haemodynamic monitoring
DESCRIPTION
Haemodynamic Monitoring. Theory and Practice. Haemodynamic Monitoring. Physiological Background Monitoring Optimising the Cardiac Output Measuring Preload Introduction to PiCCO Technology Practical Approach Fields of Application Limitations. Physiological Background. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
Theory and Practice
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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Task of the circulatory system
Pflüger 1872: ”The cardio-respiratory system fulfils the physiological task of ensuring cellular oxygen supply”
Physiological Background
Uni Bonn
Goal Reached?Assessment of oxygen supply and demand
OK
No
Yes
What is the problem?
Diagnosis Therapy
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Physiological Background
Processes contributing to cellular oxygen supply
Aim: Optimal Tissue Oxygenation
Pulmonary gas exchange Macrocirculation Microcirculation Cell function
Direct Control Indirect
Oxygen AbsorptionLungs
Oxygen TransportationBlood
Oxygen DeliveryTissues
Oxygen Utilisation Cells / Mitochondria
Volume Catecholamines
Oxygen carriers Ventilation
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Organ specific differences in oxygen extraction
Physiological Backgound
Oxygen delivery must always be greater than consumption!
SxO2 in %
modified from:Reinhart K in: Lewis, Pfeiffer (eds): Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical Care Monitoring, Springer Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork 1990, pp 11-23
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Physiological Background
Dependency of Oxygen Demand on delivery
Behaviour of oxygen consumption and the oxygen extraction rate with decreasing oxygen supply
Oxygen consumption
DO2-independent area DO2- dependent area
Oxygen extraction rate
Decreasing Oxygen SupplyDO2: Oxygen Delivery
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Central role of the mixed venous oxygen saturation
Physiological Background
Determinants of Oxygen Delivery and Consumption
Delivery DO2: DO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x SaO2
CO: Cardiac OutputHb: HaemoglobinSaO2: Arterial Oxygen SaturationSvO2: Mixed Venous Oxygen SaturationDO2: Oxygen DeliveryVO2: Oxygen Consumption
SaO2CO
Hb
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Central role of mixed central venous oxygen saturation
Physiological Background
Determinants of Oxygen Delivery and Consumption
SaO2
S(c)vO2
Consumption VO2: VO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x (SaO2 - SvO2)Delivery DO2: DO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x SaO2
CO
Hb
Mixed Venous Saturation SvO2
SvO2
CO: Cardiac OutputHb: HaemoglobinSaO2: Arterial Oxygen SaturationSvO2: Mixed Venous Oxygen SaturationDO2: Oxygen DeliveryVO2: Oxygen Consumption
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Oxygen delivery and its influencing factors
Physiological Background
DO2 = CaO2 x CO = Hb x 1.34 x SaO2 x CO
Transfusion
• Transfusion CO: Cardiac Output
Hb: Haemoglobin
SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
CaO2: Arterial Oxygen Content
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Oxygen delivery and its influencing factors
Physiological Background
DO2 = CaO2 x CO = Hb x 1.34 x SaO2 x CO
Ventilation
• Transfusion• Ventilation
CO: Cardiac Output
Hb: Haemoglobin
SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
CaO2: Arterial Oxygen Content
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Oxygen delivery and its influencing factors
Physiological Background
DO2 = CaO2 x CO = Hb x 1.34 x SaO2 x CO
VolumeCatecholamines
• Transfusion• Ventilation• Volume• Catecholamines
CO: Cardiac Output
Hb: Haemoglobin
SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
CaO2: Arterial Oxygen Content
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Assessment of Oxygen Delivery
Physiological Background
CO: Cardiac Output; Hb: Hemoglobin; SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
CO, HbSaO2
DO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x SaO2
Oxygen AbsorptionLungs
Oxygen TransportBlood
Oxygen DeliveryTissues
Oxygen UtilizationCells / Mitochondria
Supply
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Assessment of Oxygen Delivery
Physiological Background
CO, HbSaO2
Monitoring the CO, SaO2 and Hb is essential!
Oxygen AbsorptionLungs
Oxygen DeliveryTissues
Oxygen UtilizationCells / Mitochondria
Oxygen TransportBlood
CO: Cardiac Output; Hb: Haemoglobin; SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
Supply
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Assessment of Oxygen Delivery
Physiological Background
SvO2
SaO2 CO, HbMonitoring the CO, SaO2 and Hb is essential!
VO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x (SaO2 – SvO2)
Oxygen UtilizationCells / Mitochondria
Oxygen AbsorptionLungs
Oxygen TransportBlood
Oxygen DeliveryTissues
CO: Cardiac Output; Hb: Haemoglobin; SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
Supply
Consumption
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Assessment of Oxygen Delivery
Physiological Background
SvO2
SaO2 CO, Hb
Monitoring CO, SaO2 and Hb is essential
Monitoring the CO, SaO2 and Hb does not give information re O2-consumption!
Oxygen UtilizationCells / Mitochondria
Oxygen AbsorptionLungs
Oxygen TransportBlood
Oxygen DeliveryTissues
CO: Cardiac Output; Hb: Haemoglobin; SaO2: Arterial Oxygen Saturation
Supply
Consumption
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Situational Factors
Balance of Oxygen Delivery and Consumption
The adequacy of CO and SvO2 is affected by many factors
Microcirculation Disturbances
Volume status Tissue Oxygen Supply
Oxygenation / Hb level
Older Age
Body weight /heightCurrent Medical HistoryPrevious Medical History
Physiological Background
General Factors
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Physiological Background
Extended Haemodynamic Monitoring
TherapyOptimisationO2 supplyO2 consumption
Monitoring
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Summary and Key Points
Physiological Background
• The purpose of the circulation is cellular oxygenation
• For an optimal oxygen supply at the cellular level the macro and micro-circulation as well as the pulmonary gas exchange have to be in optimal balance
• Next to CO, Hb and SaO2 is SvO2 which plays a central role in the assessment of
oxygen supply and consumption
• No single parameter provides enough information for a full assessment of oxygen supply to the tissues.
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimizing the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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Monitoring the Vital Parameters
Monitoring
Respiration Rate
Temperature
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Monitoring the Vital Parameters
Monitoring
ECG
• Heart Rate
• Rhythm
Respiration Rate
Temperature
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Monitoring the Vital Parameters
Monitoring
Blood Pressure (NiBP)
• no correlation with CO
• no correlation with oxygen deliveryECG
Respiration Rate
Temperature
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DO2 ml*m-2*min-1100 300 500 70030
60
90
120
150
MAP mmHg
n= 1232
Monitoring the Vital Parameters
Monitoring
MAP: Mean Arterial Pressure, DO2: Oxygen Delivery
The Mean Arterial Pressure does not correlate with Oxygen Delivery!
