halal faq's for f&b exporters july 2017 - wesgro final.pdf · halal faq’s for f&b...

Halal FAQ’s for F&B Exporters July 2017

1. Understanding Halal

What is Halal?

Halal food is that which adheres to Islamic law (Shari’ah), as defined in the Quran. The word ‘halal’

means permissible and lawful. The antonym for halal is haram, which means unlawful or forbidden.

Muslims are not allowed to eat foods explicitly prohibited in Islam. These include alcohol; pig meat; meat

or any products from a forbidden animal; meat or any products of an animal which has not been

slaughtered in the correct manner.

The Islamic form of slaughtering animals or poultry, dhabiha, involves killing through a cut to the jugular

vein, carotid artery and windpipe. Animals must be alive and healthy at the time of slaughter and all

blood is drained from the carcass.

From a producer’s perspective, these concepts are important to remember. Not only must the ingredient

be reviewed for permissibility, but also suppliers of the ingredient must be approved as halal. This is

because many ingredients may be from a variety of sources.

A company does not have to be owned, run or operated by Muslims to produce halal products. However,

any product destined for halal labelling must be produced under the strict supervision, assistance,

counsel and participation of trained and competent Muslim production inspectors. It is the company’s

responsibility to find trained Muslim inspectors and to comply with the requirements. It is the marketer’s

responsibility to assure the reputation of the Muslim supervising organization contracted to do the

certification (J&M Food Products Company, 2000).

What is Tayyib?

The Quran has many verses that encourage Muslims to eat food that is halal and Tayyib (Quran chapter

2 verse 168). Tayyib (pure) means wholesome and ethical, but more than that it encompasses the

spiritual and physical purity of food. The move towards Tayyib is in harmony with broader global eco-

ethical movements relating to health, well-being, ecology, sustainability and fair trade. Tayyib speaks to

the whole supply chain of the product and includes elements such as the type of fertiliser used, the

treatment of labour, environmental concerns etc.

Within the context of the Halal market, these eco-ethical values have demonstrable market value within

the food sector. Due to the high quality encouraged by Tayyib many non-Muslims demand this food too.

There are also cross-over opportunities with the growing organic food sector and tayyib products as

people become more interested in the supply chain and tracing elements of their food globally.

2

What is Halal Certification?

Halal certification means that food has been subjected to an approved certification system which

guarantees to consumers that nothing in the food has any forbidden components. Halal certificates are

issued, for a fee, by a certifying body. Finding and hiring a reputable Halal supervisory organization and

properly trained on-site Halal inspectors and supervisors are very important.

2. Why is Halal a Priority for the Western Cape

The Western Cape Government aims to promote economic growth and job creation. Through strategic

intervention, the Western Cape Department of Economic Development and Tourism (DEDAT) is putting

in place a set of high priority, practical projects to unlock opportunities in sectors where the Western

Cape has a clear but unrealised competitive advantage. The priority sectors chosen are highlighted

under Project Khulisa, which, translated from isiXhosa, means “Project Grow”.

In the first phase of Project Khulisa, which runs until 2019, the Western Cape Government is focusing

on three areas, namely, tourism, agri-processing and the oil and gas sector. Within the agri-processing

sector halal products are a major priority to stimulate growth. In order to promote this subsector, a halal

park initiative is being investigated and halal exports are being promoted. In essence there are great

export opportunities for halal products that link to the Western Cape’s strategy to become a forerunner

in halal product manufacturing, processing and packaging.

MEC Winde has

mentioned specifically

that African demand

for halal products

alone was estimated

at $750 billion, but that

“only $36bn of halal-

branded products are

going into that market,

so there’s the demand,

but not the supply”.

Wesgro is currently

involved in growing the

exports of halal

products from the

Western Cape as can

be shown from the

success of a trade

mission to Senegal in

2017 which secured

R100 million worth of

trade.

The Value Proposition

Ensuring that your food products are halal not only makes them accessible to the local Muslim

population but also globally. Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion, and Muslims have the highest

birth rate of any religious grouping. One of the strongest drivers for the continued growth of the Islamic

economy sectors is the fast growing, young, and large Muslim population worldwide. The global Muslim

population is expected to rise from 1.7 billion in 2014 to 2.2 billion by 2030 (26.4 percent), according to

Pew Research Center’s Forum on Religion & Public Life.

