope

Q. Calliprinos maquis

Q. Calliprinos on rock

and a minor soil

Q. calliprinos

Q. ithaburensis at the slope base and Q.

calliprinos above it in Timrat-Mazarib slope

Q. Ithaburensis on soil pockets

Passages between Q. ithaburensis trees growing in soil pockets, to Q. calliprinos that grow directly above rock with its roots inside joints (crevices)

Hasolelim

Q. ithaburensis (in the fall) over a soil pocket and a nearby Q. calliprinos at the bottom of Timrat slope near Mazarib. Views from 3 points of view of the same place Q. Ithaburensis on soil pockets

Hasolelim

Q. Calliprinos direct on the rock