Reinhart K in: Lewis, Pfeiffer (eds): Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical Care Monitoring, Springer Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork 1990, pp 11-23
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Monitoring the Vital Parameters
Monitoring
Blood Pressure (NiBP)
• No correlation with CO
• No correlation with oxygen delivery
• No correlation with volume status
ECG
Respiration Rate
Temperature
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Monitoring the Vital Parameters
80% of blood volume is found in the venous blood vessels,
only 20% in the arterial blood vessels!
Monitoring
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Monitoring the Vital Parameters
Monitoring
Blood Pressure (NiBP)
ECG
Respiration Rate
Temperature • No correlation with CO
• No correlation with oxygen delivery
• No correlation with volume status
• No evidence of what is the ‘right’ perfusion pressure
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Standard Monitoring
Monitoring
Oxygen Saturation
NIBP
ECG
Respiration Rate
Temperature• No information re the O2 transport capacity
• No information re the O2 utilisation in the tissues
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Standard Monitoring
Monitoring
Respiration Rate
NIBP
ECG
Temperature
Urine Production
Oxygen Saturation
Blood Circulation(clinical assessment)
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What other parameters do I need?
Advanced Monitoring
Monitoring
The standard parameters do not give enough information in unstable patients.
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Advanced Monitoring
Monitoring
Invasive Blood Pressure (IBP)
• Continuous blood pressure recording• Arterial blood extraction possible• Limitations as with NiBP
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Advanced Monitoring
Monitoring
IBP Arterial BGAInformation re:
• Pulmonary Gas exchange
• Acid Base Balance
No information re oxygen supply at the cellular level
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Advanced Monitoring
Monitoring
IBP Lactate
Marker for global metabolic situation
Significant limitations due to:
• Liver metabolism
• Reperfusion effects
Arterial BGA
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Advanced Monitoring
Monitoring
IBP CVPArterial BGA
Lactate
• central venous blood gas analysis possible
• When low: hypovolaemia probable
• When high: hypovolaemia not excluded
• Not a reliable parameter for volume status
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Advanced Monitoring
Monitoring
IBP ScvO2
• Good correlation with SvO2 (oxygen consumption)
• Surrogate parameter for oxygen extraction
• Information on the oxygen consumption situation • When compared to SvO2 less invasive (no pulmonary artery catheter required)
Arterial BGA
Lactate
CVP
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Reinhart K et al: Intensive Care Med 60, 1572-1578, 2004; Ladakis C et al: Respiration 68, 279-285, 2000
Monitoring
n = 29r = 0.866ScvO2 = 0.616 x SvO2 + 35.35
ScvO2
SvO2
r = 0.945
30
50
70
90
70 9050
SvO2 (%)
65
70
85
70 90
90
30 6040 80
80
ScvO2 (%)
40
60
80
806040
75
6050
Monitoring of the central venous oxygen saturation
The ScvO2 correlates well with the SvO2!
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avDO2 ml/dl
Monitoring
Monitoring of the central venous oxygen saturation
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
7.0
6.0
7.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
r= -0.664
n= 1191
avDO2= 12.7 -0.12*ScvO2
ScvO2 %
A low ScvO2 is a marker for increased global oxygen extraction!
avDO2: arterial-venous oxygen content difference, ScvO2: central venous oxygen saturation
Reinhart K in: Lewis, Pfeiffer (eds): Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical Care Monitoring, Springer Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork 1990, pp 11-23
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Monitoring
Monitoring of the central venous oxygen saturation
avDO2 ml/dl
7.0
6.0
7.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
r= -0.664
n= 1191
avDO2= 12,7 -0.12*ScvO2
Consumption VO2: VO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x (SaO2 - S(c)vO2)
Delivery DO2: DO2 = CO x Hb x 1.34 x SaO2
CO
Hb
Mixed / Central Venous Saturation S(c)vO2
SaO2
avDO2: arterial-venous oxygen content difference, ScvO2: central venous oxygen saturation 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 ScvO2 %
Reinhart K in: Lewis, Pfeiffer (eds): Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical Care Monitoring, Springer Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork 1990, pp 11-23
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Early goal-directed therapyRivers E et al. New Engl J Med 2001;345:1368-77
O2- Therapy and SedationIntubation + Ventilation
Central Venous CatheterInvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring
CVP
MAP
ScVO2
Cardiovascular Stabilisation
Volume therapy
8-12 mmHg
< 8 mmHg
65 mmHg
Inotropes
>70%70%
< 70%
no Therapy maintenance,regular reviews
< 65 mmHgVasopressors
Blood transfusion to Haematocrit 30%
Monitoring
Monitoring of the central venous oxygen saturation
< 70%
Goal achieved?yes
ScVO2
Hospital 60 days
Mor
talit
y
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Monitoring
Monitoring of the ScvO2 – Clinical Relevance
Significance of the ScvO2 for therapy guidance
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Monitoring of the ScvO2 – Clinical Relevance
Monitoring
Early monitoring of ScvO2 is crucial for fast and effective
hemodynamic management!
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Monitoring ScvO2 – therapeutic consequences in the example of sepsis
Pt unstable
ScvO2 < 70%
Volume bolus
(when absence of contraindications)
ScvO2 > 70% or < 80%
Re - evaluation
Continuous ScvO2 monitoring – CeVOX
Advanced Monitoring - PiCCO
Volume / Catecholamine
Erythrocytes
Monitoring
ScvO2 < 70%
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Tissue hypoxia despite ”normal“ or high ScvO2?
?Microcirculation disturbances in SIRS / Sepsis
Monitoring ScvO2 – Limitations
Monitoring
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SxO2 in %
modified from:Reinhart K in: Lewis, Pfeiffer (eds): Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical Care Monitoring, Springer Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork 1990, pp 11-23
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Monitoring ScvO2 – therapeutic consequences in the example of sepsis
ScvO2
Pt unstable ScvO2 < 70%
Re- evaluation
Monitoring
ScvO2 > 80%
Tissue hypoxia despite „normal“ or high ScvO2?