3

It is estimated that 60% of Muslims are under the age of 30. Spread out in 56 Muslim majority countries,

the Muslim population has a GDP of around USD6,7trn. The Global Islamic Economy Report (2017)

estimates that around USD1,17 trn was spent on halal food and beverages in 2015 and this is estimated

to increase to USD1.9trn by 2021.

Source: Global Islamic Economy Report 2017

The Global Islamic Economy Report (2017) found that halal food faces the strongest opportunities in healthy products and halal ingredients, with sector development still held back by a lack of standardization i.e. the lack of global Halal brands.

3. The Steps for a Non-halal Company to Become Halal

In order to ensure that a product is marketable as halal one need to follow all the halal requirements.

Some products are naturally halal such as fruit, eggs and vegetables but the processing and packaging

of these goods must not contaminate the food in any way. Processed foods particularly must not contain

animal by-products or other haram ingredients that are forbidden.

All the suppliers, locally or internationally, including imports and by-products must be halal certified by

an halal certifying authority. All additional ingredients, like supplements, food additives, flavourings,

emulsions, enzymes, colouring, stabilizers, sweeteners, preservatives, as well as purification or

cleansing agents must be pre-approved for incorporating it into the halal certified product.

EXAMPLES OF HALAL AND HARAM FOOD

HALAL HARAM

All fruit and vegetables Alcohol and products containing or made from Alcohol e.g. some vanilla extract,

some vinegars

4

EXAMPLES OF HALAL AND HARAM FOOD

HALAL HARAM

All fish but not all shellfish; not frogs, crocodiles and sharks Pig and any products containing pig

Cows, sheep, lamb, chickens, hens, turkey, ducks, camels,

goats, goose, ostrich, etc if they are slaughtered in the halal way

Narcotics, heroin, cocaine, marijuana and any other substances which causes

intoxication

Eggs (chicken) Any animal that has died (except fish and sea creatures) before being slaughtered

in the Islamic manner

Grain products such as rice, pasta or bread

All birds which have talons and carnivores with fangs

Gelatin and shortenings made from pigs

Blood

Source: Muslimconverts.com, 2017

Once you have researched that your product is made with halal ingredients, the next step is to certify

your products as halal for the domestic and international market. A halal certificate is a guarantee that

products comply with the Islamic dietary requirements. The next section will look at the certification

authorities in South Africa and the services that they offer.

Selected South African Certification Authorities

Once you have applied for halal certification, an Initial inspection & assessment of the facility will be

conducted by an official. The applicant will have to comply with any adjustments, changes or additions

to the facility in order to render it conducive for halal compliance.

There must be no exchange or mixing of commodities, crockery, cutlery, cooking utensils and equipment

in the halal and non-halal sections, whether in preparation, production, processing, collection,

washing/cleaning, drying, receiving, or storing.

The table below shows a list of selected South African halal certifying bodies, their contact details,

estimated fees for exporters and international markets that are not compatible with certain certifiers.

SELECTED SOUTH AFRICAN HALAL CERTIFYING BODIES

NAME WEBSITE

INTERNATIONAL MARKETS THAT

PRESENTLY DON’T RECOGNISE THE CERTIFICATION

ESTIMATED FEES CONTACT

Muslim

Judicial

Council (MJC)

http://mjchalaltrust.co.za

Malaysia UAE In the process of registering with the UAE

+/- 3c per kg [email protected]

5

SELECTED SOUTH AFRICAN HALAL CERTIFYING BODIES

NAME WEBSITE

INTERNATIONAL MARKETS THAT

PRESENTLY DON’T RECOGNISE THE CERTIFICATION

ESTIMATED FEES CONTACT

National

Independent

Halal Trust

(NIHT)

http://www.halal.org.za

Waiting on a Gulf Accreditation visit with ESMA (UAE)

Between ZAR30 000-ZAR50 000 per annum

[email protected]

South African

National Halal

Authority

(SANHA)

http://www.sanha.co.za

Pending Registrations: ESMA (UAE) and Indonesia. Recognised in all other countries of the world including government Halal regulatory bodies such as Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Turkey, Oman, Jordan, Brunei, Egypt etc.