?Volume administration
(when absence of contraindications)
ScvO2 > 70% but < 80% ScvO2 < 70%
Advanced Monitoring
cont. ScvO2 monitoring
Volume / Catecholamine / Erythrocytes
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Pt unstable
ScvO2 > 80%
ScvO2 < 80% but > 70%
Re-evaluation
Monitoring
ScvO2 > 80%
Tissue hypoxia despite ”normal“ or high ScvO2?
Microcirculation?
Organ perfusion?
Further information neededMacro-haemodynamics (PiCCO)
Liver function (PDR – ICG)Renal function
Neurological assessment
Volume bolus
(when absence of contraindications)
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Monitoring ScvO2 – therapeutic consequences in the example of sepsis
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Monitoring
Summary and Key Points
• Standard monitoring does not give information re the volume status or the adequacy of oxygen delivery and consumption.
• The CVP is not a valid parameter to measure volume status
• The measurement of central venous oxygen saturation gives important information re global oxygenation balance and oxygen extraction
• Measuring the central venous oxygenation can reveal when more advanced monitoring is indicated
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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The haemodynamic instability is identified.
What can be done for the patient (sepsis example)?
1. Step: Volume Management Aim?
Monitoring – what is the point?
Optimisation of CO
Recommendation of the SSC
How can you optimise CO?
Optimisation of CO
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Optimisation of CO
Preload Contractility Afterload Chronotropy
Frank-Starling mechanism
Monitoring – what is the point?
Optimisation of CO
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SV
Preload
V
V
V
SV
SVSV
Normal contractility
Preload, CO and Frank-Starling Mechanism
Optimisation of CO
target areavolume responsive volume overloaded
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V
V
SV
SV
SV
Preload
Poor contractility
Normal contractility
target areavolume responsive volume overloaded
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Preload, CO and Frank-Starling Mechanism
Optimisation of CO
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V
V
SV
SV
SV
Preload
Preload, CO and Frank-Starling Mechanism
Optimisation of CO
High contractility
Normal Contractility
target areavolume responsive volume overloaded
Poor contractility
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V
V
V
SV
SVSV
Preload, CO and Frank-Starling Mechanism
In order to optimise the CO you must know what the preload is!
Optimisation of CO
target areavolume responsive volume overloaded
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Preload
SV
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Summary and Key Points
Optimisation of CO
• The goal of fluid management is the optimisation of cardiac output • An increase in preload leads to an increase in cardiac output, within certain
limits. This is explained by the Frank-Starling mechanism.
• The measurement of cardiac output does not show where the patient’s heart is located on the Frank-Starling curve.
• For optimisation of the CO a valid preload measurement is indispensable.
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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Preload
Filling Pressures
CVP / PCWP
Volumetric Preload Parameters, Volume Responsiveness and Filling Pressures
Measuring Preload
Volume Responsiveness
SVV / PPV
Volumetric
Preload parameters
GEDV / ITBV
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Kumar et al., Crit Care Med 2004;32: 691-699
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Role of the filling pressures CVP / PCWP
Correlation between Central Venous Pressure CVP and Stroke Volume
Measuring Preload
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Kumar et al., Crit Care Med 2004;32: 691-699
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Correlation between Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure PCWP and Stroke Volume
Measuring Preload
Role of the filling pressures CVP / PCWP
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The filling pressures CVP and PCWP do not give an adequate assessment of cardiac preload.
The PCWP is, in this regard, not superior to CVP (ARDS Network, N Engl J Med 2006;354:2564-75).
Pressure is not volume!
Influencing Factors:-Ventricular compliance-Position of catheter (PAC)-Mechanical ventilation-Intra-abdominal hypertension
Role of the filling pressures CVP / PCWP
Measuring Preload
58
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Role of the volumetric preload parameters GEDV / ITBV
Measuring Preload
Preload
Filling Pressures
CVP / PCWP
Volume Responsiveness
SVV / PPV
Volumetric Preload parameters
GEDV / ITBV
59
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Total volume of blood in all 4 heart chambers
Left heartRight Heart
Measuring Preload
Pulmonary Circulation
Lungs
Body Circulation
GEDV = Global Enddiastolic Volume
60
Role of the volumetric preload parameters GEDV / ITBV
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Measuring Preload
GEDV shows good correlation with the stroke volume
Michard et al., Chest 2003;124(5):1900-1908
61
Role of the volumetric preload parameters GEDV / ITBV
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ITBV = Intrathoracic Blood Volume
Total volume of blood in all 4 heart chambers plus the pulmonary blood volume
Left heartRight heart
Measuring Preload
Pulmonary Circulation
Lungs
Body Circulation
ITBV =GEDV + PBV
62
Role of the volumetric preload parameters GEDV / ITBV
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Sakka et al, Intensive Care Med 2000; 26: 180-187
Measuring Preload
63
ITBVTD (ml)
ITBV = 1.25 * GEDV – 28.4 [ml]
GEDV vs. ITBV in 57 Intensive Care Patients
0
1000
2000
3000
0 1000 2000 3000 GEDV (ml)
ITBV is normally 1.25 times the GEDV
Role of the volumetric preload parameters GEDV / ITBV
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The static volumetric preload parameters GEDV and ITBV
Measuring Preload
• Are superior to filling pressures for assessing cardiac preload(German Sepsis Guidelines)
• Are, in contrast to cardiac filling pressures, not falsified by other pressure
influences (ventilation, intra-abdominal pressure)
64
Role of the volumetric preload parameters GEDV / ITBV
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Measuring Preload
Role of the dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV / PPV
Preload
Filling Pressures
CVP / PCWP
Volume Responsiveness
SVV / PPV
Volumetric Preload parameters
GEDV / ITBV
65
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Intrathoracic pressure
Venous return to left and right ventricle
Left ventricular preload
Left ventricular stroke volume
Systolic arterial blood pressure
Intrathoracic pressure
„Squeezing “ of the pulmonary blood
Left ventricular preload
Left ventricular stoke volume
Systolic arterial blood pressure
PPPPmaxmax PPPPminmin
PPPPmaxmax
PPPPminmin
Inspiration
Reuter et al., Anästhesist 2003;52: 1005-1013
Measuring Preload
Physiology of the dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness
Expiration Inspiration Expiration
Early Inspiration Late Inspiration
66
Fluctuations in blood pressure during the respiration cycle
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SV
PreloadV
SV
V
SV
Mechanical Ventilation
Measuring Preload
Fluctuations in stroke volume
Intrathoracic pressure fluctuationsChanges in intrathoracic blood volume
Preload changes
67
Fluctuations in stroke volume throughout the respiratory cycle
Physiology of the dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness
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SVSVmaxmax
SVSVminmin
SVSVmeanmean
Measuring Preload
SVV = Stroke Volume Variation
• The variation in stroke volume over the respiratory cycle
• Correlates directly with the response of the cardiac ejection to preload increase (volume responsiveness)
68
mean
Role of the dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV / PPV
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Sensitivity
- - - CVP___ SVV
SVV is more accurate for predicting volume responsiveness than CVP
Measuring Preload
Berkenstadt et al, Anesth Analg 92: 984-989, 2001
Specificity 1 0,5 00
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
69
Role of the dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV / PPV
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Measuring Preload
PPV = Pulse Pressure Variation
• The variation in pulse pressure amplitude over the respiration cycle • Correlates equally well as SVV for volume responsiveness
PPPPmaxmax
PPPPmeanmean
PPPPminmin
70
Role of the dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV / PPV
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Measuring Preload
A PPV threshold of 13% differentiates between responders and non-responders to volume administration
Michard et al, Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 2000
71
Respondersn = 16
Non – Respondersn = 24
Role of the dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV / PPV
respiratory changes in arterial pulse pressure (%)
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The dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV and PPV
Measuring Preload
- are good predictors of a potential increase in CO due to volume administration
- are only valid with patients who are fully ventilated and who have no cardiac arrhythmias
72
Role of the dynamic volume responsiveness parameters SVV / PPV
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Extravascular water content of the lung
Pulmonary circulation
Left Heart
Right Heart
Lungs
Role of extravascular lung water EVLW
Extra
EVLW = Extravascular Lung Water
Body circulation
73
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Role of extravascular lung water EVLW
Extra
- is useful for differentiating and quantifying lung oedema
- is, for this purpose, the only parameter available at the bedside
- functions as a warning parameter for fluid overload
The Extravascular Lung Water EVLW
74
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• The volumetric parameters GEDV / ITBV are superior to the filling pressures CVP / PCWP for measuring cardiac preload.