Application, Registration, Raw Material Evaluation, Admin and Legal Once-off costs: Local Certification Scheme (LCS): R3000-5000 Global Certification Scheme (GCS): R5000-7000 Note: For GCS an additional Audit cost of R1000 per Man hour. Ongoing Licensing fees for both schemes: These charges are not product/ quantity specific but rather site specific. i.e. a monthly/ annual licensing fee is applicable per site. Where third parties wish to export already certified product, a Halal export certificate admin fee is applicable per consignment. Travel costs as applicable: Road: R5.00 - Km from nearest regional SANHA office. Airfare: Economy fare for a minimum of two / maximum three auditors.

Western Cape: Tel: 021 633 4145 Email: [email protected] Contact Person: Shareef/ Marzuq Kwa Zulu Natal: Tel: 031 207 5768 Email: [email protected] Contact Person: Mehmood/ Haamid Gauteng & all other provinces: Tel: 011 870 8000 Email: [email protected] Contact person: M. Ameen/ Reza

SHURA http://www.shura.org.za

Currently not registered with any international certification bodies. Mainly a local certifier but looking to expand in the future

N/A 021 691 1040 or [email protected]

Islamic

Council of

South Africa

(ICSA)

http://www.islamiccouncils

a.co.za

Malaysia UAE

Between R5000-R7000 industry dependant

[email protected]

Source: various halal certifying authorities, 2017

Disclaimer: this information has been provided by the respective certification authorities, please check this information with the

relevant parties before choosing a certifying agent.

6

Companies can also certify their products directly with countries or international certifying agencies that

are recognised in other countries. For example, many of the South African certifiers are not recognised

in the UAE, however companies can export to the UAE, parallel to the accreditation process for the

certification bodies in South Africa. Companies can make use of certification bodies in the EU or

Australia that are accredited to ESMA, to approve and certify slaughtering facilities and the production

facility that they can use to enter the UAE market. Once the South African certification body has been

accredited then the supervisor can be changed with notification to ESMA.

Select country specific certifiers of major Muslim countries include:

SELECTED COUNTRY SPECIFIC HALAL CERTIFYING BODIES

NAME COUNTRY WEBSITE DETAILS ESTIMATED FEES

Jakim Malaysia http://www.islam.gov.my/

JAKIM Halal Certificate is valid for every 2 years and can be renewed for 4 years extension in future if having proven good record

Application fee charged by Jakim office estimated at :- RM800 – Annual sales is within RM 500,000 to RM 25 million and total workers are within 50 to 150 peoples; RM1,600 – Annual sales more than RM 25 million, multinational company and total workers are more than 150 peoples Fee Charges

(DangangHalal.com)

ESMA UAE http://www.esma.gov.ae/en-us

- 10 products it will cost around $8,000 to be certified, as per the UAE.S 2055-1

Indonesian Ulema

Council (MUI) - halal

certificate

Food and Drug

Monitoring Agency

(BPOM) - halal logo

From 2019- Halal

Products

Certification Agency

(Badan

Penyelenggara

Jaminan Produk,

BPJPH)

Indonesia http://mui.or.id/id/

The Halal Law requires all products that meet the halal requirements and enter, are circulated, or sold within Indonesia to be halal certified by October 17, 2019 The Halal Law mandates the Government to establish a new agency, the Halal Product Assurance Agency (Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Produk Halal – “BPJPH”) within three years after promulgation of the law. Halal certificates are valid for four years and subject to extension.

Fees will range from 430,000 Indonesian rupiah ($32) to 4.3 million rupiah, reported-the Jakarta Post

Sources: http://aksetlaw.com; http://www.salaamgateway.com; respective certifying bodies, 2017

http://aksetlaw.com/

http://www.salaamgateway.com/

7

International certifiers such as the Halal World Institute are also available. In order to promote and

expand Halal culture, the Halal World Institute was established in 2007. Their website also offers more

information on halal standards and regulations:

http://www.halalworldinstitute.org./home?lang=en#.WRq7OVWGPct

4. Wesgro Strategic Markets for Halal 2017

Wesgro have chosen strategic halal markets for 2017, namely,

China

Malaysia

Nigeria

Senegal

Thailand

UAE

Market intelligence and research has shown that these markets selected offer the greatest immediate

potential and demand for Western Cape products. These markets also offer Western Cape companies

preferential access into the markets / supermarkets through Wesgro networks. Wesgro has also

established solid government and business channels in these markets. These markets will be reviewed

and extended into the future, however, the chosen markets offer greater access at the moment for

companies working with Wesgro.

The table below shows some economic indicators for the selected countries. It shows that while China

has the highest population of 1.38bn people, Thailand has the lowest inflation rate of 1.5% and

Singapore has the highest GDP per capita PPP with 87,855 international dollars.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT BASED ON PURCHASING-POWER-PARITY (PPP) PER CAPITA GDP

MARKET POPULATION (MILLION) INFLATION (2016)

2016 GDP PER CAPITA PPP

(INTERNATIONAL DOLLARS)*

2016 GDP PPP (INTERNATIONAL

DOLLARS)

Senegal 15.4 2.019 2,576.594 39.7

Nigeria 183.6 17.456 5,942.352 1,091.228

Malaysia 31.7 2.878 27,266.663 863.3

Singapore 5.6 1.842 87,855.383 492.6

Thailand 69.0 1.541 16,887.649 1,164.929

China 1,382.7 2.3 15,398.576 21,291.766

UAE 9.9 3.668 67,870.778 668.9

Source: IMF, 2017 *GDP per capita is a measure of GDP per person per year

The graph below shows GDP growth over time, from 2005 and forecast into 2022. Senegal’s growth is

said to outpace China’s from 2017 onwards, however, this is from a lower base. Senegalese GDP in

2016 is recorded at 39.7bn international dollars (I$) PPP, whereas China’s GDP PPP is 532 times that

figure at I$21291bn.

http://www.halalworldinstitute.org./home?lang=en#.WRq7OVWGPct

8

Source: IMF, 2017

Global imports of Food and Beverages from Priority Markets

The graph below shows select markets global imports of food and beverages from 2009 to 2016.

Imports are currently the highest to China, worth USD95.8bn, followed by the UAE with around one

seventh of China’s imports, USD14bn and the third largest market is Malaysia with USD13bn worth of

imports. China, however, has the lowest Muslim population of the selected markets of around 1.6%

followed by Thailand with 5.8%.

2015 2016 2017f 2018f 2019f 2020f 2021f 2022f

Senegal 6.49 6.57 6.79 7.01 7.07 7.10 7.11 6.45

China 6.90 6.70 6.58 6.17 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.70

Malaysia 4.97 4.24 4.50 4.70 4.90 4.88 4.80 4.80

United Arab Emirates 3.758 2.732 1.471 4.392 3.318 3.451 3.206 3.212

Thailand 2.94 3.23 3.00 3.26 3.24 3.11 3.03 3.03

Singapore 1.93 2.00 2.25 2.56 2.55 2.55 2.65 2.65

Nigeria 2.65 -1.54 0.83 1.89 1.87 1.80 1.81 1.81

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

GD

P (

% c

hange)

GDP GROWTH, 2015-2022

9

Source: Trademap, 2017

South African Exports of Food and Beverages to Priority Markets

The graph below shows South African exports of food and beverages to the selected markets from 2009

to 2016. Exports are currently the highest to the UAE, worth USD286.7m, followed by China with less

than half of UAE exports, USD123.5m and the third largest market is Malaysia worth USD102m.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

China 42865.088 55876.754 71422.558 86311.108 94165.276 100182.869 97346.311 95802.299

UAE 13663.647 16227.058 17880.734 15375.108 13994.522

Malaysia 8936.802 11705.526 15243.201 14852.088 13806.206 14462.566 13752.073 13077.732

Thailand 5635.699 6870.131 9008.349 10473.04 10438.062 9902.72 10425.886 11032.346