• The dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness (SVV and PPV) can predict whether CO will respond to volume administration.
• GEDV and ITBV show what the actual volume status is, whilst SVV and PPV reflect the volume responsiveness of the heart.
• For optimal control of volume therapy simultaneous monitoring of both the static preload parameters and the dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness is sensible (F. Michard, Intensive Care Med 2003;29: 1396).
Measuring Preload
75
Summary and Key Points
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76
Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
1. Principles of function
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular lung water
7. Pulmonary permeability
Haemodynamic Monitoring
![Page 78: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
PiCCO Technology
Parameters for guiding volume therapy
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology
CO
Volumetric preload
EVLW
Contractility
Differentiated Volume Management
- static - dynamic
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PiCCO Technology is a combination of transpulmonary thermodilution and pulse contour analysis
Principles of Measurement
Left HeartRight Heart
Pulmonary CirculationLungs
Body CirculationPULSIOCATHPULSIOCATH
CVC
PULSIOCATH arterial thermodilution catheter
central venous bolus injection
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Function
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Bolus injection
concentration changes over time(Thermodilution curve)
After central venous injection the cold bolus sequentially passes through the various intrathoracic compartments
The temperature change over time is registered by a sensor at the tip of the arterial catheter
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Function
Left heartRight heart Lungs
RA RV LA LVPBV
EVLW
EVLW
Principles of Measurement
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Intrathoracic Compartments (mixing chambers)
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Function
Pulmonary Thermal Volume (PTV)
Intrathoracic Thermal Volume (ITTV)
Total of mixing chambers
RA RV LA LVPBV
EVLW
EVLW
Largest single mixing chamber
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
1. Principles of function
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular Lung Water
7. Pulmonary Permeability
![Page 83: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Tb x dt(Tb - Ti) x Vi
x K
Tb
Injection
t
∫ =COTD a
Tb = Blood temperatureTi = Injectate temperatureVi = Injectate volume∫ ∆ Tb
. dt = Area under the thermodilution curve
K = Correction constant, made up of specific weight and specific heat of blood and injectate
The CO is calculated by analysis of the thermodilution curve using the modified Stewart-Hamilton algorithm
Calculation of the Cardiac Output
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Thermodilution
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The area under the thermodilution curve is inversely proportional to the CO.
36,5
37
5 10
Thermodilution curves
Normal CO: 5.5l/min
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Thermodilution
36,5
37
36,5
37
Time
low CO: 1.9l/min
High CO: 19l/min
Time
Time
Temperature
Temperature
Temperature
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Transpulmonary vs. Pulmonary Artery Thermodilution
Left heartRight Heart
Pulmonary Circulation Lungs
Body Circulation
PULSIOCATH arterial thermo-dilution catheter
central venous bolus injection RA
RV
PA
LA
LV
Aorta
Transpulmonary TD (PiCCO) Pulmonary Artery TD (PAC)
In both procedures only part of the injected indicator passes the thermistor.
Nonetheless the determination of CO is correct, as it is not the amount of the detected indicator but the difference in temperature over time that is relevant!
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Thermodilution
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Comparison with the Fick Method
0,970,68 ± 0,6237/449Sakka SG et al., Intensive Care Med 25, 1999
- / - 0,19 ± 0,219/27McLuckie A. et a., Acta Paediatr 85, 1996
0,960,16 ± 0,3130/150Gödje O et al., Chest 113 (4), 1998
0.980,32 ± 0,2923/218Holm C et al., Burns 27, 2001
0,930,13 ± 0,5260/180Della Rocca G et al., Eur J Anaest 14, 2002
0,95-0,04 ± 0,4117/102Friedman Z et al., Eur J Anaest, 2002
0,950,49 ± 0,4545/283Bindels AJGH et al., Crit Care 4, 2000
0,980,03 ± 0,1718/54Pauli C. et al., Intensive Care Med 28, 2002
24/120
n (Pts / Measurements)
0,990,03 ± 0,24Tibby S. et al., Intensive Care Med 23, 1997
r bias ±SD(l/min)
Comparison with Pulmonary Artery Thermodilution
Validation of the Transpulmonary Thermodilution
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Thermodilution
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MTt: Mean Transit time the mean time required for the indicator to reach the detection point
DSt: Down Slope time the exponential downslope time of the thermodilution curve
Recirculation
t
e-1
Tb
From the characteristics of the thermodilution curve it is possible to determine certain time parameters
Extended analysis of the thermodilution curve
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Thermodilution
Injection
In Tb
MTt DSt
Tb = blood temperature; lnTb = logarithmic blood temperature; t = time
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Pulmonary Thermal Volume
PTV = Dst x CO
By using the time parameters from the thermodilution curve and the CO ITTV and PTV can be calculated
Calculation of ITTV and PTV
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Thermodilution
Recirculation
t
e-1
Tb
Injection
In Tb
Intrathoracic Thermal Volume
ITTV = MTt x CO
MTt DSt
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Pulmonary Thermal Volume (PTV)
Intrathoracic Thermal Volume (ITTV)
Calculation of ITTV and PTV
Einführung in die PiCCO-Technologie – Thermodilution
ITTV = MTt x CO
PTV = Dst x CO
RA RV LA LVPBV
EVLW
EVLW
![Page 90: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
GEDV is the difference between intrathoracic and pulmonary thermal volumes
Global End-diastolic Volume (GEDV)
Volumetric preload parameters – GEDV
RA RV LA LVPBV
EVLW
EVLW
ITTV
GEDV
PTV
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Thermodilution
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Volumetric preload parameters – ITBV
Intrathoracic Blood Volume (ITBV)
GEDV
ITBV
PBVRA RV LA LVPBV
EVLW
EVLW
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Thermodilution
ITBV is the total of the Global End-Diastolic Volume and the blood volume in the pulmonary vessels (PBV)
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ITBVTD (ml)
ITBV = 1.25 * GEDV – 28.4 [ml]
GEDV vs. ITBV in 57 Intensive Care Patients
IIntrantratthoracic horacic BBlood lood VVolume (olume (ITBVITBV))
Volumetric preload parameters – ITBV
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Thermodilution
ITBV is calculated from the GEDV by the PiCCO Technology
0
1000
2000
3000
0 1000 2000 3000 GEDV (ml)
Sakka et al, Intensive Care Med 26: 180-187, 2000
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Summary and Key Points - Thermodilution
• PiCCO Technology is a less invasive method for monitoring the volume status and cardiovascular function.
• Transpulmonary thermodilution allows calculation of various volumetric parameters.
• The CO is calculated from the shape of the thermodilution curve.
• The volumetric parameters of cardiac preload can be calculated through advanced analysis of the thermodilution curve.
• For the thermodilution measurement only a fraction of the total injected indicator needs to pass the detection site, as it is only the change in temperature over time that is relevant.
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
1. Principles of function
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular Lung Water
7. Pulmonary Permeability
![Page 95: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Transpulmonary Thermodilution
The pulse contour analysis is calibrated through the transpulmonary thermodilution and is a beat to beat real time analysis of the arterial pressure curve
Calibration of the Pulse Contour Analysis
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Pulse contour analysis
Injection
Pulse Contour Analysis
T = blood temperature t = timeP = blood pressure
COCOTPDTPD= SV= SVTDTD
HRHR
![Page 96: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
PCCO = cal • HR •P(t)SVR + C(p) • dP
dt( ) dt
Cardiac Output
Patient- specific calibration factor (determined by thermodilution)
Heart rate Area under the pressure curve
Shape of the pressure curve
Aortic compliance
Systole
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Pulse contour analysis
Parameters of Pulse Contour Analysis
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n (Pts / Measurements)
0,940,03 ± 0,6312 / 36Buhre W et al., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 13 (4), 1999
19 / 76
24 / 517
62 / 186
20 / 360
25 / 380
22 / 96 - / --0,40 ± 1,3Mielck et al., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 17 (2), 2003
0,880,31 ± 1,25Zöllner C et al., J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 14 (2), 2000
0,88-0,2 ± 1,15Gödje O et al., Crit Care Med 30 (1), 2002
0,94-0,02 ± 0,74Della Rocca G et al., Br J Anaesth 88 (3), 2002
0,93-0,14 ± 0,33Felbinger TW et al., J Clin Anesth 46, 2002
- / - 0,14 ± 0,58Rauch H et al., Acta Anaesth Scand 46, 2002
r
bias ±SD (l/min)
Comparison with pulmonary artery thermodilution
Validation of Pulse Contour Analysis
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Pulse contour analysis
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SVSVmaxmax – SV – SVminminSVV =SVV =
SVSVmeanmean
SVSVmaxmax
SVSVminmin
SVSVmeanmean
The Stroke Volume Variation is the variation in stroke volume over the ventilatory cycle, measured over the previous 30 second period.
Parameters of Pulse Contour Analysis
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Pulse Contour Analysis
Dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness – Stroke Volume Variation
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PPPPmaxmax – PP – PPminminPPV =PPV =
PPPPmeanmean
The pulse pressure variation is the variation in pulse pressure over the ventilatory cycle, measured over the previous 30 second period.
Parameters of Pulse Contour Analysis
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Pulse Contour Analysis
Dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness – Pulse Pressure Variation
PPPPmaxmax
PPPPmeanmean
PPPPminmin
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Summary pulse contour analysis - CO and volume responsiveness
• The PiCCO technology pulse contour analysis is calibrated by transpulmonary thermodilution
• PiCCO technology analyses the arterial pressure curve beat by beat thereby providing real time parameters
• Besides cardiac output, the dynamic parameters of volume responsiveness SVV (stroke volume variation) and PPV (pulse pressure variation) are determined continuously
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Pulse contour analysis
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
1. Principles of function
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular Lung Water
7. Pulmonary Permeability
![Page 102: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Contractility is a measure for the performance of the heart muscle
Contractility parameters of PiCCO technology:
- dPmx (maximum rate of the increase in pressure)
- GEF (Global Ejection Fraction)
- CFI (Cardiac Function Index)
Contractility
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
kg
![Page 103: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Contractility parameter from the pulse contour analysis
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
dPmx = maximum velocity of pressure increase
The contractility parameter dPmx represents the maximum velocity of left ventricular pressure increase.