Singapore 7313.907 9027.997 11561.684 11533.56 11905.741 12240.729 10952.715 10580.296

Nigeria 3938.49 4417.746 19303.524 8107.742 6464.155 7565.394 5667.148 4505.876

Senegal 1093.056 1048.2 1325.572 1497.351 1511.207 1412.688 1135.271 1219.556

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

Valu

e (

US

Dm

)

SELECT MARKETS GLOBAL F&B IMPORTS, 2009-2016

10


South Africa’s Top Food and Beverage Exports to Each of the Selected Markets, 2016

The tables below show the top 10 food and beverage exports from South Africa to strategic markets,

their value in 2016 and their ad valorem tariff. In the tables below the following products would need

certification: meat products, fish, molluscs, waters, prepared or preserved products, sauces, juices and

chocolates.

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO UAE 2016

RANK PRODUCT* VALUE (USDm) AD VALOREM TARIFF

1 Citrus fruit 117.172 0

2 Apples, pears and quinces 40.826 0

3 Fresh stone fruit 18.19 0

4 Meat of bovine animals, fresh or chilled 15.151 0

5 Grapes 14.991 0

6 Waters, incl. mineral waters and aerated waters, containing added sugar or other sweetening

9.361 5

7 Prepared or preserved meat or offal (excluding sausages)

6.833 5

8 Sauce and preparations therefor; mixed condiments and mixed seasonings

3.943 5

9 Fresh berries 3.373 0

10 Prepared or preserved fruits, nuts and other edible parts of plants

3.135 5


*non-halal products have been excluded

Muslims only eat halal food, however non-Muslims can eat halal food and in China the halal certification is also perceived as a mark of higher quality food and beverages by the non-muslim consumer. In both China and the UAE citrus fruit is the largest export product.

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

UAE 157.77 167.215 170.781 191.036 219.61 261.059 278.647 286.658

China 22.94 44.793 77.91 72.053 90.472 110.238 120.956 123.482

Malaysia 55.975 102.03 103.706 153.926 108.194 110.988 91.119 101.899

Singapore 46.93 56.12 63.599 62.823 70.84 84.97 69.324 85.884

Nigeria 44.329 54.416 77.826 72.851 104.547 131.068 114.841 71.659

Senegal 7.652 10.029 11.222 11.604 16.349 15.026 9.595 16.577

Thailand 9.095 6.422 8.256 10.132 11.372 12.643 15.531 9.504

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Valu

e (

US

Dm

)

SOUTH AFRICAN EXPORTS OF F&B TO SELECTED MARKETS, 2009-2016

11

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO CHINA 2016



2 Fruits, nuts and other edible parts of plants, prepared or preserved,

13.634 16

3 Crustaceans** 6.847 8

4 Grapes 4.581 13

5 Other nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled

2.77 14

6 Maize or corn*** 1.834 54

7 Locust beans, seaweeds and other algae, sugar beet and sugar cane,

1.349 18

8 Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable juices

1.262 21

9 Frozen fish excluding fish fillets 0.617 10

10 Apples, pears and quinces, fresh 0.524 11



**crustaceans have been included as some muslim groups eat crustaceans

***the majority of the exported maize is likely to be GMO and therefore not halal, however there is currently no way to distinguish

GMO from non-GMO in the trade data

In order to export to Malaysia, the halal certification has to be recognised with the Jakim group. In South Africa, only the NIHT and SANHA certification covers exports to Malaysia. The highest tariff on exports to Malaysia are for fresh berries with 17%.

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO MALAYSIA 2016




3 Grapes 11.437 5

4 Sauce and preparations therefor; mixed condiments and mixed seasonings

2.951 7


6 Fresh berries 1.314 17


0.892 0

8 Frozen fish (excluding fish fillets) 0.87 0

9 Molluscs 0.639 0

10 Other nuts, fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled (excluding coconuts, Brazil nuts)

0.624 0



Singapore and Senegal are the only countries where chocolate and cocoa containing sweets are in the top 10 food and beverage exports from South Africa. The ad valorem tariffs for Singapore were unavailable at the time of publication so the HS codes have been given in their place in the last column.