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Contractility parameter from the pulse contour analysis
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
femoral dP/max [mmHg/s]
LV dP/dtmax [mmHg/s]
dPmx was shown to correlate well with direct measurement of velocity of left ventricular pressure increase in 70 cardiac surgery patients
de Hert et al., JCardioThor&VascAnes 2006
n = 220y = -120 + (0,8* x)r = 0,82p < 0,001
0
500
1000
1500
0 1000 1500
2000
2000500
dPmx = maximum velocity of pressure increase
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• is calculated as 4 times the stroke volume divided by the global end-diastolic volume
• reflects both left and right ventricular contractility
GEF = Global Ejection Fraction
Contractility parameters from the thermodilution measurement
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
4 x SVGEF =GEDV
LA
LVRA
RV
![Page 106: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Combes et al, Intensive Care Med 30, 2004
GEF = Global Ejection Fraction
Comparison of the GEF with the gold standard TEE measured contractility in patients without right heart failure
sensitivity
0
0,4
0,6
0,8
0
1
0,2
0,2
0,4 0,6 0,81 specifity
22
20
19
18
16
12 8
FAC, %
GEF, %
5
10
-5
-20 -10 10 20
15
-15
-10
r=076, p<0,0001n=47
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
Contractility parameters from the thermodilution measurement
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• is the CI divided by global end-diastolic volume index
• is - similar to the GEF – a parameter of both left and right ventricular contractility
CFI = Cardiac Function Index
CICFI =
GEDVI
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
Contractility parameters from the thermodilution measurement
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Combes et al, Intensive Care Med 30, 2004
sensitivity
0
0,4
0,6
0,8
0
1
0,2
0,2
0,4 0,6 0,81 specificity
6
5
43,5
3 2
FAC, %
GEF, %
5
10
-5
-20 -10 10 20
15
-15
-10
r=079, p<0,0001n=47
CFI = Cardiac Function Index
Introduction to the PiCCO-Technology – Contractility parameters
CFI was compared to the gold standard TEE measured contractility in patients without right heart failure
Contractility parameters from the thermodilution measurement
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
E. Introduction to PiCCO technology
1. Functions
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular Lung Water
7. Pulmonary Permeability
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• is calculated as the difference between MAP and CVP divided by CO
• as an afterload parameter it represents a further determinant of the cardiovascular situation
• is an important parameter for controlling volume and catecholamine therapies
(MAP – CVP) x 80SVR =
CO
Afterload parameter
SVR = Systemic Vascular Resistance
MAP = Mean Arterial PressureCVP = Central Venous PressureCO = Cardiac Output80 = Factor for correction of units
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Afterload parameter
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• The parameter dPmx from the pulse contour analysis as a measure of the left ventricular myocardial contractility gives important information regarding
cardiac function and therapy guidance
• The contractility parameters GEF and CFI are important parameters for assessing the global systolic function and supporting the early diagnosis of myocardial insufficiency
• The Systemic Vascular Resistance SVR calculated from blood pressure and cardiac output is a further parameter of the cardiovascular situation, and gives additional information for controlling volume and catecholamine therapies
Summary and Key Points
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Contractility and Afterload
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
E. Introduction to PiCCO technology
1. Principles of function
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular Lung Water
7. Pulmonary Permeability
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ITTV
– ITBV
= EVLW
The Extravascular Lung Water is the difference between the intrathoracic thermal volume and the intrathoracic blood volume. It represents the amount of water in the lungs outside the blood vessels.
Calculation of Extravascular Lung Water (EVLW)
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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Katzenelson et al,Crit Care Med 32 (7), 2004 Sakka et al, Intensive Care Med 26: 180-187, 2000
Gravimetry Dye dilution
EVLW from the PiCCO technology has been shown to have a good correlation with the measurement of extravascular lung water via the gravimetry and dye dilution reference methods
Validation of Extravascular Lung Water
n = 209r = 0.96
ELWI by gravimetry
ELWI by PiCCO
R = 0,97P < 0,001
Y = 1.03x + 2.49
0
10
20
30
20 30
40
10
ELWITD (ml/kg)
0
5
10
20
15 25
25
50 100 20
15
ELWIST (ml/kg)
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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Boeck J, J Surg Res 1990; 254-265
High extravascular lung water is not reliably identified by blood gas analysis
EVLW as a quantifier of lung edema
PaO2 /FiO2
10
20
550
30
150 2500 450
ELWI (ml/kg)
050 350
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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ELWI = 7 ml/kg
ELWI = 8 ml/kgELWI = 14 ml/kg
ELWI = 19 ml/kg
Extravascular lung water index
(ELWI) normal range:
3 – 7 ml/kg
Pulmonary oedem
a Normal rangeEVLW as a quantifier of lung oedema
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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40
Halperin et al, 1985, Chest 88: 649
Chest x ray – does not reliably quantify pulmonary oedema and is difficult to judge, particularly in critically ill patients
r = 0.1p > 0.05
0
20
80
15-10-15 10
60
radiographic score
-80
-60
-40
-20 ELWI
EVLW as a quantifier of lung oedema
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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ELWI (ml/kg)
> 21 n = 54
14 - 21 n = 100
7 - 14 n = 174
< 7 n = 45
Mortality(%)
10
00
n = 373*p = 0.002
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Sturm J in: Lewis, Pfeiffer (eds): Practical Applications of Fiberoptics in Critical Care Monitoring, Springer Verlag Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork 1990, pp 129-139
Relevance of EVLW Assessment
The amount of extravascular lung water is a predictor for mortality in the intensive care patient
ELWI (ml/kg) 4 - 6
30
0
Mortality (%)
20
n = 81
40
50
60
70
80
6 - 8 8 - 10 10 - 12 12 - 16 16 - 20 > 20
90
100
Sakka et al , Chest 2002
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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Intensive Care days
Mitchell et al, Am Rev Resp Dis 145: 990-998, 1992
Relevance of EVLW Assessment
Volume management guided by EVLW can significantly reduce time on ventilation and ICU length of stay in critically ill patients, when compared to PCWP oriented therapy,
Ventilation Days
PAC Group
n = 101* p ≤ 0,05
PAC GroupEVLW Group EVLW Group22 days 15 days9 days 7 days
* p ≤ 0,05
Introduction to the PiCCO –Technology – Extravascular Lung Water
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Haemodynamic Monitoring
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
1. Principles of function
2. Thermodilution
3. Pulse contour analysis
4. Contractility parameters
5. Afterload parameters
6. Extravascular Lung Water
7. Pulmonary Permeability
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Differentiating Lung Oedema
PVPI = Pulmonary Vascular Permeability Index
• is the ratio of Extravascular Lung Water to Pulmonary Blood Volume
• is a measure of the permeability of the lung vessels and as such can classify the type of lung oedema (hydrostatic vs. permeability caused)
EVLWPVPI =
PBVPBV
EVLW
Introduction to PiCCO Technology – Pulmonary Permeability
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permeability
PVPI normal (1-3) PVPI raised (>3)
Classification of Lung Oedema with the PVPI
Difference between the PVPI with hydrostatic and permeability lung oedema:
Lung oedema
hydrostatic
PBV
EVLW
PBV
EVLW
PBV
EVLW
PBV
EVLW
Introduction to PiCCO Technology – Pulmonary Permeability
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16 patients with congestive heart failure and acquired pneumonia. In both groups EVLW was 16 ml/kg.
Validation of the PVPI
PVPI can differentiate between a pneumonia caused and a cardiac failure caused lung oedema.
Benedikz et al ESICM 2003, Abstract 60
Cardiac insufficiency
PVPI
Pneumonia
4
3
2
Introduction to PiCCO Technology – Pulmonary Permeability
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EVLWI answers the question:
Clinical Relevance of the Pulmonary Vascular Permeability Index
PVPI answers the question:
and can therefore give valuable aid for therapy guidance!
How much water is in the lungs?
Why is it there?
Introduction to PiCCO Technology – Pulmonary Permeability
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Summary and Key Points
• EVLW as a valid measure for the extravascular water content of the lungs is the only parameter for quantifying lung oedema available at the bedside.
• Blood gas analysis and chest x-ray do not reliably detect and measure lung edema
• EVLW is a predictor for mortality in intensive care patients
• The Pulmonary Vascular Permeability Index can differentiate between hydrostatic and a permeability caused lung oedema
Introduction to PiCCO Technology – EVLW and Pulmonary Permeability
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126
Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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PiCCO monitoring uses vascular accesses that are already existing or required anyway.
PiCCO Technology Set-Up
Practical Approach
Central venous catheter
PULSIOCATHArterial thermodilution catheter (femoral, axillary, brachial)
Injectate temperature sensor housing
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Patient with secondary myeloid leukemia due to non-Hodgkin’s lymphomaCurrently: aplasia as a result of ongoing chemotherapy.Transfer from the oncology ward to intensive care unit due to development of septic status
Clinical Case
Practical Approach
Status on transfer to the Intensive Care Unit
Initial Therapy Given 6500 ml crystalloids and 4 PBC
Hemodynamic BP 90/50mmHg, HR 150bpm SR, CVP 11mmHgRespiration SaO2 99% on 2L O2 via nasal prongsAbdomen Severe diarrhoea, probably associated with chemotherapyRenal Retention values already increasing, cumulative 24h diuresis 400mlLaboratory Hb 6.7g/dl, Leuco <0.2/nl, Thrombo 25/nl
High fluid loss because of severe diaphoresis
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Haemodynamics • despite extensive volume therapy during the first 6 hours, catecholamines had to be commenced
• requirement for catecholamines steadily increased• echocardiography showed good pump function• CVP increased from 11 to 15mmHg
Respiration • respiratory deterioration with volume therapy: SaO2 90% on 15L O2/min, pO2 69mmHg, pCO2 39mmHg, RR 40/min
• radiological signs of pulmonary edema • started on intermittent non-invasive BIPAP ventilation
Renal • ongoing poor quantitative function despite the use of diuretics (frusemide)
Infection Status • evidence of E.Coli in the blood culture
Diagnosis: Septic Multiorgan Failure
Ongoing Development
Practical Approach
Clinical Case
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Therapeutic Problems and Issues
Practical Approach
Haemodynamics • further requirement for volume? (rising catecholamine needs despite good pump function)
• problematic assessment of volume status (CVP initially raised, patient diaphoretic / diarrhoea)
Respiration • evidence of lung edema (deterioration in pulmonary function) • danger of need for intubation and ventilation with high risk of ventilator-
associated pneumonia (VAP) because of immunosuppression
Renal • impending anuric renal failure
Clinical Case
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Volume Administration Respiration
Haemodynamics
Renal
?
Practical Approach
Therapeutic Problems and Questions
Volume Restriction Respiration
Haemodynamics
Renal
Clinical Case
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Practical Approach
Application of the PiCCO system
- continuation of the noradrenaline infusion- careful GEDI guided volume therapy
Initial measurement
3.4
760
14
950
16
Normal values
3.0 – 5.0 l/min/m2
680 - 800 ml/m2
3.0 – 7.0 ml/kg
1700 - 2400 dyn*s*cm 5 m2
2 - 8 mmHg
Cardiac Index
GEDI
ELWI
SVRI
CVP
Clinical Case
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Actual values
3.5
780
14
990
16
Normal range
3.0 – 5.0 l/min/m2
680 - 800 ml/m2
3.0 – 7.0 ml/kg
1700 - 2400 dyn*s*cm 5 m2
2 - 8 mmHg
CI
GEDI
ELWI
SVRI
CVP
PiCCO values the following day
Practical Approach
GEDI with volume therapy persistently within the high normal range, however no increase in ELWI
Clinical Case
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Other therapy
Practical Approach
- stabilization of haemodynamics- steady noradrenaline requirement- start of negative fluid balance, guided by the PiCCO parameters
Further course
- non-invasive ventilation- targeted antibiotic therapy - administration of hydrocortisone / GCSF
Clinical Case
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PiCCO values the next day
Practical Approach
Actual values
3.2
750
8
1810
14
Normal values
3.0 – 5.0 l/min/m2
680 - 800 ml/m2
3.0 – 7.0 ml/kg
1700 - 2400 dyn*s*cm 5 m2
2 - 8 mmHg
CI
GEDVI
EVLWI
SVRI
CVP
- stabilization of pulmonary function- cessation of catecholamines- good diuresis with frusemide
Clinical Case
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HI
ITBI
EVLW
SVR
Nor
Despite significant volume administration/ removal remains relatively constant, thus on its own not an indicator for volume status
CI
CVP
Progression of PiCCO values
Practical Approach
GEDVI Remained within normal range under monitoring
EVLWIRegular monitoring of the lung water allowed titration of the volume therapy whilst simultaneously avoiding further increase of lung oedema
Initially raised, despite volume depletion and thus not of useTime Course
SVRI
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Day 5Day 4Day 3Day 2Day 1
Nor
CVPEVLWIGEDVI
CI
Clinical Case
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Stabilisation of the haemodynamics
Avoidance of complications
Efficient use of resources
Practical Approach
Actual advantages of using PiCCO with this patient
Optimisation of the intravascular volume status
Reductionin catecholamine requirements
No acute renal failure
Monitoring of lung oedema
Avoidance of intubation
Pulmonary stabilisation
No invasive ventilation
Clinical Case
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Volume ?Volume ?
Practical Approach
Potential problems without PiCCO use in this patient
Diarrhoea Severe diaphoresis
difficult clinical assessment
of volume deficit
High CVP
Volume ?