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO SINGAPORE 2016

RANK PRODUCT* VALUE (USDm) HS CODES**

1 Apples, pears and quinces 14.04 '0808

2 Citrus fruit 12.97 '0805


5.86 '2008

4 Grapes 5.52 '0806

5 Frozen fish (excluding fish fillets) 3.51 '0303

6 Prepared or preserved crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates (excluding smoked)***

1.68

'1605

7 Molluscs 1.54 '0307

12

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO SINGAPORE 2016

RANK PRODUCT* VALUE (USDm) HS CODES**

8 Waters, incl. mineral waters and aerated waters, containing added sugar or other sweetening

1.50

'2202

9 Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit

1.44

'2009

10 Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa

1.43 '1806



** ad valorem tariffs unavailable at time of publication

***crustaceans have been included as some muslim groups eat crustaceans

Nigeria and Senegal are the selected halal markets for Africa. Top exports that are unique to Nigeria are other food preparations, not elsewhere specified and soups and broths, other sugars and starches.

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO NIGERIA 2016

RANK PRODUCT VALUE (USDm) AD VALOREM TARIFF


2 Other food preparations 7.487 13

3 Grapes 2.981 20

4 Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit 2.819 15

5 Sauce and preparations therefor; mixed condiments and mixed seasonings; mustard flour and meal 2.412 21

6 Soups and broths and preparations therefor; homogenised composite food preparations 2.164 20

7 Other sugars, incl. chemically pure lactose, maltose, glucose and fructose 1.536 5

8 Sugar confectionery not containing cocoa, incl. white chocolate 1.123 35

9 Starches; inulin 0.871 10

10 Meat of bovine animals, frozen 0.771 35



The largest tariff on top South African food and beverage exports to Senegal was seen for edible poultry and chocolate and food preparations with cocoa each at 35%.

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO SENEGAL 2016




3 Grapes 1.118 20

4 Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit 0.306 15

5 Carrots, turnips, salad beetroot, salsify, celeriac, radishes and similar edible roots 0.239 20

6 Maize** 0.209 5


8 Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa 0.089 35

9 Meat and edible offal of fowls of the species Gallus domesticus, ducks, geese, turkeys 0.077 35

10 Waters, incl. mineral waters and aerated waters, containing added sugar or other sweetening 0.073 20


13


**the majority of the exported maize is likely to be GMO and therefore not halal, however there is currently no way to distinguish


Thailand imposes the highest tariff on citrus exports from South Africa at a high 117%, this is followed by prepared or preserved fruits and nuts at 44% and grapes at 39%.

SOUTH AFRICAN F&B EXPORTS TO THAILAND 2016


1 Maize or corn** 2.879 25


3 Fruits, nuts and other edible parts of plants, prepared or preserved, whether or not containing

0.632 44

4 Molluscs 0.55 8

5 Grapes, fresh or dried 0.374 39

6 Fats and oils and their fractions of fish or marine mammals, whether or not refined

0.278 10

7 Other nuts, fresh or dried (excluding coconuts, Brazil nuts)

0.135 11

8 Sauce and preparations therefor; mixed condiments and mixed seasonings; mustard flour and meal

0.114 9

9 Jams, fruit jellies, marmalades, fruit or nut purée and fruit or nut pastes, obtained by cooking

0.07 30

10 Fruit juices, incl. grape must, and vegetable juices, unfermented, not containing added spirit

0.047 22



**the majority of the exported maize is likely to be GMO and therefore not halal, however there is currently no way to distinguish


Wesgro has taken every effort to ensure that the information in this publication is accurate. We provide said information without

representation or warranty whatsoever, whether expressed or implied. It is the responsibility of users of this publication to satisfy

themselves of the accuracy of information contained herein. Wesgro cannot be held responsible for the contents of the publication

in any way.

For more information on this publication and other Wesgro publications please contact [email protected] or for more

publications visit the Wesgro publications portal on our website at http://wesgro.co.za/publications

© Wesgro, 2017.

mailto:[email protected]

http://wesgro.co.za/publications

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