Poor Diuresis Constant CI
Clinical Case
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The
haemodynamic triangleOptimisation
of preload
Optimisation of stroke volume
Therapy Guidance with PiCCO Technology
Practical Approach
PiCCO allows the establishment of an adequate cardiac output through optimisation of volume status whilst avoiding lung oedema
Avoidance of lung oedema
![Page 140: Haemodynamic Monitoring](https://reader038.vdocument.in/reader038/viewer/2022102820/56814c24550346895db929db/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
if necessary: additional information
Oxygen extraction ScvO2
Organ perfusion PDR-ICG
Therapy Guidance with PiCCO Technology
Practical Approach
PiCCO monitoring CI, Preload, Contractility,
Afterload, Volume responsiveness
Evaluation of therapy success
TherapyVolume / Catecholamines
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7
Cardiac Output
Preload
Therapy Guidance with PiCCO Technology
Practical Approach
EVLW
3
5
3
Inadequate preload should initially be treated with volume administration
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7
Cardiac Output
Preload
Therapy Guidance with PiCCO Technology
Practical Approach
EVLW
3
5
3
Inadequate preload should be treated initially with volume administration
Continue volume administration until EVLW increases
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7
Cardiac Output
Preload
Therapy Guidance with PiCCO Technology
Practical Approach
EVLW
3
5
3
Inadequate preload should be treated initially with volume administration
Volume administration causes an increase in EVLW
Volume removal until EVLW stops decreasing or decreases only slowly (preload monitoring!)
Always check measurements for plausibility.
Volume administration must lead to an increase in preload, or increase in lung oedema (reflected by increase in EVLW)
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Economic Aspects of PiCCO Technology
Costs and Resources
Is it possible to reduce treatment costs through PiCCO Technology guided optimisation of therapy?
How high are the financial costs in comparison to the pulmonary artery catheter?
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Economic Aspects of PiCCO Technology
Costs and Resources
Direct costs in comparison to the PAC
Day 1 to 4 Day 5 to 8
CCO - PACPiCCO Kit CCO - PACPiCCO Kit
Percentage Costs
PiCCO - KitPulmonary catheterChest X-RayIntroducerCVCArterial catheterPressure transducerInjection accessories
100% 100%
140%
230%
Efficient and economically priced monitoring with PiCCO technology is possible because of the low costs for materials and efficient use of staff time
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Economic Aspects of PiCCO Technology
Costs and Resources
Indirect costs in comparison to the PAC
Intensive care days
Mitchell et al, Am Rev Resp Dis 1992;145: 990-998
Ventilation days
PAC group
n = 101* p ≤ 0.05
PAC groupEVLW group EVLW group
22 days 15 days9 days 7 days
* p ≤ 0.05
By reducing the ventilation days and subsequent days in intensive care the costs can be effectively reduced (average cost per day currently 1,318.00€) (Moerer et al., Int Care Med 2002; 28)
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Summary and Key Points
Practical Approach
• PiCCO technology as a less invasive monitoring method utilizes only vascular accesses that already exist or are required anyway in ICU patients
• PiCCO technology provides all the parameters essential for complete haemodynamic management
• Through valid and rapidly available PiCCO parameters optimal haemodynamic therapy guidance is possible
• Through the optimisation of therapies with PiCCO technology complications can be reduced and resources used more efficiently
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148
Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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Applications in intensive care (early use)
Indications for PiCCO Technology
Applications
- Severe sepsis- Septic shock/SIRS reaction- ARDS- Cardiogenic shock (myocardial infarction / ischaemia, decompensated heart failure) - Heart failure (e.g. due to cardiomyopathy) - Pancreatitis- Poly-trauma including haemorrhagic shock- Sub-arachnoid haemorrhage- Decompensated liver cirrhosis / hepatorenal syndrome- Severe burns
Perioperative Applications
- Cardiac surgery- High risk surgery and high risk patients- Transplantation
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The use of PiCCO technology is indicated in all patients with haemodynamic instability and for those with complex cardiocirculatory conditions.By early use, PiCCO-directed therapy optimisation can prevent complications.
Recommendation:
Indications for PiCCO Technology
Applications
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Summary and Key Points
Application
• PiCCO technology is able to be used in a wide group of patients, both in Intensive Care Medicine and peri-operatively
• The use should always be taken into consideration in haemodynamically unstable patients as well as in those with complex cardiocirculatory conditions
• As well as directing therapy, the PiCCO parameters can also provide important diagnostic information
• PiCCO technology supports decision making in unstable patients
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152
Haemodynamic Monitoring
A. Physiological Background
B. Monitoring
C. Optimising the Cardiac Output
D. Measuring Preload
E. Introduction to PiCCO Technology
F. Practical Approach
G. Fields of Application
H. Limitations
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Knowledge of the limitations is essential for correct interpretation of the data!
Limitations of the PiCCO parameters - thermodilution
Limitations
GEDV - data will give false-high with large aortic aneurysm
- is not usable with intracardiac left-right shunt
- can be overestimated in severe valvular insufficiency
EVLW - data will be falsely high with gross pulmonary perfusion failure (macro-embolism)
- is not usable with intracardiac left-right shunt
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can only be used with fully controlled mechanical ventilation (minimal tidal volume 6-8ml/kg) and absence of cardiac arrhythmias (otherwise may give false high reading)
Knowledge of the limitations is essential for correct interpretation of the data!
Limitations of PiCCO parameters – pulse contour analysis
Limitations
SVV / PPV
not valid when an IABP is in use (thermodilution is unaffected)
All parameters of pulse contour
analysis
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PiCCO Technology in special situations
Special clinical situations
normally no interference with the PiCCO parametersRenal replacement therapy
Prone positioning all parameters are measured correctly
Peripheral venous injection
not recommended, measurements possibly incorrect
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Limitations of application of PiCCO Technology
Limitations
Because of the use of normal saline as indicator, PiCCO measurements are possible at virtually any desired frequency, even in children (over 5kg) and pregnant women.
PiCCO Technology has no specific limitations of application
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Contraindications to PiCCO Technology
Limitations
The usual precautions are required when puncturing larger blood vessels:• coagulation disorders• vascular prosthesis (use other puncture site, e.g. axillary)
Because of the low invasiveness there are no absolute contraindications
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The complications of PiCCO technology are confined to the usual risks of arterial puncture
Complications of PiCCO Technology
Limitations
• injuries associated with the puncture
• infection
• perfusion disturbances
PULSION recommends that the PiCCO catheter be removed after 10 days at the latest
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None the less …..